Digital Clock

A Mini Project Submitted for the requirement of

University of Mumbai

For the Practical work done during Semester-VI

Embedded Systems and Real Time Operating System

Laboratory
(Electronics Engineering)
by

Pooja D Shinde (17EE5517)

Aarti S Kokate (17EE5509)
Rashmi P Jadhav (17EE5524)

Department of Electronics Engineering

Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology,
Sector 7, Nerul, Navi Mumbai
(Affiliated to University of Mumbai)
April 2019
 Abstract

A digital clock displays the time using numbers and it has many applications like cars,
railway stations, houses, offices, etc. in order to provide accurate time and date. In this type
of applications, normally we use RTC (Real Time Clock) ICs to display the time and date
accurately. The circuit displays the time on LCD. For this clock, we can set the time at any
instant. Here, the clock can work in either 24 hour mode or 12 hour mode and the RTC chip
is configured by programming 8051 controller. I will demonstrate two circuits of Digital
Clocks using 8051 Microcontroller: one uses the RTC DS12C887 and the other uses the RTC
DS1307. A digital clock is one that displays time digitally. The circuit explained here displays
time with two ‘minutes’ digits and two ‘seconds’ digits on four seven segment displays. The
seven segment and switches are interfaced with 8051 microcontroller AT89C51. This circuit
can be used in cars, houses, offices etc. As soon as the Vcc supply is provided to this circuit,
the clock starts from 00:00. The time is displayed on four seven segments (in common
anode configuration) by using the concept of multiplexing. This is achieved by
using timer interrupt (Timer0) of AT89C51. which is configured to refresh seven segments.
The segments are refreshed many times in a second for simultaneous display. The clock
runs with a delay of exactly one second. Timer1 has been used to produce a time delay of
one second. The data pins (a–h) of all the segments are interconnected and receive signal
from port P2 of the microcontroller. The control or enable pins (common anode) are
connected to pins 1-4 of port P1 (P1^0 – P1^3).

i
List of Figures

2.1 Block Diagram ................................................................................................... 2

2.2 Circuit Diagram ................................................................................................. 3

3.1 AT89C51 ................................................................................................................. 5

3.2 Seven Segment Display ..................................................................................... 6
3.3 Crystal Oscillator ............................................................................................... 7
3.4 Push Buttons ..................................................................................................... 7

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Contents

Abstract i

List of Figures ii

1 Introduction 1

2 Hardware Implementation 2
2.1 Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Circuit Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3 List of Components 4
3.1 8051 Microcontroller (AT89C51): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2 Seven Segment Display: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3 Crystal Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.4 Push Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4 Softwatre Implementation 8
4.1 Software used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

5 working 9

6 Advantages and Disadvantages 10

6.1 Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.2 Disadvantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

7 Applications 11

8 Conclusion And Future Scope 12

Bibliography 13

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Chapter 1
Introduction

A clock built with an alarm is called as an alarm clock that includes a preset time to
remember something or awaken people at that time by generating an alarm. Alarm
clocks work as reminders to wake up people in a preset time. These clocks are designed
with buzzers, sensors and lights to alert the persons. The sound of an alarm can be
stopped by pressing the button or automatically stop by producing beep sound in
particular time duration. The modern alarm clocks are designed with convert spy
cameras or AM/FM radios. These alarms can come in both the traditional and digital.
A digital clock is a one kind of clock used to display the time in the form of digital
includes symbols or numerals. These clocks are frequently connected with electronic
drives, but the term digital refers only tothe LCD display, not to the drive mechanism.
The digital clock circuit uses the 50-60 Hz oscillation of AC power. Most digital alarm
clocks display the hour of the day in the form of 12 hours or 24 hours with an indication
of AM or PM. Most digital alarm clocks use LCD display, seven segment

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Chapter 2
Hardware Implementation
2.1 circuit diagram

Figure 2.1: Circuit Diagram

2
3
Chapter 3

List of Components

1. 8051 Microcontroller (AT89C51)

2. 4 digit ssd Display

3. Crystal Oscillator 11.0592MHz

4. Push Button

5. Capacitors

6. Battery

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3.1 8051 Microcontroller (AT89C51):
AT89C51 is an 8-bit microcontroller and belongs to Atmel’s 8051 family. ATMEL 89C51
has 4KB of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (EPROM) and 128
bytes of RAM. It can be erased and program to a maximum of 1000 times. In 40 pin
AT89C51, there are four ports designated as P1, P2, P3 and P0. All these ports are 8-bit
bi-directional ports, i.e., they can be used as both input and output ports. Except P0
which needs external pull-ups, rest of the ports have internal pull-ups. When 1s are
written to these port pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used
as inputs. These ports are also bit addressable and so their bits can also be accessed
individually.
Microcontroller senses the signal given from switches and the mode of operation
voting mode it increments the data for corresponding key i.e. respective candidate as
well as it sends signal to display block to indicate one key is pressed. In counting mode
microcontrollers fetches data from memory location and send it to display devices.

