Swine Nutrition Basics

Swine
Nutri+on Basics
Dr. Brian Richert

Department of Animal Sciences

Nutrient Classes
•  Energy
•  Amino acids (protein)
•  Vitamins
•  Minerals
•  Water
Energy
•  Carbohydrates
•  Starch / sugars (lactose)
•  Fats / lipids
•  2.25 X energy of CHO
•  Essen+al faJy acid – linoleic acid (C18:2), arachidonic (C20:4), Linolenic (C18:3) –
All provided by a normal grain diet.
•  Fiber
•  Decrease DE / ME of diet
•  Vola+le faJy acids (VFA’s – can provide 5-‐30% of maintenance energy)

•  Amino acids
•  Lower net energy value than CHO or Fats
Amino Acids
•  Pigs require amino acids, not
crude protein!
•  Needed for Muscle growth
•  10 essen+al amino acids (out of 20)
•  Lysine, Threonine, Methionine, Methionine+Cysteine, Tryptophan, Valine,
Isoleucine, Leucine, His+dine, Phenylalanine, Phenylalanine+Tyrosine, arginine
•  Ra+os to each other important

Vitamins
Water Soluble Fat Soluble
Bio+n Vitamin A
Choline Vitamin D
Folacin Vitamin E
Niacin
Pantothenic acid
Riboflavin
Thiamin
Pyridoxine (B6)
Cyanocobalamin (B12)
Vitamin C (condi+onal)
Minerals
Macro (need %’s) Micro (need ppm)
Calcium Zinc
Phosphorus Iron
Sodium Copper
Chloride Manganese
Potassium Selenium
Magnesium Iodine
Sulfur Cobalt
Chromium
Water
Age Amount needed / day Flow Rate
Nursery 0.7 gal 0.5 quart/min
Grower 2-‐3 gal 0.75 qt/min
Finisher 3-‐5 gal 1.00 qt/min
Gesta+ng Sow 3-‐6 gal 1.5 qt/min
Lacta+ng Sow 5-‐7 gal 1.5 qt/min
Rule of Thumb 2-‐3 X Feed Intake
Total Dissolved < 1000 – No risk 1,000-‐3,000 Mild

Solids (TDS), diarrhea
3,000-‐5,000 temporary
ppm refusal
Pig Life Cycle
Days: Total=296
6
112 115
21
42
Gesta+on Lacta+on Nursery
Grow-‐finish Rebreeding
Nutrient Requirements over Time
Weaning
Pigs' Requirement
Typical Phase Feeding

4 in Nursery
4+ in Grow-finish
Gestation Market weight
Lactation
Nursery Phase
Nursery Objec+ves
•  Adjust the pig to a dry diet
•  Match dietary nutrient levels and

ingredients with weight and age
•  Maximize feed intake
•  Adjust to lower cost diets quickly
•  Prepare pig for Grow-‐finish period

Nursery Pig Feeding
•  Nursery pig has extremely high lean
poten+al rela+ve to it’s low feed intake
•  Use Highly Diges+ble Ingredients

•  Lactose source, Plasma protein, Fish meal,
Blood meal, Soy Concentrate, Oat products
•  High quality fat
•  Zinc Oxide, Copper sulfate, An+bio+cs
Table 1. Recommended pounds of each diet that should be
fed to each pig (weaning to 50 pounds)
Pig Weaning Weight, lbs
8 10 12 14 16 18
Feed/pig, lb
Phase 1 3 2 1 0.5 0.5 -‐-‐
Phase 2 6 5 4 3 2 2
Phase 3 -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ 12 to 18 lb/pig -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐
Phase 4 -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ 40 to 50 lb/pig -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐
Table 2. Recommendations for nursery pigs (as-fed basis)
Type of diet Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4
Body weight, lb 9 to 11 11 to 15 15 to 25 25 to 45
Expected daily feed intake, lb 0.35 0.55 1.10 2.20
Expected daily gain, lb 0.32 0.45 0.80 1.25
Dietary metabolizable energy, Mcal/lb 1.59 1.58 1.50 1.50
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐% of diet
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
Lysine, total, % 1.70 1.65 1.45 1.38
Std. Ileal Dig. Lysine, % 1.55 1.50 1.30 1.25

Lactose, % 20-‐25 15-‐20 5-‐10 0

Calcium, % 0.90 0.85 0.85 0.75
Phosphorus, total, % 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65
Phosphorus, available, % 0.60 0.55 0.45 0.37

