6th International Advanced Technologies Symposium (IATS’11), 16-18 May 2011, Elazığ, Turkey

Microstructural Characteristics of High Velocity

Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) sprayed NiCrBSi-SiC
Composite Coating on a Low Alloy Steel
M.Karagöz1 , S.Islak2, S.Buytoz3, B.Kurt1
1
Bartin University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, 74100
Bartin/Turkey, mkaragoz@bartin.edu.tr
2
Kastamonu University, Cide Rifat Ilgaz Vocational High School, 37100 Kastamonu, Turkey,
sislak@kastamonu.edu.tr
3
Firat University, Technical Education Faculty, Metal Department, 23100 Elazig, Turkey, sbuytoz@gmail.com

low temperature (as compared to plasma based techniques)

Abstract—In this study, NiCrBSi-SiC powders were sprayed result in less decomposition of the carbide particles during
using a high velocity oxygen fuel technique on AISI 1030 steel spraying.
substrate. Powder mixtures with different weight mixing ratios, Nickel-based alloys are applied extensively in a number of
NiCrBSi+10 wt.% SiC, NiCrBSi+20 wt.% SiC and NiCrBSi+40
applications both because of their outstanding wear and
wt.% SiC coatings were prepared. The deposited coatings are
compared in terms of their phase composition, microstructure
corrosion resistance at high temperatures and their relatively
and hardness. It is proved that the degree of mixing of the low cost [10-13]. They have high strength and hardness and
NiCrBSi and SiC components in the powder has massive effect good corrosion resistance due to the addition of chromium
on the phase composition, microstructure and hardness of the [14]. Boron brings down the melting temperature and helps in
coatings. The structure and morphologies of Ni-based coatings the formation of hard phases. Silicon is added to increase self-
were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron fluxing properties. Carbon produces carbides with high
microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) hardness levels that improve the wear resistance of coatings
and optical microscope (OM). Microstructures of the coatings [15,16]. Considerable research studies were carried out to
have been revealed to the presence of a large amount of dispersed examine the HVOF coatings [17-24]. Wear and corrosion
Ni and Cr carbide and/or borides in the Ni matrix.
Microhardness of the coatings is found to in the range of 550–830
resistance of NiCrBSi coating deposited using AC- HVAF
Hv, which is higher than the substrate material. technique was investigated by Liu et al. [19]. They determined
that the excellent wear properties of the Ni-based coating were
Keywords—HVOF, NiCrBSi-based coating, SiC powder tested in a dry sliding wear test. The corrosion resistance of
the Ni-based coating founded higher than that of the stainless
steel substrate material due to the passive film forming effect
I. INTRODUCTION of Cr. The hot corrosion behavior of NiCrBSi coatings
deposited on Ni- and Fe- based superalloys was investigated
High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) is a coating deposition
by Sidhu et al [20]. They showed that structure of the as
process whereby a powder coating material is heated rapidly
sprayed NiCrBSi coating mainly consisted of γ-nickel solid
in a hot gaseous medium. Simultaneously the powder material
solution containing small fraction of Cr7C3, Ni3B phases and
is then projected at a high particle velocity onto a prepared
NiCr2O4 spinel oxides. However, they founded that the hot
substrate surface where it builds up to produce the desired
corrosion resistance imparted by NiCrBSi coatings may be
coating. [1]. High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) sprayed
attributed to the formation of oxides of silicon, chromium,
coatings have been used widely throughout the last decade
nickel and spinels of nickel and chromium in the molten salt
mainly in industrial applications, aerospace, and power plants,
environment at 900 °C. The influence of microstructural and
because of the coatings express low porosity and oxide
mechanical properties and wear resistance of HVOF sprayed
content, high hardness and high adhesion. [2-6]. The main
WC-Co and WC-Ni coatings were examined by Berger et al.
advantage of HVOF compared to other thermal spray
[21]. They founded that the resistance to erosive wear was
techniques is the ability to accelerate the melted powder
improved when cobalt was used as binder metal. The
particles of the feedstock material at a relatively large velocity
influence of spray parameters on the microstructure and
[7]. The high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying
mechanical properties of Colmonoy 88 alloy HVOF coating
process has shown to be one of the best methods for
were studied by Sosa et al. [22]. They determined that the
depositing conventional Ni based and NiCr feedstock
microstructure consist of increase in the unmelted particles
powders, because the hypersonic velocity of the flame
volume fraction and the development of interlamellar
shortens the time of interaction between the powder and the
microcracks as the spraying distance increases, leading to a
flame [8,9]. These effects in conjunction with the relatively
decrease in the elastic modulus of the coatings. The adhesion

