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RINGKASAN FAKTA PENTING KIMIA SPM

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1. Define atoms, molecules and ions, - An atom is the neutral particle of an element that can take part in a
chemical reaction.
- A molecule is a neutral particle consist of a group of two or more
atoms which are chemically bonded together.
- An ion is a positively charged or negatively–charged particle.
2. Draw the arrangement of particles

Solid Liquid Gas

3. The movement of bromine particles in Explain by using kinetic theory

air - The bromine molecules are made of tiny and discrete particles/
molecules.
- The particles *move randomly and collide each other and with other
particles in air to fill up space.
- The molecules moves randomly and move in all direction in air from
area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration.
- The bromine molecules move very fast through large space of air
particles
*move – for gas
4. What is melting point? - Melting point is the temperature at which the substance at its solid
state changes to liquid state at certain pressure.
5. Explain why the temperature remains - Heat energy absorbed by the particles is used to overcome the
unchanged during the melting process. forces of attraction between the molecules so that the solid can turn
into liquid.

6. Explain why the temperature remains - The heat lost to the surroundings is exactly balanced by the heat
unchanged during the freezing process. energy given out / released as the molecules attracted one another
to form solid.

7. State the main subatomic particles of an - An atom contains three types of subatomic particles; proton, neutron
atom. and electron.
8. Compare and contrast the relative Subatomic Relative Relative
Symbol
atomic mass and the relative charge of particle mass charge
the subatomic particles of the atom. Proton p 1 +1
Electron e 1/1840 -1
Neutron n 1 Neutral
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9. State the meaning of proton number and - Proton number of an element is the number of proton in the
nucleon number nucleus of its atom.
- Nucleon number of an element is the total number of proton and
neutron in in the nucleus its atom.
10. State the meaning of isotopes. - Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number
of proton but different number of neutron. //
- Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same proton
number but different nucleon number.
11. State the chemical and physical - The isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties
properties of isotopes because the atoms have the same same electron arrangement
and the. number of valence electrons
- The isotopes of an element have the different physical properties
because they have different in nucleon number.

12. State the meaning of empirical • Empirical formula is the formula that shows the simplest whole
formula. number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound
13. State the meaning of molecular • Molecular formula is the formula that shows the actual number of
formula. atoms of each element that are present in a molecule of the
compound.
14. Why was the crucible lid opened once  To allow oxygen from the air to react with magnesium.
in a while during the experiment?
15. State how to determine that the  Repeat the heating, cooling and weighing process until a constant
reaction between magnesium and mass is obtained.
oxygen has completed.

16. Suggest a suitable chemical  Substance X : Anhydrous calcium chloride/ concentrated sulphuric
substance for X in Part B and state the acid
function of X. Function : To dry the hydrogen gas
17. Why is hydrogen gas passed through
the combustion tube after heating has - To prevent copper metal react with oxygen gas from surrounding to
stopped? form copper (II) oxide again //
To avoid the oxidation of copper//
To avoid the formation of copper (II) oxide.

18. Why the method to determine the • Magnesium is more reactive than hydrogen.
empirical formula of copper(Il) oxide Hydrogen gas cannot reduce magnesium oxide to magnesium.//
cannot be used to determine the Hydrogen cannot remove oxygen from magnesium oxide
empirical formula for magnesium
oxide?
19. Why the method to determine the • Because copper is not a reactive metal.
empirical formula of magnesium oxide It reacts slowly with oxygen. Therefore, it is difficult to convert copper
cannot be used to determine the to copper(II) oxide completely.
empirical formula for copper(Il) oxide?
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20. State how the elements are arranged in Elements are arrange horizontally in the Periodic Table in increasing
the Periodic Table order of proton number
21. What is the meaning of the “period” in A horizontal row of elements in the Periodic Table of Element.
the Periodic Table of element?
22. What is the meaning of the “group” in A vertical column of elements in the Periodic Table of Element.
the Periodic Table of element?
39
23. State the position of element, 20 𝑋 in - Electron arrangement of X atom is 2.8.8.2
Periodic table of Elements. Explain - X atom has 2 valence electrons. Therefore, it is in Group 2.
your answer - X atom has 4 shells occupied with electrons
- Therefore, it is in Period 4.
24. Why helium gas is not reactive - Helium atom has 2 valence electrons. The atom has achieved
chemically? stable duplet electron arrangement.
- The atom does not need to gain, lose or share electrons with other
atom of elements.
25. Explain why argon does not react with - Argon atom has achieved octet electron arrangement
hot tungsten filament in term of electron Argon atom’s outermost shell is completely filled with electrons.
arrangement. - This electron arrangement is stable //Argon is inert / unreactive.
- Argon atom does not need to gain, lose or share electrons with
other elements.
26. Why the melting point and boiling point - the atomic size of the elements increase down the group
increase when going down Group 18 - the attraction force between atoms of each element become
stronger.
- Thus more heat energy required to overcome the stronger forces of
attraction.
27. Why helium gas is more suitable to fill - Because helium gas is lighter and not flammable/inert and hydrogen
weather balloon compared to hydrogen is flammable
gas?
28. State the physical properties of Group 1. - Alkali metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
- They are soft and can be cut easily with a knife.
- All alkali metals are grey in colour with silvery and shiny surfaces
when freshly cut.
- They have relatively low melting and boiling points compare to other
metals such as iron (MP : 1540°C).
- There have low densities end float on surface of water.
29. Why the melting point and boiling point - The atomic size of the elements increase down the group.
decrease when going down Group 1 - the attraction force between atom of each element become
weaker.
- Thus less heat energy required to overcome the weaker forces of
attraction
30. Why all alkaline metal can conduct Each atom has one electron valence that act as free moving electron
electricity
31. The reactivity of Group 1 increases - When going down Group 1, proton number of elements is increase.
when going down the group. Explain - The atomic size increases.
why. - The single valence electron becomes further away from the nucleus.
- Hence, the force of attraction between the nucleus and the valence
electron becomes weaker.
- As a result, it is easier for the atom to lose the single valence
electron to achieve the octet or duplet electron arrangement.
32. Compare and explain reactivity of - Electron arrangement of X atom is 2.8.1 and Y atom is 2.8.8.1
element X and Y - The number shells occupied with electrons of atom Y is more than
Element X Y atom X.
Proton Number 11 19 - The size of atom Y is larger than atom X
- Force of attraction/nuclei attraction between the nucleus and the
valence electron for atom Y is weaker then atom X.
- Therefore it is easier for atom Y to release the valance electron
compared to X atom.
- Element Y is more reactive than element X
33. Sodium burnt in oxygen and the product - The solution is an alkaline solution.
is dissolved in water. What is the - Sodium burns in oxygen to produce sodium oxide. Sodium oxide
property of the solution formed? dissolves in water to produce sodium hydroxide solution.
Explain why. - Write a balanced equation for both reactions:
1.
2.
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34. State the physical properties of Group - Halogens exits as diatomic molecules.
I7. - Halogens have low melting and boiling points.
- They are good insulator of electricity.
- They are poor conductors of heat.

35. State the changes of the physical - The physical state of halogens at room temperature changes from
properties of Group 17 when going gas to liquid, then to solid.
down the group. - The colour of halogen becomes darker.