-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ g/Mcal ME -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
Lysine, total 4.85 4.75 4.35 4.17
Std. Ileal Dig. Lysine 4.45 4.34 3.96 3.78
Grow-‐Finish Phase
Grow-‐Finish Feeding Program
•  Phase Feeding
•  Split-‐sex feeding
•  Maximize profitable feeding
•  Greatest amount of feed and costs
•  Pork Quality
•  Flexibility of feed ingredients
Determining Nutrient Requirements
Lean Gain
Gene7cs
Gender
Feed Intake Diet
Environment
Factors Affec+ng Feed Intake
Gender
Gene+cs Nutrients
Health Intake Stocking

Density
Temperature Water
Ingredient
Quality
Ideal Amino Acid Ra+os –
Grower and Finisher
Type of diet Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 Phase 5 +
RAC
Body weight, lb 45 to 90 90 to 135 to 180 to 225 to 225 to 270
135 180 225 270
--------------------------------- % of Lysine --------------------------------------
Standardized ileal
Lysine 100 100 100 100 100 100
Threonine 63 63 64 65 67 67
Methionine 29 29 29 29 30 30
Meth.+Cyst. 58 58 60 60 62 62
Tryptophan 16 16 16 16 16 16
Isoleucine 55 55 55 55 55 55
Valine 65 65 65 65 65 65
Arginine 40 38 36 34 34 30
Histidine 32 32 32 32 32 32
Leucine 100 100 100 100 100 100
Phenyl + Tyrosine 94 94 94 94 95 95
Phenylalanine 60 60 60 60 60 60
Dietary Lysine Recommenda+ons Based
on Pig Body Weight and Lean Gain
1.20
1.00
% SID Lysine
0.80 0.85 lbs/d

0.73 lbs/d
0.60
0.60 lbs/d
0.40
0.20
40 80 120 160 200 240 280
Body Weight, lbs
Nutrient requirements and phase
feeding
1.2
6-phase feeding program
1.1
% SID Lysine
1.0 2-Phase feeding program
0.9
0.8
0.7
SID Lysine Requirement
0.6
45 65 85 105 125 145 165 185 205 225 255
Body Weight, lbs
Feed Needs in a 5-‐phase
Feeding Program
Feeding Phase Feed per pig, lbs
45 – 90 lbs 94
90 – 135 lbs 114
135 – 180 lbs 131
180 – 225 lbs 147
225 – 270 lbs 164
Overall 650
Performance Benchmarks for Growing-‐
Finishing Pigs
Average Good Excellent Superior Potential
Daily gain, lbs 1.75 1.85 1.95 2.05 2.15
Days to market 120 114 108 102 98
Feed/Gain 3.00 2.80 2.65 2.50 2.40

Sow Herd
Gesta+on and Lacta+on
Gesta+ng Sow -‐ Introduc+on
•  Gesta7on sets the stage for success or
failure during farrowing and lacta7on
–  Early stages
•  Successful concep7on and embryo survival
–  Mid-‐gesta7on
•  Growth and development of fetuses
•  Increasing/replenishing body nutrient stores
–  Late gesta7on
•  Fetal growth primarily occurs
•  Mammary development
Gesta+ng Sow -‐ Objec+ves
•  Desired outcomes of a successful
gesta7on feeding program are:
–  Prepare the sow for farrowing and lacta7on
•  A large, vigorous liVer of pigs at farrowing
•  A healthy sow equipped to produce large
quan77es of milk for the suckling liVer
–  Maintain sow for reproduc7ve longevity
–  Reasonable economic cost
Gesta+on Feeding
•  Limit Feeding
•  Op+mal Body Condi+on = 3 (or tape)
•  Fetus needs very liJle nutri+on
•  Maintenance plus sow feeding
•  Flexibility of feed ingredients
Problems Associated with
Over-‐Feeding Gesta+ng Sows
•  Compromises mammary development
•  Depresses feed intake during lacta7on
•  Increases birthing difficul7es
•  BCS not always equal BF of sow – weight is BeVer
BCS 1 BCS 2 BCS 3 BCS 4 BCS 5