13
 M.Karagöz S. Islak, S. Buytoz, B. Kurt

250
evaluation of different interlayers such as Co–Cr, Ni–Cr (80–

Ni, Cr3Ni2Si
20) HVOF (High Velocity Oxy-Fuel) thermally sprayed
coatings and Ni-plating between the cermet based WC–Co–Cr 200
coatings were examined by Hadad et al. [23]. They indicated
that the electrochemically deposited interlayer Ni-plating

Ni, Cr3Ni2Si, Cr13Ni5Si2

provides the highest adhesion to cermet coating within the 150

Lin (Counts)

Ni, Cr3Ni2Si, Cr13Ni5Si2

BNi3, CrB2
multilayered structured coatings.

Ni4B3, Cr13,Ni5Si2
The aim of this work was to prepare Ni-based coatings by

BNi3, Cr13Ni5Si2
100
the HVOF technique and to study their microstructure and

Cr3Ni2Si, Ni2Si
BNi3

Cr3Ni2Si

Ni, Cr, Cr3Ni2Si

properties. The surface properties, such as microstructure,

Cr13Ni5Si2
Si, Cr2B
hardness and porosity of NiCrBSi-SiC coatings prepared by 50

Cr3Ni2Si

BNi3
HVOF coating process have been investigated.

BNi3
BNi3
Ni4B3
0
II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 20 40 60 80 100
2-Theta-Scale
A mixture of a NiCrBSi with an average grain size of 60 (a)
μm and SiC with an average grain size of 68 μm powder was
used as spray material. XRD analysis results of the powders
are described in Fig.1a and b. From the morphology of the
900

SiC
SiC
powder given in Fig. 2, NiCrBSi powders can be observed
that the powder completely consists of spherical particles (Fig.

SiC
750

SiC
2a) while SiC powder revealed the angular shape of the
ceramic particles (Fig 2c). The chemical composition of all the 600
materials is summarized in Table 1. Lin (Counts)

SiC
The substrates were pre-cleaned in acetone for 5 min, and 450

SiC
then blast-cleaned by 60 mesh aluminum oxides for 5 min to

SiC

SiC
improve the adhesion of the coating onto the substrate. The 300

SiC
spraying was carried out with the HIPOJET 2100 HVOF

SiC
SiC
150

SiC

SiC
SiC
system (Kobatek Surface Treatment Industry Co.Ltd. Istanbul,

SiC
SiC
Turkey). Fig.3 shows the schematic diagram of the coating 0
system. The spraying parameters optimized to produce the 20 40 60 80 100
coatings on the steel substrate are summarized in Table 2. 2-Theta-Scale
Propane gas was used as a fuel gas. During spraying, the (b)
pressures of the propane and oxygen were fixed at 5 bar and 7
Figure 1: XRD analysis of powders: (a) NiCrBSi and (b) SiC
bar, respectively. The flow of oxygen was set to 439 l/min.
The flow of the propane was 35 l/min and 45 l/min for
NiCrBSi and SiC powders. Nitrogen gas was used as powder
feed gas, which was operated at a pressure of 5 bar. The spray
distance from the gun exit to the substrate surface was kept at
180-200 mm throughout the spraying process.