36. Compare and explain reactivity of - Electron arrangement of X atom is 2.7 and Y atom is 2.8.7
element X and Y - The number shells occupied with electrons of atom Y is more than
Element X Y atom X.
Proton Number 9 17 - The size of atom Y is larger than atom X.
- Thus, the force of attraction the nucleus to attract one electrons
to the outermost shells of atom Y is weaker than atom X
- Element Y is less reactive than element X

37. Chlorine gas is dissolved in water. - Blue litmus paper turns red and then bleached.
What can you observe if a piece of blue - When chlorine gas dissolves in cold water, it forms hydrochloric acid,
litmus paper is immersed into the HCI and hypochlorous acid, HOCl.
solution formed? Explain why. - Hydrochloric is an acid which tums blue litmus paper red while
hypochlorous acid is a strong bleaching agent which decolourise the
litmus paper.

38. State four special characteristic of - Transition elements form coloured solutions or compounds.
transition elements. - Transition elements show different oxidation number in their
compounds.
- Transition elements act as catalysts in certain chemical reactions.
- Transition elements can form complex ions.
39. When across Period 3 from sodium to Across Period 3 from left to right;
argon, the atomic size decreases. - The number of protons in the nucleus increases. This increases the
Explain why. positive charge of the nucleus.
- As a result, the attraction force between the nucleus and the
electrons in the shells becomes stronger.
- Electrons are pulled closer to the nucleus, causing the atomic size
to decrease.
40. Compare and explain - Electron arrangement of X atom is 2.8.1 and Y atom is 2.8.7
electronegativity of element X and Y - Atoms X and Y have same number shells occupied with electrons .
Element X Y - The number of protons in the nucleus of atom Y is more than atom
Proton Number 11 17 X
- The attraction forces between the nucleus and the electrons in the
outermost shell of atom Y is stronger than atom X
- The size of atom Y is smaller than atom X
- The tendency to attract electrons of atom Y is stronger tha atom
X
- Element Y is more electronegative than element X.

41. State two physical properties of ionic - High melting point and boiling point
compounds. - Conduct electricity in aqueous solution molten state.
- Usually dissolve in water
- Do not dissolve in organic solvent.
42. State two physical properties of covalent - Low melting point and boiling point.
compounds. - Do not conduct electricity in any state.
- Usually dissolve in organic solvents such as benzene
- Do not dissolve in water.
43. Explain why covalent compound do not - Covalent compound do not conduct electricity in all state because
conduct electricity in all states. they consist of neutral molecules.
- There are no freely moving ions.
44. Explain why ionic compounds are able to - Ionic compounds can conduct electricity in aqueous solution or in
conduct electricity in aqueous solution or molten state because the ions can move freely .
in molten state but not in solid state. - Ionic compound in solid state cannot conduct electricity because the
ions are held together by the strong electrostatic forces and are
not freely move
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45. Why ionic compound has high melting - In ionic compounds, the oppositely charged ions are held together
point and boiling point by a strong electrostatic forces.
- Higher amount of heat energy is needed to overcome the forces.
46. Why covalent compound has low melting - In covalent compound, the molecules are attracted by weak van
point and boiling point der Waals force.
- Lower amount of heat energy is needed to overcome the forces.
47. Magnesium chloride and hydrogen - Magnesium chloride is an ionic compound whereas hydrogen chloride
chloride are two compounds of chlorine. is a covalent compound.
At room condition, magnesium chloride - Magnesium ion and chloride ions are held together by strong
exists as a solid but hydrogen chloride electrostatic forces, more heat needed to overcome it. Therefore, it
exists as a gas. Explain why. has very high melting point and boiling point and exists as solid at
room condition.
- Hydrogen chloride consists of molecules. The van der Waals force
between the molecules is weak, less heat needed to overcome it.
Therefore, it has low melting point and boiling point and exists as gas
at room condition.
48. Explain the formation of ionic bond - Electron arrangement of sodium atom is 2.8.1
between sodium atom, 23 11𝑁𝑎 and chlorine - A sodium atom donate/release one electron to achieve the stable
atom, 35
17𝐶𝑙 electron arrangement which is 2.8.
- Sodium ion, Na+ is formed.
- Half equation : Na  Na+ + e
- Electron arrangement of chlorine atom is 2.8.7
- Electron from sodium atom is released to a chlorine atom
- A chlorine atom accept/receive one electron from sodium atom to
achieve the stable electron arrangement which is 2.8.8.
- Chloride ion, Cl- is formed.
- Half equation : Cl + e  Cl-
- The sodium ion, Na+ and chloride ion, Cl- formed are attracted
by electrostatic force.
- The strong attraction forces between the opposite-charged ions is
called ionic bond.
49. Explain the formation of covalent bond - Carbon atom has electron arrangement of 2.4
between carbon atom, 126𝐶 and chlorine - Chlorine atom has electron arrangement of 2.8.7
atom, 35
17𝐶𝑙 . - One carbon atom contributes 4 valence electrons to four chlorine
atoms.
- Four chlorine atoms contribute 1 valence electron each to carbon
atom.
- Carbon atom shares 4 pairs of electrons with 4 chlorine atoms to
form 4 single covalent bonds in carbon tetrachlorine molecule.
- All of Carbon and Chlorine atoms achieve stable octet electron
arrangement.
- A covalent compound with formula CCI4 is formed.

50. To compare the characteristics for the Ionic bond Characteristic Covalent bond
formation of ionic and covalent bonds. Valence electrons Electrons involved Valence electrons
Metal atoms and non Non-metals atom and
Elements
metal atoms non metal atoms
Electron transfer to Sharing electron to
achieve stable Bond formation achieve stable
electron arrangement electron arrangement
Ions Particles Molecules
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51. State the meaning of electrolyte.  Electrolyte is the substance that can conduct electricity in molten
or aqueous state and undergo chemical change.
52. State the meaning of electrolysis - Electrolysis is a process whereby compounds in molten or
aqueous states decomposed into their constituent elements by
passing electricity through them.
53. State the energy change in electrolysis. - Energy change in electrolysis is electric energy to chemical energy