Do we have to weigh sows?
•  No, use a tape

to measure
flank to flank to
estimate
weight
•  Goal is to put
sows into one
of 5 weight
categories
Target Feeding and Energy Levels
Parity Body weight, Flank-‐to-‐ Feed, lb/d
lb flank, in
0 250-‐350 32.7-‐36.4 4.5
0 350-‐450 36.4-‐40.1 5.2
1 350-‐450 36.4-‐40.1 4.8
1 450-‐550 40.1-‐43.8 5.5
1 550-‐650 43.8-‐47.6 6.1
2+ 350-‐450 36.4-‐40.1 4.0
2+ 450-‐550 40.1-‐43.8 4.6
2+ 550-‐650 43.8-‐47.6 5.2
Gesta+on Recommenda+ons
Par 0 & 1 Par 0 & 1 Par 2+ Par 2+
LiJer size 10.5 12.5 12 14
Feed intake, lb/d 4.6 4.7 4.1 4.2
Wt gain, lb 115 125 80 90
Lys, total, % 0.63 0.65 0.58 0.60
Lys, SID, % 0.54 0.55 0.50 0.52
Lys, SID, g/d 11.3 11.7 9.3 9.9
ME, Mcal/day 6.90 7.05 6.15 6.30
Ca, total, % 0.90 0.90 0.85 0.85
P, total, % 0.80 0.80 0.75 0.75
P, avail, % 0.45 0.45 0.40 0.40
Gesta+on Summary
•  Set feed allowances on the basis of sow
weight and backfat level at +me of
breeding and then every 30 days
•  Target all sows to farrow with 0.7 to 0.8
inches of backfat
•  No sows with backfat of less than 0.5 in or
greater than 0.85
Lacta+ng Sow -‐ Introduc+on
•  Challenge of feeding lacta7ng sow:
–  Minimizing nega7ve nutrient balance during
lacta7on to avoid short-‐ and long-‐term
reproduc7ve performance problems
•  Increased produc7vity of current gene7cs
•  Minimize nega7ve nutrient balance
–  Maximize sow feed intake
–  Increase nutrient concentra7ons
Developing Prac+cal Lacta+on Diets
•  Ingredient selec7on
–  High Amino Acids and Energy
•  Es7mate feed intake
•  Nutrient recommenda7ons take into account
–  Sow body weight and BW Change
–  LiVer performance (size and Wt. gain)
–  Voluntary feed intake levels
Maximizing Lacta+on Feed Intake
•  Parity
•  Sow condi7on entering farrowing
•  Feed mul7ple 7mes daily
•  Diet form and feeder design
•  Water
•  Environmental condi7ons
•  Different feeding methods
Lacta+on Recommenda+ons
Sow parity Parity 1 Parity 1 Parity 2+ Parity 2+
Lact wt change, lb -‐25 -‐10 -‐10 +5
Daily feed intake, lb 11.8 10.1 14.2 12.3
Piglet wt gain, lb/d 0.49 0.40 0.49 0.40
LiJer size weaned 11 10 12 11
LiJer wean wt, lb 145 115 160 125
Lys, total, % 1.13 0.95 1.04 0.88
Lys, SID, % 1.00 0.83 0.92 0.76
Ca, % 0.90 0.90 0.85 0.85
P, total, % 0.80 0.80 0.75 0.75
P, avail, % 0.45 0.45 0.40 0.40
Lys, total, g/Mcal ME 3.02 2.51 2.78 2.30
Feed Processing
Corn Particle Size
Angle of Repose
Hammer, Hammer, Roller mills

Feed Bridging
Pelle+ng
Improves feed efficiency by ~4-‐6%
Pelleted vs Meal Diets
Finishing Pigs
3.5
3.36
3.3
3.17
3.1
Meal
Pellet
2.9
2.7
2.5
Feed/Gain
Feed Ingredients
Ingredient Substitutions
Pigs don’t require corn & SBM
Corn-SBM diets typically provide the “best”

nutrition at the lowest cost
In times of high corn and SBM prices,

producers can make $ using alternate feed
ingredients
Is the nutrient composition
suited to swine feeding?
•  Check composition tables & lab analyses
•  Are the nutrients available to the pig? If not,
why bother feeding it?
•  Is there a palatability issue?
•  Potential for nutrient imbalances
•  AA, Ca-P, or Ca-Zn
•  Mycotoxins or other anti-nutritional factors
Are there added costs
of utilizing the by-product?
•  Added transportation •  Reduced facility &
equipment life
•  Storage
•  More mgmt. time
•  Processing equipment
•  Manure problems
•  Facility modifications
•  Increased health risk
•  Additional labor
•  Feed wastage •  Reduced
performance due to
product variability
Energy Replacement Options for Corn
Ingredient $/ton ME / lb Cost/1000 ME
Corn 240-250 1550 0.0790
Sorghum 228-233 1515 0.0759
Wheat-feed grade 300-325 1455 0.1074
Wheat Midds 166-174 1370 0.0620
Barley 196 1322 0.0741
Oats 256 1230 0.1041
Pulverized Oats 140-145 1230 0.0578
Soybean hulls 145-190 1064 0.0775
DDGS 195-210 1560 0.0657
Corn Gluten feed 142-160 1180 0.0636
Hominy Feed 180-190 1455 0.0636
Bakery By-product 260-280 1680 0.0804
Choice White Grease 880-920 3608 0.1247
Prices from USDA and Feedstuffs March, 2011
Corn 206-216 1550 0.0671
Sorghum 204-218 1515 0.0696
Wheat-feed grade 202-215 1455 0.0716
Wheat Midds 145-175 1370 0.0584
Barley 219 1322 0.0741
Oats 212 1230 0.0862
Soybean hulls 150-205 1064 0.0705
DDGS 175-190 1560 0.0593
Corn Gluten feed 145-190 1180 0.0742
Hominy Feed 195-205 1455 0.0687
Prices from USDA and Feedstuffs Jan.2-Jan.13, 2012
Corn 255-260 1550 0.0832
Sorghum 220-247 1515 0.0776
Wheat-feed grade 241-280 1455 0.0893
Wheat Midds 200-260 1370 0.0785
Barley 208-225 1322 0.0794
Oats 220-242 1230 0.0935
Soybean hulls 200-225 1064 0.1034
DDGS 240-290 1560 0.0833
Corn Gluten feed 200-250 1180 0.0953
Hominy Feed 210-285 1455 0.0842
Prices from USDA and Feedstuffs Dec. 31, 2012 and Jan. 3, 2013
Change in Available Energy with
decreasing oil content in DDGS
DDGS Oil, % ME, kcal/ NE, kcal/lb ME as a %