(a)

14
Microstructural characteristics of High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) sprayed NiCrBSi-SiC composite coating on a low …

Table 1: Chemical compositions of AISI 1030 steel, NiCrBSi

and SiC powders (wt.%) used for surface coating
Substrate&Feedstock powders
AISI NiCrBSi SiC
1030 steel powder powder
C 0.32 4.86 20.21

Composition
Mn 0.58 - -
Si 0.21 5.03 74.33

(wt.%)
Ni 0.45 Balance -
(b) Cr 0.095 13.94 -
Fe Balance 3.97 -
B 3.34 -

Figure 3: Schematic representation of HVOF system

Coatings were then air-cooled. Samples prepared for

metallograpy examinations after coating process were
polished with conventional metallograpy processes after
mechanical treatments. Samples polished were etched with
(c) ferric chloride etching agent (25 g FeCl3+25 ml HCl+100 ml
H2O). For each coating, microstructure and phase were
investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and
X-ray diffraction (XRD). Surface hardness was measured
using an Instron Wolpert tester with a load of 100 g and a
loading time of 10 s, and porosity was determined by
analyzing images photographed by an optical microscope.

Table 2: Spraying parameters

HVOF gun type HIPOJET 2100
Oxygen gas pressure (bar) 7
Fuel gas (C3H8) pressure (bar) 5
Compressed air pressure (bar) 5
(d)
Powder feed rate (g/min) 55
Figure 2: SEM imagines and EDX spectrums of powders used
Spray distance (mm) 180-200
HVOF spray: (a), (b) NiCrBSi powder, (c) and (d) SiC
powder Gun speed (mm/sec) 3
Carrier gas (N2) pressure (bar) 5
The coatings studied in this work were NiCrBSi and SiC
powders deposited on a steel substrate with a thickness of Table 3: The coating powders with various SiC contents
approximately 250 μm, using a high-velocity oxy-fuel system Sample Matrice powder Reinforcement
(HVOF). Three different content NiCrBSi powders were used number content powder content
as feedstock powders in the present investigation, namely (a) Coating 1 90wt. % NiCrBSi 10wt. % SiC
90wt.% NiCrBSi, (b) 80wt.% NiCrBSi and (c) 60wt.% Coating 2 80wt. % NiCrBSi 20wt.% SiC
NiCrBSi. The sample codes and coating powders with various Coating 3 60wt. % NiCrBSi 40wt.% SiC
SiC content are listed in Table 3.

15
 M.Karagöz S. Islak, S. Buytoz, B. Kurt

III. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

The SEM micrographs at the cross section of HVOF spray
coatings are shown in Fig.4 and Fig. 5, respectively. The
thickness of the coatings was measured from the micrograph,
taken along the cross-section of the mounted samples. All
coatings have a thickness of about 250 μm and bond well to
the substrate (can be seen in Fig. 4a-c). For the HVOF sprayed
nickel-based coating, the typical coating thicknesses are in the
range of 250–300 µm as suggested by Sidhu [24]. All coatings
were completely crack-free. However, porosity value in the
HVOF coatings is low. The microcrystalline HVOF coating
shows a very homogeneous microstructure and a porosity of
less than 1%. Adherence between substrate and coating seems
to be good with a low presence of either cracks or voids in the
interface. Porosity is completely eliminated after the fuse
process. A low quantity of unmelted particles is shown in Fig (c)
4 (c). Figure 4: General view of HVOF coatings on low carbon
steel: (a), (b) and (c).

(a)
(a)

(b)
(b)

16
Microstructural characteristics of High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) sprayed NiCrBSi-SiC composite coating on a low …

structure or at the coating substrate interface may be the

inclusions.