Electrolysis of molten electrolyte Electrolysis of aqueous electrolyte (no Electrolysis of aqueous electrolyte
gas released) (gas is released)
54. Explain how copper electrodes and - When electrolyse copperl(ll) sulphate solution using copper electrodes,
carbon electrode affect the selective sulphate ions and hydroxide ions are attracted to the anode.
discharge of ions at the anode during - Copper atom at the anode ionises / release electrons to form
electrolysis of copper(ll) sulphate copper(ll) ions because copper is active electrode
solution. Cu  Cu2+ + 2e
- When electrolyse copperl(ll) sulphate solution using carbon electrodes,
sulphate ions and hydroxide ions are attracted to the anode. ion is
discharged at anode to produce oxygen gas because the position
of hydroxide is lower than chloride in the discharge series of
anion.
4 OH-  2 H2O + O2 + 4e
55. Explain how concentration of ions in - When using dilute hydrochloric acid (0.0001 mol dm -3), hydroxide ions
electrolyte affects the selective discharge and chloride ions are attracted to the anode. Hydroxide ion is
of ions at the anode during electrolysis of discharged at anode to produce oxygen gas because the position
hydrochloric acid. of hydroxide is lower than chloride in the discharge series of
anion.
4 OH-  2 H2O + O2 + 4e
- When using concentrated hydrochloric acid (1.0 mol dm -3), chloride ion
is discharged at anode to produce chlorine gas because the
concentration of chloride ions is higher the hydroxide .
2 Cl-  Cl2 + 2e
56. Explain why the intensity of blue - The rate of the discharged of copper(ll) ions at the cathode is the
copper(ll) sulphate solution remains same as the rate of ionisation of copper atom to copper(II) ion at
unchanged when copper is used as copper anode. The concentration of copper(ll) ions remains
electrodes. unchanged.
- The concentration of copper(ll) ions remains unchanged.
57. Explain the process of electrolysis of - Sodium nitrate solution consists of Na+, NO3-, H+, and OH- ions.
sodium nitrate solution using carbon - During electrolysis, Na+ and H+ ions move to cathode and NO3- and
electrode OH- ions move to anode.
- At cathode, H+ ion is selectively discharged because it is lower than Na +
ion in electrochemical series.
- Hydrogen gas is released at cathode.
- At anode, OH- ion is selectively discharged because it is lower than
NO3- ion in electrochemical series.
- Oxygen gas is released at anode.
58. Explain how Daniell Cell can generate - In Daniell Cell, zinc is more electropositive than copper.
electricity. - Zinc acts as the negative terminal and copper acts as the positive
terminal.
- Zinc atom releases electrons to form zinc ions, Zn2+.
- Electrons flow from zinc electrode to copper electrode through the
external circuit.
- At copper electrode, electrons are received by the copper(Il) ions,
Cu2+ in the copper(II) sulphate solution to form copper atoms.
- The continuous flow of electrons from zinc electrode to copper
electrode produces electric current in the Daniell Cell.
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59. What is the meaning of strong acid and weak - Strong acid is an acid that ionizes completely in water to
acid produce higher concentration of hydrogen ions, H+ and had a
lower pH value.Example : Hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and
sulphuric acid
HCl  H+ + Cl-
- Weak acid is an acid that ionizes partially in water to produce
lower concentration of hydrogen ions, H+ and had a higher pH
value
- Example : Ethanoic acid
CH3COOH (aq) ⇋ CH3COO- + H+
60. What is the meaning of strong alkali and - Strong alkali is an alkali that ionizes completely in water to
weak alkali. produce high concentration of hydroxide ions, the pH value is
higher
Example : Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide
NaOH → Na+ + OH-
- Weak alkali is an alkali that ionizes partially in water to produce
low concentration of hydroxide ions, OH- the pH value is lower
Example : Aqueous ammonia
NH3 + H2O ⇋ NH4 + + OH-
61. What is neutralisation? - Neutralisation is a reaction between an acid and a base / alkali to
produce salt and water only
62. The pH value of glacial ethanoic acid is 7 but - Glacial ethanoic acid molecule does not ionize and consists of
the pH value of dilute ethanoic acid is 5. only neutral CH3COOH molecule. No hydrogen ion presents.
Explain why the pH values of the two - Glacial ethanoic acid does not show acidic properties
-
substances are different Ethanoic acid solution is a weak acid which ionizes partially in
water to produce a lower concentration of hydrogen ions and
ethanoate ions.: CH3COOH (aq) ⇋ CH3COO- + H+
- The presence of hydrogen ions causes ethanoic acid solution to
show acidic properties
- Glacial ethanoic acid has a pH value of 7 and the pH value of
ethanoic acid solution is less than 7
63. Explain why sulphuric acid and hydrochloric - Sulphuric acid is a diprotic acid which 1 mol of sulphuric acid
acid have different pH value. ionizes completely in water and produce 2 mol of hydrogen
ions.
H2SO4  2H+ + SO42-
- Hydrochloric acid is a monoprotic acid which 1 mol of
hydrochloric ionizes completely in water to produce 1 mol of
hydrogen ions.
HCl  H+ + Cl-
- The concentration of hydrogen ions in sulphuric acid is
double of the concentration of hydrogen ion in hydrochloric acid.
- The pH value of sulphuric acid is lower than the pH value of
hydrochloric acid
64. The pH value of solution ammonia in water is - Dry ammonia gas (or ammonia gas) dissolved in
9 but the pH value of solution of ammonia in trichloromethane consists of neutral molecules, NH3 only.
trichloromethane is 7. Explain why the pH - There is no hydroxide ions, OH-. Therefore, it does not show
values of the two solutions are different. alkaline property.
- In water, the NH3 molecules will ionise to produce hydroxide
ions, OH-
- The presence of hydroxide ions, OH- will cause the aqueous
ammonia solution to show alkaline properties.
65. The pH values of 1.0 mol dm-3 of ethanoic - Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid which ionizes completely in
acid and 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is 4 water to produce a higher concentration of hydrogen ion.
and 1 respectively. Explain the differences. HCl  H+ + Cl-
- Ethanoic acid is a weak acid which ionizes partially in water to
produce a lower concentration of hydrogen ions.
CH3COOH ⇋ CH3COO- + H+
- The concentration of hydrogen ions in hydrochloric acid is
higher than the concentration of hydrogen ion in ethanoic
acid.
- The pH value of hydrochloric acid is lower than the pH value
of ethanoic acid
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66. Given dilute nitric acid and dilute sulphuric - Nitric acid is a monoprotic acid whereas sulphuric acid is a
acid have the same concentration of 0.5 mol diprotic acid.
dm-3. In a neutralisation experiment, 20 cm 3 - One mol of nitric acid ionise to one mol of hydrogen ion
of nitric acid is required to neutralise 20 cm 3 whereas one mol of sulphuric acid ionise to two mol of
of sodium hydroxide solution but only 10 cm 3 hydrogen ion
of sulphuric acid is required to neutralise 20 - The number mol of hydrogen ions in sulphuric acid is double
cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution. Explain than that in nitric acid.
why. • As a result, the volume of sulphuric acid required is half
compared to nitric acid.
67. Based on the diagram suggest the name of SET 1 SET 2
solvent X and solvent Y. Explain the
observation in test Tube I and Test tube II.
Write the chemical equation for the reaction
that occurs in Test tube II. Hydrogen
Hydrogen chloride in
chloride in solvent Y
solvent X

Magnesium

1. Solvent X is tetrachloromethane/benzene
2. Solvent Y is Water
3. Hydrogen chloride in solvent X exists as molecules / no H+ ion.
4. Hydrogen chloride in solvent X does not react with magnesium.
5. Hydrogen chloride in solvent Y ionises to produce H+ ions.
6. The present of H+ ions responsible to shows acidic properties.
7. Hydrogen chloride in solvent Y react with magnesium
2HCl + Mg → MgCl2 + H2
68. Explain why solution of hydrogen chloride in - Hydrogen chloride is a covalent compound.
water can conduct electricity but solution of - In methylbenzene, hydrogen chloride exists as molecule, no
hydrogen chloride in methylbenzene cannot free moving ion. Therefore, it cannot conduct electricity.
conduct electricity? - In water, hydrogen chloride ionises to produce hydrogen ion
and chloride ions which are free to move.
- Therefore, it can conduct electricity.

PREPARING 100 cm3 of 2.0 moldm-3 STANDARD SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION

(a) 1. Calculate mass sodium hydroxide

Mol NaOH = 2 X100/1000 = 0.2 mol
Mass of NaOH = 0.2mol x 40 gmol-1
= 8.0 g
2. 8.0 g of solid sodium hydroxide is weighed in a dry
weighing bottle
3. 8.0 g of solid sodium hydroxide in the weighing bottle is
transferred into a beaker containing 25 cm3 of
distilled water. The mixture is stirred to dissolve the
solid.