lb of Corn
11 1575 1098 101.3
10 1552 1076 99.8
9 1529 1054 98.3
8 1506 1032 96.8
7 1483 1010 95.4
6 1460 988 93.9
Corn: ME=1555, NE = 1203; SBM: ME=1517, NE=894 kcal/lb
Change in DDGS value with
decreasing oil content in DDGS
DDGS Oil, % Basal Diet Value Total Value of

+ Fat Cost DDGS, $/Ton
10 $230/ton feed $200/ton
9 +4.09 $186.4/ton
8 +9.75 $167.5/ton
7 +12.98 $156.7/ton
30% DDGS Finisher 1 diet
Recommend Inclusion rates of
alterna+ve feed stuffs
•  Range based on composi+on
•  Energy (lipid and fiber limits)
•  Amino acids
•  Cost of the nutrients
•  Feed Flowability and processing
•  Bulk density – deliver only 20 or 21 tons vs 25
tons?
•  Consistency – eg. Low or high fat DDGS
•  Lowest in Nursery
Organic, natural, and other
alterna+ve programs?
Organic programs
Feed manufactured for use in organic pork production can only contain
ingredients from three categories:
1. Agricultural products that were produced and handled organically,

2. Nonsynthetic substances such as enzymes, probiotics, and others usually
thought of as natural ingredients, and
3. Synthetic substances that appear on the national list of Synthetic
Substances Allowed for Use in Organic Livestock Production.
4. Some ingredient use limitations for organic diets include:
• No genetically modified grain or grain by-products.
• No antibiotics, hormones, or drugs.
• No animal by-products.
• No grain by-products unless produced from certified organic crops.
• No chemically extracted feeds (such as solvent- extracted soybean meal).
• No synthetic amino acids.
Free chapters at: hJp://porkgateway.org/PIGLibrary/Category/7.aspx
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Swine

Dr. Brian Richert

• Ra+os to each other important

Rule of Thumb 2-­‐3 X Feed Intake

Total Dissolved < 1000 – No risk 1,000-­‐3,000 Mild

Typical Phase Feeding

• Match dietary nutrient levels and

• Maximize feed intake

• Adjust to lower cost diets quickly

• Prepare pig for Grow-­‐ﬁnish period

Health Intake Stocking

0.80 0.85 lbs/d

1.0 2-Phase feeding program

Average Good Excellent Superior Potential

Daily gain, lbs 1.75 1.85 1.95 2.05 2.15

Days to market 120 114 108 102 98

Feed/Gain 3.00 2.80 2.65 2.50 2.40

BCS 1 BCS 2 BCS 3 BCS 4 BCS 5

• No, use a tape

Hammer, Hammer, Roller mills

Corn-SBM diets typically provide the “best”

In times of high corn and SBM prices,

DDGS Oil, % ME, kcal/ NE, kcal/lb ME as a %

DDGS Oil, % Basal Diet Value Total Value of

10 $230/ton feed $200/ton

1. Agricultural products that were produced and handled organically,

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•  Ra+os to each other important

Rule of Thumb 2-‐3 X Feed Intake

Total Dissolved < 1000 – No risk 1,000-‐3,000 Mild

•  Match dietary nutrient levels and

•  Maximize feed intake

•  Adjust to lower cost diets quickly

•  Prepare pig for Grow-‐ﬁnish period

•  No, use a tape