(c)
Figure 5: SEM imagines showing surface morphology of
HVOF sprayed NiCrBSi-SiC coatings on low carbon steel:
(a), (b) and (c). (a)

Figure 6: EDS analysis result of the coating 3 (b)

Fig. 5 depicts the SEM micrograph of the surface of the

coatings. The coatings have a uniform microstructure (Fig.5a
and 5b). Wang and Ohmori [25] study stated that most
NiCrBSi particles were completely melted under the present
spray conditions. Therefore, the current test results confirm
with that HVOF coating deposited with the droplets melted
sufficiently will not form effective adhesion to a smooth
substrate surface. Some limited porosity is visible as dark
contrast spots, but generally the coatings have dense structures
(Fig.5b and 5c). Uniform microstructure of the coatings (c)
indicates that a high proportion of the feedstock powder
appeared to have been fully melted prior to impact on the
substrate. In Figure 5c, for the sample-3, the results of EDS
analysis of the light grey colored structure which appears
intensively in the particle borders are given in Figure 6.
According to the analysis results, the structure appearing in
the sediment form on the particle borders caused to
solidification which contains predominantly C, Cr and Fe in
small amounts. The fact that there is oxygen element in small
amounts in the structure indicates that the surface has a trend
of oxidation. It is resulted from the XRD analysis in Figure 7 (d)
that the possibility of Ni3Si2, Cr3Ni2Si and Cr13Ni5Si2 phase Figure 7: (a) SEM imagine and EDX results of coating 2
presence in the structure, which is intensively seen in the (b) point 1, (c) point 2 and (d) point 3
particle borders and occurs in the sample labelled with
coating-3, is high. Some dark areas appeared in the coating Image of SEM taken from the sample labelled with coating-
2 in high resolution and EDS analysis are also given in Figure

17
 M.Karagöz S. Islak, S. Buytoz, B. Kurt

7. As can be seen from Figure 7a, there exist structures based Ni, Cr and C decreases at point 1, whereas at points 2, 3 and 4
on Ni matrix material, which are randomly scattered and amounts of Cr is relatively more. Quantity of Ni only
relatively darker grey coloured. This fact is similar in the increased at point 2, but this element is at its minimal value at
coating material-3 (Figure 6). In Figure 4b, there are three the point 4. EDAX analysis of coating 2 (Fig. 9b) shows that
different structures in SEM microstructure taken from the the Ni and C elements are almost remained constant at point 1
centre of coating plate with higher magnification (Figure 7a). to 5. Although quantity of Cr is higher at point 3, the
Based on Ni matrix material, there are structures randomly concentration of Cr is the lowest at point 5. As Fig. 9c reveals,
scattered in, which are relatively dark grey and black. EDS for EDAX analysis results of coating 3, the weight percentage
analysis belonging to these structures are given in Figures 7-b, of Si, C and O2 increases at point 5 where Ni decreases
c and d. As the matrix material involves 19.08%C, 15.04%Si, substantially signifying that dark contrast phase at the top of
4.9%P, 2.97%Cr, 0.87%Fe, 57.07%Ni (Figure 7b) in atomic scale might be rich with oxides of Cr, C and Si. The existence
scale, the atomic structure with dark grey colour come to of higher oxygen at point 5 might lead to the formation of Cr-
occurrence of solidification with the composition given as and Si-rich oxide scale. Dark black phase present at the upper
follows; 4.04%B, 44.13%C, 2.19%Si, 33.72%Cr, 0.4%Fe, of the coating (point 5) which is found to be rich with Si and
15.51%Ni (Figure 7c). According to XRD results given in C is un-melted of SiC particles. It is believed that SiC grains
Figure 8, the possibility of the fact that this dark grey coloured might be retained due to inadequate time to find for the
structure is CrB2, Cr3Ni2Si and/or Cr7C3 is high. The similar deposition and re-solidification of molten or semi-molten
findings are achieved by Abdi, Labaili [26] and Planche et. al. droplets. Both XRD analysis results (can be seen in Fig.8) and
[27]. EDS analysis of the dark structure marked with number EDAX analysis results (can be seen in Fig. 7 and Fig. 9)
3 in Figure 7a is given in Figure 7d. This structure exists in all reveals that the major phase of NiCrBSi-SiC coating is
three samples. The probability of being Cr7C3 of this structure austenite structure rich with Ni, Cr, C and Si.
is rather high. In case of spraying onto the coating surface, the
mixture of NiCrBSi and SiC coating powder decomposes due
to high temperature, then forms new phases by re-solidifying
during the fusing to the base material. For the structure to be
Cr7C3 is comply with the XRD results given in Figure 8.
Fig. 8 shows the XRD patterns for the HVOF sprayed
NiCrBSi-SiC coatings and it is evident that the coatings
mainly consists of γ-nickel based fcc structure as a principal
phase. This situation is a feature common in all the nickel-
based coated [19,28]. XRD patterns of the coatings have also
revealed the presence of very low intensity peaks of Ni4B3,
BNi2, BNi3, SiC and Cr7C3 phases. Furthermore, very weak
peaks, indexed as belonging to Cr3Ni2Si, Cr13Ni5Si2 and CrB2
are identified.