(b) 4. The solution from the beaker is then carefully poured

into a 100 cm3 volumetric flask through a filter funnel
5. The weighing bottle and the beaker are rinsed with a
small amount of distilled water and poured into the
volumetric flask

(d) 6. Distilled water is poured into the volumetric flask

until the calibration mark
7. The volumetric flask is then closed with a stopper
and inverted a few times to get homogenous solution .
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Preparation of standard solution using dilution method

(i) Quantity that are needed
(a) the volume and concentration of the stock solution
(b) the volume of the new solution

(ii) Adding water to the standard solution lowered the concentration of the solution. Since no solute is added, the
quantities of solute in the solution before and after dilution remain unchanged.

Number of mole of solute before dilution = Number of mole of solute after dilution

M1V1 = M2V2
M1 = molarity of solution before dilution
V1 = volume of solution before dilution
M2 = molarity of solution after dilution
V2 = volume of solution after dilution

PREPARING 100 cm3 OF 0.2 moldm-3 OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION FROM 2 moldm-3 OF SODIUM
HYDROXIDE SOLUTION USING DILUTION METHOD

1. Calculate the volume of sodium hydroxide 2 moldm 3 solution required

M1V1 = M2V2
2 moldm-3 x V1 = 0.2 moldm-3 X 100 cm3
V1 = 10 cm3

2. Use pipette to draw 10 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution from stock

solution (2 moldm-3 sodium hydroxide solution )

3. Transfer 10 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution into 100 cm3
volumetric flask
.

4. Add distilled water to the calibration mark .

5. The volumetric flask is inverted a few times to get homogenous solution
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69. What is salt? • A salt is a compound formed when the hydrogen ion, H+ from an acid is
replaced by a metal ion or an ammonium ion, NH4+.
70. Solubility of salts in water All sodium, potassium and ammonium salts are soluble in water.
All nitrate salts are soluble in water.
All sulphate salts are soluble in water except calcium sulphate, lead (II)
sulphate and barium sulphate.
All chloride salts are soluble in water except silver chloride , lead (II)
chloride and mercury (I) chloride.
All carbonate salts are insoluble in water except sodium carbonate,
potassium carbonate and ammonium carbonate

71. Method used to prepare salt depend on a. Soluble salts are prepared from the reactions between an acid with
the solubility of the salt metal, base, alkali and metal carbonate.
i. metal + acid  salt + hydrogen
ii. metal oxide (or metal hydroxide) + acid  salt + water
iii. alkali + acid  salt + water
iv. metal carbonate + acid  salt + carbon dioxide + water

b. Insoluble salts are prepared by the precipitation method through a

double decomposition reactions.
i. In this reaction, the precipitate of insoluble salt is formed when
two different solutions that contains the cation and anion of the
insoluble salt are mixed.
ii. The insoluble salt is obtained as a residue of a filtration

The preparation of soluble salts of sodium, potassium and ammonium

Soluble salt Sodium Chloride, NaCl

Name two chemical 1. sodium hydroxide
substances to prepare the 2. hydrochloric acid
salt
List of apparatus and 1. burette
material 2. retort stand
3. conical flask
4. Bunsen burner
5. Filter funnel
6. Spatula
7. Filter paper
8. Distilled water
9. Beaker
Chemical equation NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O
Procedure: (Diagram) Description
1. A pipette is used to transfer 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution to a conical
flask. 2 to 3 drops of phenolphthalein is added.
2. A burette is filled with hydrochloric acid and record the initial burette reading.
3. Titration is carried out carefully by slowly adding the acid into the conical flask
and the flask is shaken well.
4. The acid is added continuously until the indicator turns from pink to colourless.
The final burette reading is recorded.
5. The volume of acid used to neutralize 25.0 cm3 of the alkali is determined. (let
the volume be V cm3 )
6. 25.0 cm3 of the same sodium hydroxide solution is pipetted into a conical flask.
No indicator is addeded.
7. From the burette, exactly V cm3 of hydrochloric acid is added to the alkali and
is shaken well.
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8. The contents of the conical flask is poured into an evaporating dish.

9. The solution is heated gently to evaporate most of the water to produce a
saturated solution.

10. The hot saturated salt solution is cooled until the crystals are formed

11. The mixture is filtered to separate the salt crystals

12. The crystals are dried by pressing them between filter papers

The preparation of soluble salts (not sodium, potassium or ammonium salt)

Soluble salt Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4

Name two chemical 1. copper(II) oxide
substances to prepare 2. sulphuric acid
the salt
List of apparatus and 1. Bunsen burner
material 2. Filter funnel
3. Spatula
4. Filter paper
5. Distilled water
6. Beaker
Chemical equation CuO + H2SO4  CuSO4 + H2O
Procedure: (Diagram) Description
1. 50 cm3 of sulphuric acid 1 mol dm -3 is poured into a beaker. The acid is warmed.
2. By using a spatula, copper(II) oxide powder is added the acid.
3. The mixture is stirred with a glass rod.
4. Copper(II) oxide is added continuously until excess/some of it no longer dissolves.

5. The mixture is filtered .

6. The filtrate is evaporated until saturated

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7. The saturated solution is cooled until crystals are formed.

8. The mixture is filtered to separate the salt crystals

9. The crystals are dried by pressing them between filter papers

The preparation of insoluble salts

Insoluble salt Lead(II) iodide, PbI2
Name two chemical
substances to prepare the 1. lead(II) nitrate
salt 2. Sodium/potassium iodide
Chemical equation Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI (aq)  PbI2 (s) + 2KNO3 (aq)
Ionic equation Pb2+ (aq) + 2I- (aq)  PbI2 (s)
Procedure: (Diagram) Description

1. 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution is measured poured into a beaker
2. 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 potassium iodide is measured and added into the beaker
3. The mixture is stirred with a glass rod
4. A yellow precipitate of lead(II) iodide is formed immediately

5. The mixture is filtered

6. The yellow precipitate is rinsed with distilled water to remove impurities

7. The yellow solid, lead(II) iodide is then pressed between a few pieces of filter
papers to be dried

72. Describe a chemical - 2 cm3 of the solution is poured into a test tube.
test to identify the - 2 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid is added into the test tube
presence of carbonate - The gas liberated is immediately bubbled / passes through lime water.
ions, CO32- in a - The time water turns milky / chalky.
solution.
73. Describe a chemical - 2 cm3 of the solution is poured into a test tube.
test to identify the - 2 cm3 of dilute nitric acid is added into the test tube follow by about 2cm 3 of silver
presence of chloride nitrate solution.
ions, CI- in a solution. - A white precipitate is formed.
 14

