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CADANGAN MEMBINA SATU BLOK BANGUNAN SERBAGUNA 4

TINGKAT DI ATAS LOT PTD 7228 H.S.(D) 8134 (BIL. 1), JALAN ROTAN
AKAR, TAMAN SRI JAYA, MUKIM SIMPANG KANAN, DAERAH BATU
PAHAT, JOHOR DARUL TAKZIM, MALAYSIA.

1.0 Introduction

The water reticulation system shall be defined as mains less than 250mm diameter.
Design of mains 250mm diameter and greater shall be subjected to the specific
criteria nominated by Local Government. All mains less tham 250mm diameter
shall be designed in accordance with this guideline. The design of reticulation and
pumping stations shall comply with the Department of Natural Resources
Guidelines for the Planning and Design of Urban Water Supply Schemes unless
specified otherwise . A main will only be classified a Trunk main if Deemed by
the Local Government agency (Local Government Act 1993, Part 1, Division 5
Clause 34).

2.0 Water Supply Design Standard And Guidelines

i Malaysian Water Association’s (MWA) Design Water Guidelines for


Water Supply System.
ii The water supply design criteria were designed in accordance to the
specifications given by the Design for Water Supply System.
iii Design criteria from Syarikat Air Johor (SAJ).

3.0 Design Principles

i Use suitable joint to join different type of pipe.


ii Can use any type of pipe, no need to use same type as existing pipe.
iii Minimum pipe size = 200 mm.
4.0 Water Demand

There are different demand of water based on the type and purpose of buildings.
The daily demand varies slightly due to the weather and festive seasons. In most
states in Malaysia, daily water demand increases slightly in the months of January
and February. During festive seasons, experience (Malaysian Water Association,
1994) has shown that in some urban areas, there is a change in demand due to
shutting down of factories while there is an increase in demand in rural areas and
smaller urban centres due to people leaving the big urban centres for their home
towns or villages.

5.0 Estimation Of Water Demand

Design requirement:

Traditional Potable water reticulation mains are defined as mains of 100 mm to


300 mm diameter used to convey potable water to properties. These main sizes are
specific to the Traditional Potable systems within the City. Dual Reticulation water
mains are defined as:

 Recycled water system mains of 100 mm to 300 mm diameter.


 Potable water system mains of 63mm to 300mm diameter; where
 Both of these types of mains are used to convey a water product to
properties.

It is to be noted that Dual Reticulation Potable water mains are different sizes and
materials to the Traditional Potable water reticulation mains. To assist in the
determination and assessment of properties that are served or to be served by Dual
Reticulation, a set of maps showing the future Dual Reticulation areas have been
included on the following pages. These maps shall be used with Overlay Map
OM25 – Future Water Innovation.

Network analysis:
Prior to proceeding with the detailed design of reticulation mains, the Consultant
shall liaise with Council to ascertain whether a network analysis (to determine the
optimum size of the internal mains) is required by Council as part of the design
submission for the development. Trunk water system mains detailed design shall
include a network analysis as a part of the design submission to Syarikat Air Johor
(SAJ). The parameters of the network analysis shall be defined following
discussions with Council. Where a network analysis is to be provided, the analysis
shall be completed by the Consultant following discussions with Council and shall
be based on the following specific criteria.

Supply Point Information Provided by Council:

1. Estimated present pressure or the Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) at supply


point or nearest node.
2. Worst case pressure or the Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) during the life of
the development.
3. Maximum pressure where applicable.
4. For developments with Dual Reticulation, until a recycled water supply
system (both reticulation and trunk mains) has been constructed, the only
nominal supply point for the recycled system shall be a Standard Cross
Connection as detailed in Council’s Standard Drawing No 08-06-114. This
standard cross connection shall be located clear of property service off
takes and probable driveway locations. The cross connection valve shall be
covered by a Class B 600mm manhole cover and surround that is coloured
lilac.
5. Consultants shall ensure that only the minimum number of cross
connections necessary to serve the development is installed. Generally only
ONE (1) standard cross connection shall be supplied for each development
unless the development network modelling determines additional standard
cross connections are required. Council shall be consulted for information
regarding cross connection needs and locations.
Population estimation:

