25 Cross Flow Heat Exchanger

Chapter 4
Heat Exchangers
Cross Flow heat exchangers –
Problems
1
Shell & tube heat exchanger – Diagram
2
Shell & tube heat exchanger – Diagram
3
Cross flow heat exchanger – Formulae
1) Rate of heat transfer, Q = F U A (∆T)lm
where
F – Correction factor (Obtained from databook)
U – Overall heat transfer co-efficient, W/m2K
A – Area, m2
(∆T)lm – Logarithmic mean temperature difference pertaining to counter flow
For a Counter flow:

where
[(T − t ) − (T2 − t1 )]
(∆T )lm = 1 2 T1 – Entry temperature of hot fluid
⎡ (T − t ) ⎤ T2 – Exit temperature of hot fluid
ln ⎢ 1 2 ⎥
⎣ (T2 − t1 ) ⎦ t1 – Entry temperature of cold fluid
t2 – Exit temperature of cold fluid
2) Heat lost by hot fluid = Heat gained by cold fluid

where
Qh = Qc mh – Mass flow rate of hot fluid
Q = mhCph(T1 – T2) = mcCpc(t2 – t1) mc – Mass flow rate of cold fluid
Cph – Specific heat of hot fluid
4
Cpc – Specific heat of cold fluid
Cross flow heat exchanger – Problems
1. In a cross flow heat exchanger, both fluids unmixed, hot fluid with a
specific heat of 2300 J/kg K enters at 380 oC and leaves at 300 oC. Cold
fluids enters at 25 oC and leaves at 210 oC. Calculate the required surface
area off heat
h t exchanger.
h T k overall
Take ll heat
h t transfer
t f co-efficient
ffi i t is
i 750 W/m
W/ 2
K. Mass flow rate of hot fluid is 1 kg/s.
Given:
S
Specific
ifi heat
h t off hot
h t fluid,
fl id Cph = 2300 J/k
J/kg K
Entry temperature of hot fluid, T1 = 380o C
Exit temperature of hot fluid, T2 = 300o C
Mass flow rate of hot fluid,, mh = 1 kg/s.
g
Entry temperature of cold fluid, t1 = 25o C

Exit temperature of cold fluid, t2 = 210o C
Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = 750 W/m2K
To find: Heat exchanger area (A)
Solution:
This is cross flow, both fluids unmixed type heat exchanger. 5
For cross flow heat exchanger, [HMT data book, Pg no:152]
Q = F U A (∆T)lm[counter flow] Æ (1)
where
F – Correction factor
(∆T)lm – Logarithmic mean temperature difference for counter flow.
For Counter flow

flow,
(∆T)lm = [(T1 - t2) - (T2 – t1)] / ln[(T1 - t2)/(T2 – t1)] = 218.3o C
Heat transfer, Q = mh Cph (T1 – T2) = 184 x 103 W
To find correction factor F, refer HMT data book page no 162

[Single pass cross flow heat exchanger – Both fluids unmixed]
From graph,
Xaxis value P = (t2 – t1) / (T1 – t1) = 0.52
Curve value R = (T1 – T2) / (t2 – t1) = 0.432
0 432
Xaxis value is 0.52, curve value is 0.432, corresponding Yaxis value is 0.97
i.e., F = 0.97 6
Substitute Q, F, (∆T)lm and U value in Equation (1)
(1) Î Q = F U A (∆T)lm
⇒ A = Q / F U (∆T)lm
⇒ =11.15
15 m2
Surface area, A = 1.15 m2
7
2. In a refrigerating plant, water is cooled from 20 oC to 7 oC by brine
solution entering at -2 oC and leaving at 3 oC. The design heat load is
5500 W and the overall heat transfer co-efficient is 800 W/m2 K. What area
is required when using a shell and tube heat exchanger with the water
making one shell pass and the brine making two tube passes.
Given:
Hot fluid – Water Cold fluid – brine solution
(T1 , T2) (t1 , t2)
Entry temperature of water, T1 = 20o C