74. Describe a chemical - 2 cm3 of the solution is poured into a test tube.
test to identify the - 2 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid is added into the test tube followed by about 2
presence of sulphate cm3 of barium chloride solution.
ions, SO42- in a - A white precipitate is formed.
solution.
75. Describe a chemical - 2 cm3 of the solution is poured into a test tube.
test to identify the - 2 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid is added into the test tube followed by 2 cm 3 of
presence of nitrate iron(II) sulphate solution. The mixture Is shaken well.
ions, NO3-, in a - The test tube is slanted slightly. A few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid are
solution. dropped carefully and slowly along the side of slanting test tube into the mixture.
- A brown ring is formed.
76. Describe a chemical (a) Copper(Il) ion
test to identity the - 2 cm3 copper(II) sulphate solution is poured into a test tube.
following ions - Sodium hydroxide solution is added drop by drop until in excess.
a) Copper(ll) ion, Cu2+ - A blue precipitate is formed and insoluble in excess sodium
b) Magnesium ion, Mg2+ hydroxide solution.
c) Zinc ion, Zn2+ - Ammonia solution is added drop by drop until in excess. A blue precipitate is formed
d) Iron(II) ion, Fe2+ and dissolves in excess ammonia solution .
e) Iron(III) ion, Fe3+ (b) Magnesium ion
- 2 cm3 magnesium sulphate solution is poured into a test tube.
- Sodium hydroxide solution is added drop by drop until in excess A white precipitate
is formed and insoluble in excess sodium hydroxide solution.
- Ammonia solution is added drop by drop until in excess. A white precipitate is
formed and insoluble in excess ammonia solution.
(c) Zinc ion
- 2 cm3 zinc sulphate solution is poured into a test tube.
- Sodium hydroxide solution is added drop by drop until in excess. A white precipitate
is formed and dissolves in excess sodium hydroxide solution to form a colourless
solution.
- Ammonia solution is added drop by drop until in excess. A white precipitate is
formed and dissolves in excess ammonia solution to form a colourless solution.
(d) Iron (Il) ion
- 2 cm3 iron(II) chloride solution is poured into a test tube.
- Sodium hydroxide solution is added drop by drop until in excess.
- A green precipitate is formed and insoluble in excess sodium hydroxide solution.
Or
- 2 cm3 iron(II) chloride solution is poured into a test tube.
- Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution is added into the test tube.
- A dark blue precipitate is formed.
(e) Iron (IIl) ion
- Sodium hydroxide solution is added drop by drop until in excess.
- A brown precipitate is formed and insoluble in excess sodium hydroxide solution.
- Or
- 2 cm3 iron(lll) chloride solution is poured into a test tube.
- Potassium thiocynate solution is added info the test tube.
- A red blood colouration is formed
Cation NaOH solution Ammonia Solution NH3
Ca2+ WPIS No change
2+
Mg WPIS WPIS
Zn2+ WPS WPS
3+
Al WPS WPIS
2+
Pb WPS WPIS
Cu 2+ BPIS BPS
2+
Fe GPIS GPIS
3+
Fe BrPIS BrPIS
NH4+ Ammonia gas released when heated No change
77. Describe a chemical test •2 cm3 of each solution is poured into two separated test tubes.
to differentiate the lead(Il) • Add 1 cm3 potassium iodide solution, KI into each of test tube.
ion, Pb2+ and aluminium • The solution in the test tube produce yellow precipitate consists of lead(Il) ion.
ion, Al3+.
78. Describe a chemical test • 2 cm3 ammonia solution is poured into a test tube.
to identify the presence of • Sodium hydroxide solution is added into the test tube
ammonium ions, NH4+ in • The mixture is heated and a damp red litmus paper is placed near the mouth of test
a solution tube.
 15

• The damp red litmus paper turns blue.

79. What is the meaning of alloy? • Alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed
composition in which the major component is a metal.
80. State the aims of making alloys • Improve the appearance of the pure metal
• Improve the strength and hardness of the pure metal
• Increase the resistance to corrosion of the pure metal
81. Bronze is an alloy consists of copper - Copper atoms in copper block are of the same sizes and
and tin. Explain why bronze is harder arranged in an orderly arrangement.
than copper. - The layers of copper atoms slide easily if force is applied.

- Tin atom added to copper atoms in bronze atoms are of

different sizes.
- The presence of tin atoms disrupts the orderly arrangement
of copper atoms to bronze block.
- This reduces the layers of copper atoms from sliding over one
another easily when force is applied

Copper

Tin
ato
82. What are raw materials used in Contact Sulphur, air and water
process
83. State the optimum conditions for the • Catalyst - Vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5
Contact process • Temperature - 450°C
• Pressure - 1 atmosphere.
84. Explain the industrial process involved • Molten sulphur is burnt in excess air to produce sulphur dioxide gas.
in the manufacture of sulphuric acid S + O2  SO2
Write all the chemical equations • Sulphur dioxide and excess oxygen gas are passed over vanadium(V)
involved. oxide catalyst at 450°C and pressure of 1 atmosphere.
2 SO2 + O2  2 SO3
• Sulphur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to form
oleum
SO3 + H2SO4  H2S2O7
• The oleum is then diluted in water to produce dilute sulphuric acid
H2S2O7 + H2O  2 H2SO4
85. Side effect of Sulphur dioxide - Sulphur dioxide gas from the burning of product manufactured from
sulphuric acid can cause lung disease and acid rain.
- Sulphur dioxide dissolves in rain water to form sulphurous acid
which will result in acid rain.
Chemical equation : SO2 + H2O  H2SO3
- Effects of acid rain:
(i) Acid rain corrodes building, monuments and statutes made of
marble (calcium carbonate) because calcium carbonate reacts
with acid to produce salt, water and carbon dioxide.
Chemical equation : CaCO3 + H2SO4  CaCl2 + H2O +
CO2
(ii) Acid rain corrodes structure of building and bridges which are
made of metal. The iron from steel reacts with sulphuric acid to
form rust.
(iii) Acid rain increases the acidity of lakes and river causes the
aquatic organism to die
(iv) Acid rain increases the acidity of soil. Acidity soil is not suitable
for the growth of plants
 16

86. Ways to reduce the production of - Gas released from power station, factories and vehicle are sprayed
sulphur dioxide and effect of acid rain with powdered calcium carbonate.
- Add calcium oxide and calcium carbonate to the lake and river
87. State the optimum conditions for the Equation: 3H2 + N2  2NH3
Haber process Raw material: hydrogen gas and nitrogen gas
• Catalyst - Iron filling
• Temperature - 450°C - 550°C
• Pressure - 200 atmospheres
88. Properties of ammonia 1. Colour: Ammonia is a colourless gas.
2. Solubility: Ammonia is very soluble in water.
3. Smell : Ammonia has a pungent smell.
4. Ammonia dissolves in water to produce an ammonium hydroxide
solution.
5. Turn red litmus paper to blue
6. Give a white fumes when reacted with hydrogen chloride gas
89. What is the meaning of polymers and - Polymers are long chain molecules made up of many identical
polymerization? Name the monomer of repeating units called monomers.
polythene and polyvinyl chloride. - Polymerization is the process by which the large number of monomers
are joined together to form a big molecule known as the polymer.
- Ethene and chloroethene respectively.
90. Explain how synthetic polymers can - Non/not easily biodegradable
cause environmental pollution - Improper disposal can cause blockage of drainage//flash flood
- Improper disposal can cause eye sore
- Burning can cause acidic gas//poisonous gas//bad smell
- Burning can cause greenhouse effect//global warming/thinning the
ozone layer
91. Advantages of synthetic polymers - Very stable and do not corrode
- Inert to chemical reaction
- Light and strong
- Cheap
- Easily shaped and coloured
92. Environment pollution from synthetic - Disposal of synthetic polymers such as plastic bottles and containers
polymers cause blockage of drainage systems and rivers thus causing flash
floods
- Open burning of synthetic polymers will release acidic and poisonous
gas that cause air pollution.
- Burning of most of the synthetic polymers will produce :
i. Carbon dioxide which cause greenhouse effect
ii. Carbon monoxide which is poisonous
iii. Burning of PVC will release hydrogen chloride which will cause
acid rain
iv. Burning of synthetic polymers contains carbon and nitrogen
such as nylon will produce highly poisonous gas such as
hydrogen cyanide.
- Plastic containers that are left in open area collect rain water will
become breeding ground for mosquito which will cause diseases such
as dengue fever
93. Reducing pollution of synthetic - Reduce, recycle and reuse the synthetic polymers
polymers - Using biodegradable polymers
- On-going research to produce cheap biodegradable polymers.
- Disintegrate plastics by pyrolysis : plastics can be disintegrated by
heating at temperature between 400 – 800oC without oxygen.
94. Main component in glass - Main composition of glass is silicon dioxide, SiO2 which exist naturally
in sand
95. Common properties of glass - transparent - resistant to chemical
# Study the component and properties of - hard but brittle - easy to clean
soda lima glass, borosilicate glass, - non porous - can withstand compression.
fused glass and lead glass - heat insulator
 17