1 1: Ni 2: Ni4B3 3: Ni3Si2 4: BNi2 5: BNi3 6: SiC

8
9 7: Cr7C3 8: Cr3Ni2Si 9: Cr13Ni5Si2 10: CrB2
1 1
6 1
5 93 8
8 8
2 6 53 9 79 10
1
29 3 10 3 8
3 5 5 4 4 8 9 5 5 5
8 Coating 1
Lin (Counts)

Coating 2

Coating 3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

2-Theta-Scale
Figure 8: X-ray diffraction for the as sprayed NiCrBSi-SiC
coatings on low alloy steel: (a) NiCrBSi-10%SiC, (b)
NiCrBSi-20%SiC, (c) NiCrBSi-40%SiC.

SEM imagines and elemental variation across the cross- (a)

section of HVOF coated materials are shown in Fig 9. EDAX
analysis of coating 1 (Fig. 9a) reveals that the concentration of

18
Microstructural characteristics of High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) sprayed NiCrBSi-SiC composite coating on a low …

(c)
Figure 9: SEM imagines and variations of elemental
composition across the cross-section of HVOF coated with
NiCrBSi and SiC mixed powders: (a) coating 1, (b) coating 2
and (c) coating 3.

The microhardness data of the coatings are shown in Fig.

10a, which shows the microhardness profiles along the cross
section of the coatings as a function of distance from the
coating-substrate interface (Fig. 10b). The microhardness of
the substrate is in the range of 210–230 Hv. The
microhardness of the coatings is found to be variable with the
distance from the coating–substrate interface. This significant
variation in the microhardness along the thickness of the
coatings might be due to the distribution of the SiC hard phase
in Ni-based alloy matrix. Maximum value of about 831 Hv
was obtained from the coating 3, while sample 1 showed
minimum values of about 474 Hv. Microhardness of the
(b) coating for coating 2 is found in the range of 750 Hv. Further,
an increase in microhardness of all the substrates was
observed near the coating–substrate interface.

900 Sample 1
Sample 2
800
Sample 3
700
Microhardness (Hv)

600

500

400

300

200

100 Substrate Coating layer

0
-60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Distance from interface (mm)

(a)