Flow parameter:

Council’s Standards of Service for Traditional Potable systems, Dual Reticulation


systems and Trunk Infrastructure for both systems are based on the following
scenarios derived from Council’s Standards of Service:

Case 1: Potable water only (Traditional Reticulation areas)


Case 2: Potable water plus rainwater tanks (Infill Development areas being
Potable water plus rainwater tanks)
Case 3: Potable water plus recycled water (Class A+ Greenfield Scenario One)
Case 4: Potable water plus rainwater tanks plus recycled water (Class A+
Aggressive case – Greenfield Scenario Two)
Case 5: Potable water plus rainwater tanks plus recycled water Class A+
Conservative case – Greenfield Scenario Three)

Designs need to include sizing criteria that account for water uses during the
highest demand periods . The design information should be sufficient to estimate
peak hourly demand (PHD) and the maximum day demand (MDD) over the year.
There is no substitute for reliable and accurate meter records for estimating future
demands . When reliable water demand information is available for a given water
system, the engineer must use it for the water system design (WAC 246-290-221)

Estimating Non residential Water System Demand:

Non residential water demand is the water use associated with users other than
residential (single or multifamily) users, and can include:
 Commercial facilities, including retail/wholesale businesses, restaurants,
hotels, office buildings, and car washes;
 Industrial customers that require process water;
 Public facilities, such as schools, public hospitals, governmental offices,
parks, landscaped roads, and cemeteries;
 Other large users, such as farms with irrigated crops; and
 Recreational users, including campgrounds, RV parks, seasonal rental
units, etc.

For planning purposes, the following water demand (Table 2.1) has been provided
by the State Water Authorities on Malaysia.

TYPES OF BUILDING WATER DEMAND (litre per day)


Wet Market 820/ store
Office/ Complex/ Commercial 1000 / 100 Sq.M
Hospitals (domestic usage) 1100 /bed

For our project, which was school building, thus from the table it use 1000 litre
per day.

6.0 Pipe requirements

Pressure parameter:

Minimum Service Pressure (excluding fire fighting)

Potable – 22 metres head.


Recycled – 17 metres head direct from
Minimum Pressure reservoir.
Recycled – 20 metres head within
Demand Management Area.
Minimum Pressure Location At the property boundary.
Reservoir Minimum Operating Level
Minimum Pressure Network Condition (MOL) and system demand to be MH.
(for modelling from a reservoir) Minimum operating level is the greater
of the following:
 15% of storage height; or
 top of emergency storage being
the greater of 0.5 ML or 4hrs
MDMM demand in zone.
Liaise with GCW to confirm minimum
pressure constraints.
MH and MDMM shall be confirmed by
Gold Coast Water prior to design.

Maximum Service Pressure


Maximum Pressure 80 metres head1.
Maximum Pressure Location At the property boundary.
Target Maximum Pressure Potable – 55 metres head at the property
boundary. Recycled – 50 metres head at
the property boundary.
Maximum Pressure Network Condition Based on reservoir level at 95 percent of
(for modelling from a reservoir) top water level.

Fire Fighting Parameters

12 metres head in the main at the nearest


Network Pressure hydrant point.
Fire Flow Residential Lot 15 L/s for a duration of 2 hrs.
Fire Flow Industrial or Commercial
Lot 30 L/s for a duration of 4 hrs.
Maximum Hour (MH).
MH shall be confirmed by Gold Coast
Background Demand Water prior to design.
Zones with a contributing population
(EP) of:
 < 5,000 EP – Single
Residential fire or single
Number of Fires Commercial/ Industrial fire.
 5,000 EP – Simultaneous
single Residential fire plus
single Commercial/ Industrial
fire.
Liaise with GCW to confirm minimum
pressure constraints.
Simultaneous fire fighting flows are
intended for sizing of Trunk mains.
Simultaneous fires should only be located
where the area serviced by the main (and
any parallel mains) has a contributing
Location of Fires population of > 5,000 persons.