Composite material Composition Properties Uses

Reinforced concrete Steel bars, polymer fibers Very strong and can be moulded Construction of building,
and concrete (cement, sand into any shape bridges and oil platforms
and pebbles)
Superconductors Barium carbonate, copper Conducting electricity with no Used in medical magnetic-
(II) oxide and sodium oxide resistance when it is cooled at low imaging devices(MRI),
heated to form a type of temperature generators, transformers,
ceramic known as computer parts and bullet
perovoskyte train
Fibre optic Silica, sodium carbonate, Low material costs, Transmit data, voice and
calcium oxide High transmission capacity, image in a digital format.
chemical stability,
Less susceptible to interference.
Fibre glass Polyester resin glass High tensile strength,
Easy to colour,
Low in density,
Very strong.
Photochromic glass Glass and silver chloride or When it is exposed to light, silver
silver bromide chloride is converted to silver and
darken the glass

1) What is rate of reaction? - Rate of reaction is the change In the quantity of the reactant or
product per unit time (general definition)
- Rate of reaction is the volume of carbon dioxide gas released per
second (specific)
2) What are observable changes to The amount of a reactant used up or a product obtained can be
reactants or products for determining measured in terms of
rate of reaction? (a) changes in the mass or concentration of the reactant or product
(b) volume of gas produced
(c) changes in colour
(d) formation of precipitate
(e) changes in mass of the reaction mixture
3) State 2 different ways to measure the - Type of determination in the rate of reaction;
rate of reactions of a chemical reaction. 1. Average rate of reaction (rate in a certain period of time)
2. Rate of reaction at a given time (instantaneous rate of reaction)
4) What is stated in the collision theory? - According to the collision theory, for a reaction to be occurred, the
particles of the reactants must:
 collide with each other,
 collide with the correct orientation,
 achieve total energy that equals to activation energy.
5) What is activation energy? - The minimum energy in the system of reaction that the reacting
particles must possess to start a chemical reaction.
6) What is effective collision? - Collisions with the correct orientation and able to overcome the
activation energy of the system.
7) State the factors that affect the rate of a Factors that affect the rate of reaction;
chemical reaction. 1. Size of solid reactant
2. Concentration of solution
3. Temperature of reactant
4. Presence of catalyst
5. Pressure of gas reactant
1) Explain how total surface area (size of - When the size of solid calcium carbonate becomes smaller, the
reactant) can increase the rate of total surface area exposed to collision increase.
reaction based on collision theory. - The frequency of collision between calcium carbonate and
(Specific : reaction between calcium hydrogen ions increase.
carbonate and hydrochloric acid - This increases the frequency of effective collision between calcium
solution)bezakan dengan “compare carbonate and hydrogen ions
and explain” - Hence the rate of reaction increases.
2) Explain how concentration can - When the concentration of hydrochloric acid solution increases,
increase the rate of reaction based on the number of hydrogen ions per unit volume increases.
collision theory. - Particles have more chances to collide more often.
(Specific : reaction between zinc - The frequency of collision between zinc atoms and hydrogen ions
powder and hydrochloric acid solution) (the reacting particles) increase.
- This increases the frequency of effective collision between zinc
bezakan dengan “compare and explain” atoms and hydrogen ions
- Hence, the rate of reaction increases.
 18

3) Explain how temperature can increase - When the temperature of reactant increases, the kinetic energy of
the rate of reaction based on collision the particles increases.
theory. - Particles move faster and collide more often.
(Specific : reaction between sodium - The frequency of collision between thiosulphate ions and hydrogen
thiosulphate solution and sulphuric acid ions (the reacting particles) increase.
solution) - This increases the frequency of effective collision between
bezakan dengan “compare and explain” thiosulphate ions and hydrogen ions.
- Hence, the rate of reaction increases.
4) Define the term catalyst - Catalyst is the substance which can change the rate of a chemical
reaction while it remains chemically unchanged at the end of the
reaction.
5) Explain how catalyst can increase the - When a positive catalyst is used, it provides an alternative path with
rate of reaction based on collision lower activation energy.
theory. - More collided hydrogen peroxide molecules are able to overcome that
(Specific : reaction in the decomposition lower activation energy.
of hydrogen peroxide by using - This increases the frequency of effective collision between hydrogen
manganese(IV) oxide powder) peroxide molecules (the reacting particles).
- Hence, the rate of reaction increases.
Catalyst does not increase the frequency of collision between reacting
particles.
6) If a graph of the reaction between How to increase the rate of reaction?
excess of magnesium ribbon and Graph Y can be obtained by;
sulphuric acid solution 0.1 mol dm -3 is 1. change with magnesium powder (smaller size of reactant)
obtained as follow (labelled as X), 2. heat the mixture of reactant (higher temperature)
suggest how to get graph Y with a 3. add copper(II) sulphate solution (presence of catalyst)
higher gradient?
# The amount of product the reaction is equal. Mol of hydrogen
Volume of H2 (cm3) gas released is depends on mol of sulphuric acid because
magnesium is in excess.

Y
X

Time (s)

7) State briefly, how the knowledge about • Application of the rate of reaction;
the factors that affect the rate of 1. Keep food in fridge
reaction is applied in human daily life. 2. Cook food in smaller sizes
3. Use iron filling in Haber process
4. Use vanadium(V) oxide in Contact process

8) Food store in a refrigerator lasts longer - Temperature in refrigerator is lower. The lower temperature caused
than food stored in a kitchen cabinet. the bacteria to be less active. A little toxin is released by the bacteria.
Explain why. The rate of the food turns bad is lower.
- Temperature in kitchen cabinet is higher. The higher temperature
caused the bacteria to be more active. A more toxic is released
by the bacteria. The rate of the food turns bad is higher
9) One kilogram of meat, cut into big - Meat cut into small pieces have smaller size compare to the meat
pieces, takes a longer time to cook cut into big pieces.
compared to one kilogram of meat cut - The smaller the size, the bigger the total surface area of the meat,
into small piece. Explain the above hence the smaller size of meat absorbed more heat. The smaller
statement based on the size of the size of meat takes shorter time to cook
meat.
 19