19
 M.Karagöz S. Islak, S. Buytoz, B. Kurt

coatings modified by laser heat treatment, Materials Science and

Engineering: B, 162 2 (2009) 127-134.
[7] Tahar Sahraoui, Sofiane Guessasma, M. Ali Jeridane, Mohamed Hadji,
HVOF sprayed WC–Co coatings: Microstructure, mechanical properties
and friction moment prediction, Materials & Design, 31 3 (2010) 1431-
1437.
[8] J.A. Picas, A. Fornand, G. Matthäus, HVOF coatings as an alternative to
hard chrome for pistons and valves, Wear, 261 5-6 (2006) 477-484.
[9] E.J. Carrasquero, J. Lesage, E.S. Puchi-Cabrera, M.H. Staia, Fretting
wear of HVOF Ni–Cr based alloy deposited on SAE 1045 steel, Surface
and Coatings Technology, 202 18 (2008) 4544-4551.
[10] C. Navas, R. Colaço, J. de Damborenea, R. Vilar, Abrasive wear
behaviour of laser clad and flame sprayed-melted NiCrBSi coatings,
Surface and Coatings Technology, 200 24 (2006) 6854-6862.
[11] Xinhong Wang, Min Zhang, Zengda Zou, Shiyao Qu, Microstructure
and properties of laser clad TiC+NiCrBSi+rare earth composite coatings,
Surface and Coatings Technology, 161 2-3 (2002) 195-199.
[12] R. González, M.A. García, I. Peñuelas, M. Cadenas, Ma. del Rocío
Fernández, A. Hernández Battez, D. Felgueroso, Microstructural study
of NiCrBSi coatings obtained by different processes, Wear, 263 1-6
(b) (2007) 619-624.
Figure 10: Microhardness profiles for HVOF sprayed [13] M.C. Lin, L.S. Chang, H.C. Lin, C.H. Yang, K.M. Lin, A study of high-
NiCrBSi-SiC coatings on the low alloy steel speed slurry erosion of NiCrBSi thermal-sprayed coating, Surface and
Coatings Technology, 201 6 (2006) 3193-3198.
[14] W. L. Mankins, S. Lamb (Eds.), Nickel and Nickel Alloys, ASM
Handbook, vol. 2, ASM International, (1992) 1362-1404.
IV. CONCLUSIONS [15] J. M. Miguel, J. M. Guilemany, S. Vizcaino, Tribological study of
NiCrBSi coating obtained by different process, Tribology International,
1. Under the employed spray conditions, NiCrBSi and SiC 36 3 (2003) 181-187.
mixed powders have been successfully deposited by HVOF [16] T. Gómez-del Río, M.A. Garrido, J.E. Fernández, M. Cadenas, J.
process to develop coatings of average 250 μm thick on AISI Rodríguez, Influence of the deposition techniques on the mechanical
1030 steel substrates. Microhardness of the coatings is found properties and microstructure of NiCrBSi coatings, Journal of Materials
Processing Technology, 204 1-3 (2008) 304-312.
to in the range of 550–830 Hv, which is higher than the [17] T.S. Sidhu, S. Prakash, R.D. Agrawal, Characterisation of NiCr wire
substrate material. coatings on Ni- and Fe-based superalloys by the HVOF process, Surface
2. The microstructure of the as sprayed coating has a and Coatings Technology, 200 18-19 (2006) 5542-5549.
nickel based fcc structure as the principal phase. XRD [18] M. Gaona, R.S. Lima, B.R. Marple, Influence of particle temperature
and velocity on the microstructure and mechanical behaviour of high
analysis of the coating microstructures revealed the presence velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) -sprayed nanostructured titania coatings,
of low intensity peaks of Ni4B3, BNi2, BNi3, SiC and Cr7C3 Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 198 1-3 (2008) 426-435.
phases. Furthermore, very weak peaks, indexed as belonging [19] Shenglin Liu, Xueping Zheng, Gangqiang Geng, Dry sliding wear
to Cr3Ni2Si, Cr13Ni5Si2 and CrB2 are identified. behavior and corrosion resistance of NiCrBSi coating deposited by
activated combustion-high velocity air fuel spray process, Materials &
Design, 31 2 (2010) 913-917.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT [20] T.S. Sidhu, S. Prakash, R.D. Agrawal, Characterisations of HVOF
sprayed NiCrBSi coatings on Ni- and Fe-based superalloys and