The application of Fire Flows shall be as follows:


 Traditional Potable systems shall be designed with Fire Flows.
 Dual Reticulation systems 2003-2008 designed with Fire Flows in both
mains for DN100 and larger sizes.
 Dual Reticulation systems after June-December 2008 are designed with
Fire Flows only in Recycled System mains.

7.0 Maximum Day Demand

Daily service meter records can provide an accurate estimate of MDD for a water
system if all services are metered, the meters are read daily at the same time each
day and distribution system leakage is added to the total volume computed from
the daily service meter records. This approach is impractical for most water
systems because they usually read service meters on a monthly, bi-monthly or
quarterly basis.
Daily source meter records can also provide an accurate estimate of MDD for
the water system. However, even daily meter readings can result inaccurate MDD
estimates if the water system operates sources intermittently, does not collect meter
readings at the same time every day or does not include changes in storage volume
over time.

8.0 Average Day Demand


Engineers must use metered records to quantify the ADD for most water systems.
For new water systems without metered data, design engineers can use analogous
water system to estimate the ADD for residential connections. ADD for single-
family residential connections correlates with average annual rainfall. You can get
temperature and precipitation data for Washingston State from the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-National Climatic Data Center and the
Western Regional Climate Center.

9.0 Peak Hourly Demand

Engineers need PHD estimates to size equalizing storage, transmission lines,


distribution mains and some pumping facilities. The water system must be able to
provide PHD while maintaining a minimum pressure of 30 psi throughout the
distribution system. Water system specific demand curves can be developed and
used to estimate PHD. Engineers usually need multiple demand curves because
demand changes seasonally.

10.0 Calculation Water Demand

Proposed water supply system in this development is the water supply of existing
pipelines will be supplied directly to the commercial building through gravity
system. Water supply pipe is connected to the existing 300 mm diameter pipe Mild
Steel Cement Lined (MSCL). The water pressure for the design of the existing pipe
is 46.50 m. The proposed water reticulation pipes are sized 200 mm diameter pipe
MSCL. Diameter for internal water supply is 50 mm.
For water main pipe size less than 600mm, ductile iron is normally used
because internal welding for steel pipes below 600mm is difficult to be carried out.
Moreover, it requires only simple jointing details which allows for a faster rate of
construction. For water main pipe size above 600mm, steel pipes are recommended
because steel pipes are lighter than ductile iron pipes for the same material strength
and therefore the cost of steel pipes
is normally less than that of ductile iron pipes. In addition, in areas of difficult
access the use of lighter mild steel pipes has an advantage over ductile iron pipes
for easy handling.
Technical Guideline of Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN)
100 m2 = 1000 L/d
1000m2 = 10000 L/d

Water Demand
Total Demand
No. Type of building Occupants
(litre/day/student
(litre/day)
)

1 School building 500 50 25000

Daily water demand only for commercial building:

25,000 litre/day x 1 gallon/4.54609 litre

= 5500 gallon/day

25,000 litre/day x 0.01 m3/litre

= 250 m3/day

25000 litre/day x 1 day/24hour x 1 hour/60 minutes

= 17.36 litre/minute

Average Total Flow Rate for Fire Fighting:

Average Total Flow Maximum No. Of.


( Litres ) Spanning Hydrant
( Per Minute ) (Meters ) Outlets Used
Simultaneously
Class A Risk

Large buildings,
shopping complexes,
high rise buildings,
large industrial estate, 4100 90 3@ 1370 1/min
warehouse and ports.

Class B Risk
Congested areas with 2700 90 2 @ 1370 1/min
buildings up to 5
storeys.