Figure 3.1: AT89C51

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3.2 Seven Segment Display:
Seven segment LED displays are very popular for displaying numeric information because
they are very attractive and readable from a far distance and wider viewing angle. The
downside is they are resource-hungry. For example, it requires 12 I/O pins of a MCU to
drive a 4-digit seven segment display using a standard time-division multiplexing
technique. Here I present a serial seven segment LED display module that can be used
with any MCU using a 3-wire SPI interface. This particular display has four digits (0.40”
size) and two colon segments (to support time display) display.

Figure 3.2: 4 digit ssd Display

3.3 Crystal Oscillator

A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance
of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very
precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz
wrist watches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to
stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of
resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits incorporating them became
known as crystal oscillators, but other piezoelectric materials including poly crystalline
7
ceramics are used in similar circuits. Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies
from a few tens of kilohertz to hundreds of megahertz. More than two billion crystals
are manufactured annually. Most are used for consumer devices such as wrist watches,
clocks, radios, computers, and cellphones.
Quartz crystals are also found inside test and measurement equipment, such as
counters, signal generators, and oscilloscope.

Figure 3.3: Crystal Oscillator

3.4 Push Buttons

A push-button (also spelled pushbutton) or simply button is simple switch mechanism

for controlling some aspect of a machine or a process. Buttons are typically made out of
hard material, usually plastic or metal. The surface is usually flat or shaped to accommo-
date the human finger or hand, so as to be easily depressed or pushed. Buttons are most
often biasedswitches, though even many un-biased buttons (due to their physical nature)
require a spring to return to their un-pushed state. Different people use different terms
for the ”pushing” of the button, such as press, depress, mash, and punch.The ”push-
button” has been utilized in calculators, pushbutton telephones, kitchen appliances, and
various other mechanical and electronic devices, home and commercial.

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6
Chapter 4

Softwatre Implementation

4.1 Software used

keil µvision
Keil development tools for the 8051 Microcontroller Architecture support every level of
software developer from the professional applications engineer to the student just learning
about embedded software development. The industry-standard Keil C Compilers, Macro
Assemblers, Debuggers, Real-time Kernels, Single-board Computers, and Emulators sup-
port all 8051 derivatives . The Keil 8051 Development Tools are designed to solve the
complex problems facing embedded software developers. This software is used for test
and debug the code .It is the same IDE that is used for generation of the .hex file.

Proteus Design Suite

The Proteus Design Suite is a proprietary software tool suite used primarily for electronic
design automation. The software is used mainly by electronic design engineers and techni-
cians to create schematics and electronic prints for manufacturing printed circuit boards
.It was developed in Yorkshire, England by Labcenter Electronics Ltd and is available
in English, French, Spanish and Chinese languages. The micro-controller simulation in
Proteus works by applying either a hex file or a debug file to the microcontroller part
on the schematic. It is then co-simulated along with any analog and digital electronics
connected to it. This enables its use in a broad spectrum of project prototyping in areas
such as motor control, temperature control and user interface design. It also finds use in
the general hobbyist community and, since no hardware is required, is convenient to use
as a training or teaching tool. Support is available for co-simulation of:

• Microchip Technologies PIC10, PIC12, PIC16,PIC18,PIC24,dsPIC33 Microcontrollers.

• Atmel AVR (and Arduino), 8051 and ARM Cortex-M3 Microcontrollers

• NXP 8051, ARM7, ARM Cortex-M0 and ARM Cortex-M3 Microcontrollers.

• Texas Instruments MSP430, PICCOLO DSP and ARM Cortex-M3 Microcontrollers.

• Parallax Basic Stamp, Freescale HC11, 8086 Microcontrollers.