The authors would like to thank Mr. Rakim Tuncer of evaluation of cyclic oxidation behaviour of some Ni-based superalloys
KOBATEK Surface Treatment Industry Company of Turkey in molten salt environment, Thin Solid Films, 515 1 (2006) 95-105.
for performing HVOF. [21] L.-M. Berger, S. Saaro, T. Naumann, M. Wiener, V. Weihnacht, S.
Thiele, J. Suchánek, Microstructure and properties of HVOF-sprayed
chromium alloyed WC–Co and WC–Ni coatings, Surface and Coatings
REFERENCES
Technology, 202 18 (2008) 4417-4421.
[1] M. Hasan, J. Stokes, L. Looney, M.S.J. Hashmi, Effect of spray [22] J.G. La Barbera-Sosa, Y.Y. Santana, C. Villalobos-Gutiérrez, S.
parameters on residual stress build-up of HVOF sprayed aluminium/tool- Cabello-Sequera, M.H. Staia, E.S. Puchi-Cabrera, Effect of spray
steel functionally graded coatings, Surface and Coatings Technology, distance on the corrosion-fatigue behavior of a medium-carbon steel
202 16 (2008) 4006-4010. coated with a Colmonoy 88 alloy deposited by HVOF thermal spray,
[2] W. Fang, T.Y. Cho, J.H. Yoon, K.O. Song, S.K. Hur, S.J. Youn, H.G. Surface and Coatings Technology, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available
Chun, Processing optimization, surface properties and wear behavior of online 1 February 2010.
HVOF spraying WC–CrC–Ni coating, Journal of Materials Processing [23] M. Hadad, R. Hitzek, P. Buergler, L. Rohr, S. Siegmann, Wear
Technology, 209 7 (2009) 3561-3567 performance of sandwich structured WC–Co–Cr thermally sprayed
[3] Z. Zhou, L. Wang, F.C. Wang, H.F. Zhang, Y.B. Liu, S.H. Xu, coatings using different intermediate layers, Wear, 263 1-6 (2007) 691-
Formation and corrosion behavior of Fe-based amorphous metallic 699.
coatings by HVOF thermal spraying, Surface and Coatings Technology, [24] T.S. Sidhu, S. Prakash, R.D. Agrawal, Studies of the metallurgical and
204 5 (2009) 563-570 mechanical properties of high velocity oxy-fuel sprayed stellite-6
[4] O. Culha, E. Celik, N.F. Ak Azem, I. Birlik, M. Toparli, A. Turk, coatings on Ni- and Fe-based superalloys, Surface and Coatings
Microstructural, thermal and mechanical properties of HVOF sprayed Technology, 201 1-2 (2006) 273-281.
Ni–Al-based bond coatings on stainless steel substrate, Journal of [25] Y.-Y. Wang, C.-J. Li, A. Ohmori, Examination of factors influencing the
Materials Processing Technology, 204 1-3 (2008) 221-230. bond strength of high velocity oxy-fuel sprayed coatings, Surface and
[5] Hanbey Hazar, Characterization of MoN coatings for pistons in a diesel Coatings Technology, 200 9 (2006) 2923-2928.
engine, Materials & Design, 31-1 (2010) 624-627. [26] S. Abdi and S. Lebaili, Alternative to chromium, a hard alloy powder
[6] Shi-Hong Zhang, Tong-Yul Cho, Jae-Hong Yoon, Ming-Xi Li, P.W. NiCrBCSi (Fe) coatings thermally sprayed on 60CrMn4 steel. Phase and
Shum, Sik-Chol Kwon, Investigation on microstructure, surface comportements, Physics Procedia 2 (2009) 1005-1014.
properties and anti-wear performance of HVOF sprayed WC–CrC–Ni

20
Microstructural characteristics of High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) sprayed NiCrBSi-SiC composite coating on a low …

[27] M.P. Planche, H. Liao, B. Normand, C. Coddet, Relationships between

NiCrBSi particle characteristics and corresponding coating properties
using different thermal spraying processes, Surface and Coatings
Technology, 200 7 (2005) 2465-2473.
[28] D. Chaliampalias, G. Vourlias, E. Pavlidou, S. Skolianos, K. Chrissafis,
G. Stergioudis, Comparative examination of the microstructure and high
temperature oxidation performance of NiCrBSi flame sprayed and pack
cementation coatings, Applied Surface Science, 255 6 (2009) 3605-
3612.

21