E it temperature
Exit t t off water,
t T2 = 7o C
Entry temperature of brine solution, t1 = - 2o C
Exit temperature of brine solution, t2 = 3o C
Heat load, Q = 5500 W
Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = 800 W/m2K
To find: Area required (A)
Solution:
Shell and tube heat exchanger – One shell pass and two tube passes 8
For shell and tube heat exchanger (or) cross flow heat exchanger,
[HMT data book, Pg no:152]
Q = F U A (∆T)lm[counter flow] Æ (1)
where
h
F – Correction factor
(∆T)lm – Logarithmic mean temperature difference for counter flow.
For Counter flow
flow,
(∆T)lm = [(T1 - t2) - (T2 – t1)] / ln[(T1 - t2)/(T2 – t1)] = 12.57o C
To find correction factor F

F, refer HMT data book page no 159
[one shell pass and two tube passes]
From graph,
Curve value R = (T1 – T2) / (t2 – t1) = 2.6
Xaxis value is 0.22, curve value is 2.6, corresponding Yaxis value is 0.94
i
i.e., F = 0.94
0 94
9
Substitute Q,
Q F,
F (∆T)lm and U value in Equation (1)
(1) Î Q = F U A (∆T)lm
⇒ A = Q / F U (∆T)lm
⇒ = 0.58 m2
Surface area, A = 0.58 m2 10
3. Saturated steam at 120o C is condensing in shell and tube heat
exchanger. The cooling water enters the tube at 25 oC and leaves at 80 oC.
Calculate the logarithmic mean temperature difference if the arrangement
i
is ( ) counter
(a) t flow
fl (b) parallel
ll l flow
fl ( ) cross flow
(c) fl
(one fluid mixed; other unmixed)
Given:
Hot fluid – steam Cold fluid – water
(T1 , T2) (t1 , t2)
Saturated steam temperature, T1 = T2 = 120o C
Entry temperature of water, t1 = 25o C

Exit temperature of water, t2 = 80o C
To find: (∆T)lm for parallel flow, counter flow and cross flow.
Solution:
Case (i)
For Parallel flow
flow, [HMT data book
book, Pg no:152]
(∆T)lm = [(T1 – t1) - (T2 – t2)] / ln[(T1 – t1)/(T2 – t2)] = 63.5o C
(∆T)lm for parallel flow = 63.5o C Æ (1) 11
Case (ii)
For Counter flow,
(∆T)lm = [(T1 – t2) - (T2 – t1)] / ln[(T1 – t2)/(T2 – t1)] = 63.5o C
(∆T)lm for counter flow = 63.5o C Æ (2)

Case (iii)
For cross flow
flow,
(∆T)lm = F x (∆T)lm for counter flow
(∆T)lm = F x 63.5o C Æ (3)

where
F – Correction factor for a single pass cross flow heat exchanger
Correction factor for single pass cross flow heat exchanger

(One fluid mixed, other unmixed) [HMT data book page no 160]

C
Curve value
l R = (T1 – T2) / (t2 – t1) = 0
Xaxis value is 0.578, curve value is 0, so corresponding Yaxis value is 1
i.e., F=1 12
(3) => (∆T)lm = F x 63.5o C = 1 x 63.5
(∆T)lm for cross flow = 63.5o C Æ (4)
Inference:
From (1), (2) and (4) we came to know when one of the fluids in a
heat exchanger changes phase, the logarithmic mean temperature difference
and rate of heat transfer will remain same for parallel flow, counter flow and
cross flow.
13

25 Cross Flow Heat Exchanger

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Chapter 4

For a Counter flow:

2) Heat lost by hot fluid = Heat gained by cold fluid

Entry temperature of cold fluid, t1 = 25o C

Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = 750 W/m2K

To find: Heat exchanger area (A)

For Counter flow

Heat transfer, Q = mh Cph (T1 – T2) = 184 x 103 W

To find correction factor F, refer HMT data book page no 162

Substitute Q, F, (∆T)lm and U value in Equation (1)

Entry temperature of water, T1 = 20o C

To find correction factor F

Saturated steam temperature, T1 = T2 = 120o C

Entry temperature of water, t1 = 25o C

(∆T)lm for counter flow = 63.5o C Æ (2)

(∆T)lm = F x 63.5o C Æ (3)

Correction factor for single pass cross flow heat exchanger

Xaxis value P = (t2 – t1) / (T1 – t1) = 0.578

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