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    Namrata Chhabra, M.D.: Biochemistry For Medics WWW - Namrata.co

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    Arshad Khan
    The document discusses the monomer units that make up protein polymers. It states that long polypeptide chains of proteins are synthesized from L-amino acids and their derivatives. These amino acids participate in many cellular functions and short amino acid polymers called peptides function as hormones, hormone factors, and neurotransmitters in the neuroendocrine system. The document then goes on to describe the basic structure of amino acids and different ways of classifying them, such as by their side chain properties or metabolic roles. It provides examples to illustrate different amino acid categories.

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    Namrata Chhabra, M.D.: Biochemistry For Medics WWW - Namrata.co

    Uploaded by

    Arshad Khan
    403 views33 pages
    The document discusses the monomer units that make up protein polymers. It states that long polypeptide chains of proteins are synthesized from L-amino acids and their derivatives. These amino acids participate in many cellular functions and short amino acid polymers called peptides function as hormones, hormone factors, and neurotransmitters in the neuroendocrine system. The document then goes on to describe the basic structure of amino acids and different ways of classifying them, such as by their side chain properties or metabolic roles. It provides examples to illustrate different amino acid categories.

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    The document discusses the monomer units that make up protein polymers. It states that long polypeptide chains of proteins are synthesized from L-amino acids and their derivatives. These amino acids participate in many cellular functions and short amino acid polymers called peptides function as hormones, hormone factors, and neurotransmitters in the neuroendocrine system. The document then goes on to describe the basic structure of amino acids and different ways of classifying them, such as by their side chain properties or metabolic roles. It provides examples to illustrate different amino acid categories.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    403 views33 pages

    Namrata Chhabra, M.D.: Biochemistry For Medics WWW - Namrata.co

    Uploaded by

    Arshad Khan
    The document discusses the monomer units that make up protein polymers. It states that long polypeptide chains of proteins are synthesized from L-amino acids and their derivatives. These amino acids participate in many cellular functions and short amino acid polymers called peptides function as hormones, hormone factors, and neurotransmitters in the neuroendocrine system. The document then goes on to describe the basic structure of amino acids and different ways of classifying them, such as by their side chain properties or metabolic roles. It provides examples to illustrate different amino acid categories.

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    NAMRATA CHHABRA,M.D.

    Biochemistry for medics


    www.namrata.co

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 1


    Provide the monomer units from which the long
    polypeptide chains of proteins are synthesized

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 2


     L-amino acids and their derivatives participate in cellular
    functions as diverse as:
     Nerve transmission and the
     Biosynthesis of porphyrins,
     Purines, pyrimidines, and urea.

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 3


     Short polymers of amino acids called peptides perform
    prominent roles in the neuroendocrine system as :
     hormones,
     hormone-releasing factors,
     neuromodulators, or
     neurotransmitters.

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 4


     Each amino acid (except proline) has a carboxyl group, an
    amino group and a distinctive side chain bonded to the
    alpha carbon atom.
     At physiological pH the carboxyl group is dissociated
    forming the negatively charged carboxylate ion(-COO-),
    and the amino group is protonated(-NH3+)

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 5


    Amino acids can be classified in 4 ways:
    1. Based on structure
    2. Based on the side chain characters
    3. Based on nutritional requirements
    4. Based on metabolic fate

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 6


    1) Aliphatic amino acids
    They are classified in three broad categories:
     Mono amino mono carboxylic acids They are further
    subdivided in 5 groups:
    a. Simple amino acids-example: glycine, alanine
    b. Branched chain amino acids-e.g.: valine,leucine,isoleucine
    c. Hydroxyl group containing amino acids-e.g.: serine, threonine
    d. Sulphur containing amino acids-e.g.: cysteine, cystine,
    methionine
    e. Amide group containing amino acids-e.g.-
    asparagine,glutamine

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 7


     Mono amino dicarboxylic acid
    Example :aspartic acid, glutamic acid
     Di /poly amino mono carboxylic acid
    Example : lysine, arginine
    2) Aromatic amino acids
    3) Heterocyclic amino acids
    4) Imino acids
    5) Derived amino acids

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 8


     Simple amino acids: Glycine , Alanine

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 9


     Branched chain amino acids: Valine, Leucine and
    Isoleucine

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 10


    -OH group-containing amino acids: Serine and
    Threonine

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 11


    Sulfur-containing amino acids: Cysteine, Cystine(Formed
    by linking of two cysteine residues) and Methionine.