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 Chapter 6
working

A digital clock displays the time using numbers and it has many applications like cars,
railway stations, houses, offices, etc. in order to provide accurate time and date. In this type
of applications, normally we use RTC (Real Time Clock) ICs to display the time and date
accurately. The circuit displays the time on LCD. For this clock, we can set the time at any
instant. Here, the clock can work in either 24 hour mode or 12 hour mode and the RTC chip
is configured by programming 8051 controller. I will demonstrate two circuits of Digital
Clocks using 8051 Microcontroller: one uses the RTC DS12C887 and the other uses the RTC
DS1307. A digital clock is one that displays time digitally. The circuit explained here displays
time with two ‘minutes’ digits and two ‘seconds’ digits on four seven segment displays. The
seven segment and switches are interfaced with 8051 microcontroller AT89C51. This circuit
can be used in cars, houses, offices etc. As soon as the Vcc supply is provided to this circuit,
the clock starts from 00:00. The time is displayed on four seven segments (in common
anode configuration) by using the concept of multiplexing. This is achieved by
using timer interrupt (Timer0) of AT89C51. which is configured to refresh seven segments.
The segments are refreshed many times in a second for simultaneous display. The clock
runs with a delay of exactly one second. Timer1 has been used to produce a time delay of
one second. The data pins (a–h) of all the segments are interconnected and receive signal
from port P2 of the microcontroller. The control or enable pins (common anode) are
connected to pins 1-4 of port P1 (P1^0 – P1^3).

8
Chapter 6
Advantages and Disadvantages

6.1 Advantages
 Coordinated indications of all clocks at the site with a global universal time
(UTC/GMT);
 Synchronous indication of an exact zone time in the pointer and digital formats on
all clocks;
 Automatic conversion of clocks during the transition to winter/summer time;
 Automatic setting of the clock to the exact time after restoration of power or
liquidation of the accident on a line;
 Automatic restoration of the correct indications of the clock at failures or during
power interruption for a period of up to 1 week;
 Synchronization of the computer network in accordance with the calendar date and
exact time;
 Simplicity of usage that does not require special training of the engineering
personnel.
6.2 Disadvantage
• The disadvantages are that they depend on electricity or batteries where as some
non-digital clocks need only be wound.

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Chapter 8
Applications

1. Single time period clocks – these allow for a single programmed time period. You
cannot program a quick play finish within a set time following a given amount of
moves. In other words, you cannot add an extra 15 minutes of playing time following
black’s 35th move without manually adjusting the clock. This manual adjustment is
not allowed under FIDE rules. These clocks are fine for quick play, rapid play or blitz
games in which there is a single playing period. They are typically priced at £20-£35
each.

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0
Chapter 8

Conclusion And Future Scope

In this project, we have described the specification and architecture of digital

clock.Various fault-tolerance and security issues are delegated to the platform itself,
therefore relieving the application designer from accommodating these features in the
application design itself. This approach allows for the easy development and deployment
of applications. For quite sometime, voting equipment vendors have maintained that their
systems are secure, and that the closed-source nature makes them even more secure. Our
glimpse into the code of such a system reveals that there is little difference in the way
code is developed for voting machines relative to other commercial endeavours. Infact ,we
believe that an open process would result in more careful development, as more scientists,
software engineers, political activists, and others who value their democracy would be
paying attention to the quality of the software that is used for their elections.(Ofcourse,
open source would not solve all of the problems with electronic elections. It is still
important to verify some how that the binary program images running in the machine
correspond to the source code and that the compilers used on the source code are non-
malicious. However, open source isa good start.) Such open design processes have proven
successful in projects ranging from very focused efforts, such as specifying the Advanced
Encryption Standard (AES), through very large and complex systems such as maintaining
the Linux operating System.Australia is currently using an open source voting system,
security models such as the voter-verified audit trail allow for electronic voting systems
that produce a paper trail that can be seen and verified by a voter. In such a system, the
correctness burden on the voting terminals code is significantly less as voter scan see and
verify a physical object that describes their vote. Even if, for what ever reason, the
machines cannot name the winner of an election, then the paper ballots can be recounted,
either mechanically or manually, to gain progressively more accurate election results.
Voter-verifiable audit trails are required in some U.S. States, and major DRE vendors
have made public statements that they would support such features if their customers
required it. The digital clock project an ambitious attempt to create an open-source
voting system with a voter-verifiable audit trail a laudable goal. The model where
individual vendors write proprietary code to run our elections appears to be unreliable,
and if we do not change the process of designing our voting systems, we will have no
confidence that our election results will reflect the will of the electorate. We owe it to
ourselves and to our future to have robust, well-designed election systems to preserve
the bedrock of our democracy.

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