Class C Risk

Shophouse up to 3 1370 90 1
storey, light industry

Class D Risk
1140 120-terrace 1
Residential terrace 150-detached /
house, detached, semi semi detached
detached

Class E Risk 680 180 1

Others

Estimation of Housing Units and Fire Flow Requirement


The table below shows water demand per unit consumption by the State Water
Authorities in Malaysia and fire flow requirement by JKR Standards.

Estimation of Fire Flow Requirement:

Class C Risk Average total Spanning Maximum No.


flow Hydrant Outlet
(l/min) used
simultaneously
Residential terrace 1370 90 1
houses

Based on Malaysian Water Association (MWA) requirement: One hydrant flow


(Class C Risk) = 1370litre/minute or 23litre/s

Therefore, the total water demand that should be supply is as follows:

The total water demand = Water demand in commercial building + Fire flow
requirement
= 25,000 l/day + 23l/s x 60s/min x 60 min/day

= 25,000 l/day + 82,800 l/day

= 107800 l/day

Flow rate and Velocity of water supply

Area = πr2
= π (0.1)2 = 0.0314 m2

25,000 litre 1 day 1 hour 1 minute


Q= × × ×
1 day 24 hour 60 minute 60 second

= 0.2894 l/s

When 1 litre = 0.001m3

litre 0.001 m3
Q = 0.2894 ×
second 1 litre

= 2.894 × 10-4 m3/s

Q 2.894 ×10−4 m3 /s
V= =
A 0.0314m2

= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗m/s

The velocity is 0.009 m/s ≤ 0.6m/s OK!

Head Loss of Pipe

The coefficient of surface resistance also depends on the Reynolds number R of the
flow, defined as

4𝑄
R=
𝜋𝑣𝐷
v = kinematic viscosity

Assume, T = 20º

−1
𝑇 1.165
v = 1.792 x 10-6 [1 + (25) ]

−1
20 1.165
= 1.792 x 10-6 [1 + (25) ]

= 1.0118 x 10-6 m2/s

4(2.894𝑋10−4 )
Therefore, R = 𝜋(1.0118 x 10−6 )(0.2)

= 1821

R≤ 2000 … Laminar flow

For laminar flow, f depends on R only and is given by the Hagen Poiseuille equation

64
f = 𝑅

64
= 1821

= 0.035

PIPE 1:

Length: 23.68 m

8𝑓𝐿𝑄 2
Friction loss: hf =
𝜋2 𝑔𝐷5

8(0.035)(23.68)(2.894𝑥10−4 )2
=
𝜋2 (9.81)(0.20)5
= 1.792 x 10-5m
8𝑄 2
Minor loss: hm = kf
𝜋2 𝑔𝐷4

8(2.894𝑥10−4 )2
= 1.8 2
𝜋 (9.81)(0.20)4
= 7.785 x 10-6 m

Head loss,hL = hf + hm
= 1.792 x 10-5 + 7.785 x 10-6
= 2.571 x 10-5 m

PIPE 2:

Length: 47.03 m

8𝑓𝐿𝑄 2
Friction loss: hf =
𝜋2 𝑔𝐷5

8(0.035)(47.03)(2.894𝑥10−4 )2
=
𝜋2 (9.81)(0.20)5

= 3.560 x 10-5 m

8𝑄 2
Minor loss: hm = kf
𝜋2 𝑔𝐷4

8(2.894𝑥10−4 )2
= 1.8 2
𝜋 (9.81)(0.20)4

= 7.785 x 10-6 m

Head loss,hL = hf + hm
= 3.560 x 10-5 + 7.785 x 10-6
= 4.339 x 10-5m
PIPE 3:

Length: 46.37 m

8𝑓𝐿𝑄 2
Friction loss: hf =
𝜋2 𝑔𝐷5

8(0.035)(46.37)(2.894𝑥10−4 )2
=
𝜋2 (9.81)(0.20)5

= 3.510 x 10-5 m

8𝑄 2
Minor loss: hm = kf
𝜋2 𝑔𝐷4

8(2.894𝑥10−4 )2
= 1.8 2
𝜋 (9.81)(0.20)4

= 7.785 x 10-6 m

Head loss,hL = hf + hm
= 3.510 x 10-5 + 7.785 x 10-6
= 4.289 x 10-5m

PIPE 4:

Length: 14.81 m

8𝑓𝐿𝑄 2
Friction loss: hf =
𝜋2 𝑔𝐷5

8(0.035)(14.81)(2.894𝑥10−4 )2
=
𝜋2 (9.81)(0.20)5
= 1.121 x 10-5 m

8𝑄 2
Minor loss: hm = kf
𝜋2 𝑔𝐷4
8(2.894𝑥10−4 )2
= 1.8 2
𝜋 (9.81)(0.20)4
= 7.785 x 10-6 m

Head loss,hL = hf + hm
= 1.121 x 10-5 + 7.785 x 10-6
= 1.900 x 10-5m

PIPE 5:

Length: 33.82 m

8𝑓𝐿𝑄 2
Friction loss: hf =
𝜋2 𝑔𝐷5

8(0.035)(33.82)(2.894𝑥10−4 )2
=
𝜋2 (9.81)(0.20)5

= 2.560 x 10-5 m

8𝑄 2
Minor loss: hm = kf
𝜋2 𝑔𝐷4

8(2.894𝑥10−4 )2
= 1.8 2
𝜋 (9.81)(0.20)4
= 7.785 x 10-6 m

Head loss,hL = hf + hm
= 2.560 x 10-5 + 7.785 x 10-6
= 3.339 x 10-5m

PIPE 6:

Length: 26.57 m
8𝑓𝐿𝑄 2
Friction loss: hf =
𝜋2 𝑔𝐷5

8(0.035)(26.57)(2.894𝑥10−4 )2
=
𝜋2 (9.81)(0.20)5
= 2.011 x 10-5 m

8𝑄 2
Minor loss: hm = kf
𝜋2 𝑔𝐷4

8(2.894𝑥10−4 )2
= 1.8 2
𝜋 (9.81)(0.20)4
= 7.785 x 10-6 m

Head loss,hL = hf + hm
= 2.011 x 10-5 + 7.785 x 10-6
= 2.790 x 10-5

Length of pipe, L Friction loss, hf Minor loss, hm Head loss, hL


No. of Pipe
(m) (x10-5 m) (x10-6 m) (x10-5 m)
1 23.68 1.792 7.785 2.571

2 47.03 3.560 7.785 4.339

3 46.37 3.510 7.785 4.289

4 14.81 1.121 7.785 1.900

5 33.82 2.560 7.785 3.339

6 26.57 2.011 7.785 2.790


The head loss for three main pipes is nearest to zero.

Residual Pressure = Platform Level (existing pipe)–( RL + Building height + water


tank(h)+ 7.5)
= 98 – ( 50 + 14 + 7.5 + 2)
= 24.5 m
25000 litre 1 day 1 hour 1 minute
Average Flow Rate = × × ×
1 day 24 hour 60 minute 60 second
0.289 litre
= s
0.289
litre
= ÷1000
s

=2.894 x 10-4 m3/s

Peak Flow Rate = Average Flow x Peak Factor


= 2.894 x 10-4 x 2.5
= 7.235 x 10-4 m3/s

Fire Flow Rate = Average Flow Rate + Hydrant Flow

Hydrant Flow = 4100 litre/minute (based on MWA)


4100 litre 1 minute
= ×
1 minute 60 s

= 68.3 litre/s
= 68.3 litre/s ÷1000
= 0.068 m3/s

Fire Flow Rate = 2.894 x 10-4 + 0.068


= 0.0683 m3/s
Design for water tank:

Water demand = 100 m3/day

Proposed static shape for water tank

Diameter = 2.6 m

Height = 2 m

Volume of water tank, V = 1/3πr2h


= 1/3 (π) (1.3)2(2)

= 3.54 m3

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