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 12


    Amide group-containing amino acids:
    Glutamine and Asparagine

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 13


    Aspartic acid and Glutamic acid

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 14


    Arginine and Lysine

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 15


    Phenyl alanine and tyrosine

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 16


    Tryptophan and Histidine

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 17


    Proline

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 18


     Non-α-amino acids
    e.g.: β-alanine, γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), δ-amino Levulinic
    acid

     Derived and Incorporated in tissue proteins:


    e.g.: Hydroxy-proline, hydroxy-lysine

     Derived but not incorporated in tissue proteins:


    e.g.: Ornithine, Citrulline, Homocysteine, Arginosuccinic acid

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 19


    A. Amino acids with a non-polar side-chain:
    e.g.: Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Phenylalanine,
    Tryptophan, Proline

     Each of these amino acids has a side chain that does


    not bind or give off protons or participates in
    hydrogen or ionic bonds.

     Side chains of these amino acids can be thought of as


    “Oily” or lipid like, a property that promotes
    hydrophobic interactions.

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 20


    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 21
    e.g. Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Cysteine, Asparagine and Glutamine.
     These amino acids are uncharged at neutral pH, although the side chains
    of cysteine and Tyrosine can lose a proton at an alkaline pH.
     Serine , Threonine and Tyrosine each contains a polar hydroxyl group
    that can participate in hydrogen bond formation.
     Side chains of Asparagine and Glutamine contain a carbonyl group and
    amide group, they can also participate in hydrogen bond formation.

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 22


    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 23
    a) Amino acids with a positively charged side-chain:
    The basic amino acids- Lysine, Arginine and Histidine
    b) Amino acids with a negatively charged side-chain:
    The acidic amino acids- Glutamic acid and Aspartic acid
    They are hydrophilic in nature.

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 24


    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 25
    I. Essential amino acids:
    These amino acids cannot be synthesized in the body and have to be present
    essentially in the diet. Examples-
     Valine,
     Isoleucine,
     Leucine,
     Lysine,
     Methionine,
     Threonine,
     Tryptophan, and
     Phenylalanine.

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 26


    II. Semi-essential amino acids:
     These amino acids can be synthesized in the body but the
    rate of synthesis is lesser than the requirement(e.g.
    during growth, repair or pregnancy)
     Examples-Arginine and Histidine.

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 27


    Non-essential amino acids:
    III.
     These amino acids are synthesized in the body, thus their
    absence in the diet does not adversely affect the growth.
    Examples-
     Glycine,
     Alanine, and the other remaining amino acids.

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 28


    The carbon skeleton of amino acids can be used either for glucose
    production or for the production of ketone bodies, Based on that
    I.Both glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids:
     Isoleucine,
     Tyrosine,
     Phenylalanine and
     Tryptophan

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 29


    II. Purely Ketogenic amino acids:

     Leucine and
     Lysine

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 30


    II. Purely Glucogenic amino acids:

    The remaining 14 amino acids are glucogenic-


     Alanine, Valine
     Serine, Threonine,
     Glycine, Methionine, Cysteine, Cystine,
     Asparagine, Glutamine,
     Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid,
     Histidine and Arginine.

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 31


    Of the over 300 naturally occurring amino acids, 20 constitute
    the monomer units of proteins.
    These 20 amino acids are called the Primary or Standard amino
    acids.
    Selenocysteine is the 21st Amino Acid
    The other are Pyroglutamate and Pyrolysine.

    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 32


    Namrata Chhabra 3/25/2017 33

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