10) What is hydrocarbon compound? - Hydrocarbon is a compound that contains carbon atoms and hydrogen
atoms only in its molecule.
11) What is saturated and unsaturated - Saturated hydrocarbon is the hydrocarbon compound that contains only
hydrocarbon? single covalent bond in its molecule
State an example for each of them. Example : ethane.
- Unsaturated hydrocarbon is the hydrocarbon compound that contains
multiple (double or triple) covalent bond (between carbon atoms) in
its molecule.
Example : ethene.
12) What is the meaning of structural Formula that shows how atoms are bonded to each other in a
formula? molecule of the organic compound.
13) State the functional group and general Homologous
Functional group General formula
formula of each of the following series
homologous series; Alkane single covalent bond CnH2n+2
(a) Alkane Alkene carbon-carbon double CnH2n
(b) Alkene covalent bond, -C=C-
(c) Alcohol Alcohol hydroxyl, -C-OH CnH2n+1OH
(d) Carboxylic acid Carboxylic acid carboxyl, -COOH CnH2n+1COOH
(e) Ester Ester Carboxylate, -COOC- CnH2n+1COO CnH2n+1OH
14) What is isomerism? - Isomerism is the phenomenon whereby two or more molecules that
have the same molecular formula, but different structural
formulae.
- All of isomers have same chemical properties (because have the same
functional group) but different physical properties.
15) Explain why on going down the alkane - The higher the number of carbon atoms per molecule, the higher the
series, the melting and boiling point melting point and boiling point
increase? Explanation :
- When the number of carbon atoms per molecule increases, the
size alkane molecule become bigger.
- The van der waals forces of attraction between molecules
increase.
- More heat energy to overcome the forces of attraction between
molecules
16) Explain why alkanes are non- - Alkanes are covalent compounds made up of neutral molecules.
conductors of electricity. - No free moving ions.
- Hence alkanes are non-conductors of electricity.
17) Explain why ethene gas can - Ethene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon; it contains a carbon-carbon
decolourises purple colour of the double bond.
acidified potassium manganete(VIl) - Therefore, it can undergoes addition reaction with the acidified
solution but ethane cannot managanate(VII) solution.
decolourises the acidified potassium - Ethane is a saturated hydrocarbon; it contains single bonds only.
manganate(VII) solution. - Therefore it cannot undergo any addition reaction
18) Beside acidified potassium 1. Bromine water, Br2(aq)
manganate(VII) solution, state other Hexene turns brown bromine water to colourless.
chemicals that can be used to 2. Acidified potassium dichromate(IV) solution, K2Cr2O7(aq)/H+
differentiate between the two Hexene turns orange colour of acidified potassium dichromate(IV)
colourless liquid of hexane and solution into green.
hexane. State also the observation.
19) Both hexane and hexene have six - This is because hexene contains a higher percentage by mass of
carbon atoms per molecules, but carbon atoms per molecule compare to haxane.
hexene burns with a more sooty flame. - # Show calculation for the percentage of carbon by mass in
Explain why hexane and hexene
20) Pentane and propane are members of - The molecular size of pentane is bigger than that of propane.
alkane family. Explain why the melting - The intermolecular / van der Waals forces between molecules in
point of pentane is higher than pentane are stronger.
propane. - It needs more heat energy to overcome the stronger forces between
molecules.
21) State 5 characteristics of a 1. Members can be represented by the same general formula.
homologous series of carbon 2. The next member in series is differ by –CH2 with molar mass of 14
compound. 3. Physical properties of members change gradually as number of C
atoms increase.
4. Chemical properties of members are similar as they have same
functional group.
5. Members can be prepared by the same method.
 20

22) State the name of process for the • Name of process;

following reaction: a) hydrogenation
a) Ethene to ethane b) hydration
b) Ethene to ethanol c) #dehydration
c) Ethanol to ethene d) #oxidation
d) Ethanol to ethanoic acid e)# esterification
e) Ethanol + ethanoic acid to ethyl # : experiments are conducted in the laboratory. Procedure for the
ethanoate experiments are important(Describe experiment…)

23) Describe a test to differentiate between 1) About 3 cm3 of hexane is poured into a test tube.
hexane and hexene. 2) 3 drops of bromine in 1,1,1-trichloroethane are added into the hexane
in the test tube.
3) The mixture is shaken well.
4) The colour change of the solution in the test tube is recorded.
5) Steps 1 to 4 are repeated with hexene.
Result:
Hexene decolourises the brown bromine water.
Hexane does not decolourise the brown bromine water.
24) Write the chemical equations for each
of the following reaction; Chemical equation involved by carbon compounds
a) Hydrogenation of ethene a) C2H4 + H2  C2H6
b) Hydration of propene b) C3H6 + H2O(g)  C3H7OH
c) Ethene + bromine c) C2H4 + Br2  C2H4Br2
d) Ethene + acidified KMnO4(aq) d) C2H4 + H2O + [O]  C2H4(OH)2
e) Polymerisation of ethene e) n C2H4  -[- C2H4 -]n-
f) Ethanol + conc. propanoic acid f) C2H5OH  C2H4 + H2O
g) EthanoI + acidified K2Cr2O7(aq)
g) C2H5OH + 2[O]  CH3COOH + H2O
h) Ethanoic acid + Mg ribbon
h) CH3COOH + Mg  (CH3COO)2Mg + H2
I) Propanoic acid + CaCO3
h) 2 C2H5COOH + CaCO3  (C2H5COO)2Ca + H2O + CO2
25) Explain the coagulation process of - A rubber particle is made of long-chain rubber molecules enclosed
latex when formic acid is added. by a layer of negatively charged protein membrane. The protein
membrane is negatively charged and causes the rubber molecules
repel each other.
- When a dilute acid such us, methanoic acid (formic acid) is added
hydrogen ions, H+ from the acid neutralise the negative charges on
the protein membrane.
- As a result, the rubber particles become neutral and no longer repel
each other. The neutral rubber particles collide each other and
break the thin protein membrane.
- The rubber polymers are freed.
- The free moving rubber polymers combine with one another and to
coagulate.
26) Explain how to prevent coagulation of - Alkali solution such as ammonia aqueous, NH3(aq) solution is usually
latex. added to latex to preserve the latex in the liquid state.
- Ammonia solution, NH3(aq) contains hydroxide ions, OH- that
neutralize hydrogen ion from the acid produced by bacteria.
- This helps the rubber particles to remain their negative charges on the
protein membranes and preventing the latex from coagulating.
 21

27) What is meant by oxidation and - Oxidation is a gain of oxygen.

reduction based on loss or gain of - Reduction is a loss of oxygen.
oxygen?
28) What is oxidation and reduction based - Oxidation is the process of losing of electrons.
on transfer of electrons? - Reduction is the process of gaining of electrons.
29) What is oxidation and reduction based - Oxidation occurs when there is an increasing in oxidation number.
on changes in oxidation number? - Reduction occurs when there is a decreasing in oxidation number.
30) What is redox reaction? - The chemical reaction involving oxidation and reduction that occur
State an example of redox reactions. simultaneously.
31) What is oxidising agent and reducing - Oxidising agent is chemical / reagent which receiving electrons and
agent based on the transferring of itself undergoes reduction process.
electrons? - Example : bromine water, chlorine water, acidified potassium
State an example of oxidising agent and manganate(VII) solution, acidified potassium dichromate(VII)
reducing agent solution
- Reducing agent is chemical / reagent which loses electrons and itself
undergoes oxidation process.
Example : zinc, potassium iodide solution, potassium bromide
solution, iron(II) sulphate solution
32) Determine whether the reaction - No. Neutralisation is not a redox reaction.
between hydrochloric acid and sodium HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
hydroxide is a redox reaction. ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Explain your answer based on Oxidation number: +1 -1 +1 -2 +1 +1 -1 +1 -2
changes in oxidation number.
- There is no change of oxidation number of any element of compound
in the reaction.
33) Determine whether the reaction
Mg + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2
between hydrochloric acid and
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓↓ ↓
magnesium is a redox reaction.
Oxidation number: 0 +1 +6 -2 +2 +6 -2 0
Explain your answer based on
changes in oxidation number. - Magnesium, Mg undergoes oxidation because its oxidation number
of magnesium increases from 0 to +2. Magnesium is a reducing
agent
- Hydrogen ion, H+ undergoes reduction because its oxidation
number of hydrogen in sulphuric acid decreases from +1 to 0.
Sulphuric acid an oxidising agent
- The reaction is redox reaction
34) The reaction between zinc and - Zinc undergoes oxidation because zinc atom releases 2 electrons to
copper(II) sulphate solution is a redox form zinc ion, Zn 2+.
reaction. Explain based on transfer of - Copper(Il) ion, Cu 2+ undergoes reduction because copper(II) ions
electron.. receives 2 electrons to form copper atom.
- The oxidation and reduction process occur simultaneously.
35) Chlorine water is added to potassium - Chlorine water undergoes reduction because chlorine molecule
iodide solution in a test tube. 2cm 3 of receives electrons to form chloride ion . Chlorine water is an an
1,1,1-trichloroethene is added into the oxidising agent.
test tube and the mixture is shaken Cl2 + 2e  2Cl-
thoroughly. The colour of 1,1,1- - Potassium iodide/iodide ions undergoes reduction because iodide
trichloroethene changes from colourless ion releases electrons to form iodine molecules. Potassium
to purple. Explain the observation. iodide/iodide ions is a reducing agent
2I-  I2 + 2e
- he presence of iodine gives purple colour in 1,1,1-trichloroethene
layer.
36) Describe the rusting process of an iron - Iron surface under the centre of a water droplet acts as the anode
bar. (negative terminal).
- Iron surface at the edge of the water droplet serves as the cathode
(positive terminal).
- At the anode, iron atoms lose electrons to form iron(II) ions.
Fe(s)  Fe2+(aq) + 2e (Oxidation)
Iron undergoes oxidation / iron rusts
- Electrons flow to the edge of the water droplet (cathode) and are
received by oxygen and water molecules to form hydroxide ions.
O2(g) + 2 H2O(l) + 4 e  4OH-(aq) (Reduction)
- The Fe2+ ions combine with OH- ions to form iron(II) hydroxide.
Fe2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)  Fe(OH)2(s)
- The iron(II) hydroxide is then further oxidised by oxygen to form
 22

hydrated iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3.xH2O (brown substance known as rust),

whereby x varies.
𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Fe(OH)2(s) → Fe2O3.xH2O
37) When iron is in contact with - Magnesium is more electropositive than iron.
magnesium, rusting of iron is prevented. - Magnesium atom releases electrons to form magnesium ion
Explain why? Magnesium corrodes
Mg(s)  Mg2+(aq) + 2e
- Iron(II) ions, Fe2+ are not present. Thus, iron is prevented from rusting.
38) When iron is in contact with copper, - Iron is more electropositive than copper.
rusting of the iron is speed up. Explain - Iron atom releases electrons form iron(II) ion, Fe2+. Iron rusts
why? Fe(s)  Fe2+(aq) + 2e
- The presence of copper increase the rate of the formation of iron(II)
ions, Fe2+. As a result, the rusting of iron is speed up.

39) What is exothermic reaction and - Exothermic is a chemical reaction that gives out heat to the
endothermic reaction? surroundings
State an example for each reaction. Example : 2 Na(s) + 2 H2O(I)  2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
- Endothermic is a chemical reaction that absorbs heat from the
surroundings.
Example : NaHCO3(s) + HCI(aq)  NaCI(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
40) What is heat of precipitation? - The heat change when one mole of a precipitate is formed from
their ions in aqueous solution.
41) What is heat of displacement? - The heat change when one mole of a metal is displaced from its
salt solution by a more electropositive metal.
42) What is heat of neutralisation? - The heat release when one mole of water is formed from the
reaction between an acid and an alkali.
43) What is heat of combustion? - The heat release when one mole of a substance (fuel) is completely
burnt in oxygen under standard conditions
44) Explain why the heat of combustion of - The number of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms per molecule
butanol is higher than ethanol. of butanol is higher than ethanol.
- When more carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms are burnt, more
carbon dioxide and water molecules are formed.
- This will cause more chemical bonds to be formed and more heat
energy to be released.
45) Explain why the heat of neutralisation - All neutralisation between a strong acid and a strong alkali are the
between strong acid and strong alkali is same.
a constant, which is -57 kJmol-1. - Neutralisation involves the reaction between hydrogen ions, H+
from the acid and hydroxide ions, OH- from the alkali to produce
molecules of water, H2O.
H+ + OH-  H2O
46) Explain why the heat of neutralisation - This is because ethanoic acid is a weak acid which exists as
between ethanoic acid and sodium molecules when they dissolve in water.
hydroxide is less than -57 kJ mol-1. - They only ionise partially in water to produce low concentration of
hydrogen ions, H+, some ethanoic acid remains in the form of
molecule
- Some of the heat given out during neutralisation reaction is used in
used to ionise the acid molecules completely to produce hydrogen
ions.
- As a result, the value of H is always less than -57 kJ mol-1.
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47) What is soap? - Soap is the sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids.
48) What is saponification process? - It is an alkaline hydrolysis reaction to produce soap.
49) What is detergent? - Detergent is sodium salt of sulphonic acid.
50) What is hard water? - The water that contains high concentration of magnesium ions,
Mg2+ or / and calcium, Ca2+ ions.
51) State the function of each of the - Function of additives in detergent.
following additives in detergent a) Bleach the white fabric but does not bleach the dye on the coloured
a) Whitening agent (example: sodium fabrics.
perborate) b) Convert some ultraviolet radiation to blue light and cause the fabrics
b) Optical brightener (fluorescent dies) looked brighter and whiter rather than yellow.
a) Biological enzyme (example: c) Break down and remove stains such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates,
amylase, lipase, protease and blood and oil.
cellulase) d) Give detergent and fabrics a better smell.
d) Fragrance
52) State the function of each of the - Function of food additives;
following food additives. a) To slow down or prevent the growth of bacteria or fungi, so that the
a) Preservatives (E.g.: Sodium nitrite, food can be kept longer.
sodium benzoate) b) To prevent oxidation that causes rancid fats and brown fruits.
b) Antioxidants (E.g.: Ascorbic acid) c) To improve the taste or smell of food and restore taste loss due to
a) Flavourings (E.g.: Monosodium food processing.
glutamate, Aspartame) d) To helps to mix two liquids that usually do not mix together to form an
d) Stabilisers emulsion.
e) Thickeners e) Substance that thicken the food and give the food firm, smooth and
uniform texture.
53) State the functions of the following - Function of modern medicine;
modem medicines; a) to relieve pain.
a) Analgesics (e.g.: paracetamol, b) to treat infections caused by bacteria
aspirin, codeine) c) to alter abnormal thinking, feeling or behaviour.
b) Antibiotics (e.g.: penicillin, Stimulant : To increase or maintain alertness of the central nervous
streptomycin) system.
a) Psychotherapeutic medicine (e.g.: Antidepressant : To treat depression
stimulant, antidepressant, Antipsychotic : To treat psychiatric illness.
antipsychotic)
54) Explain why the cleansing action of a - Soap anions react with magnesium or calcium ions to form an
detergent is more effective than soap in insoluble precipitate called as scum.
hard water. - The amount of soap anion available for cleaning is reduced
- Foams cannot be formed and soap is not effective as a cleaning
agent.
- Detergent reacts with magnesium or calcium ions to form soluble
substance. It does not form scum.

Edited by Cikgu Wan Afifah….