Turbulent Flow

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Advanced Fluid Mechanics

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Sharif University of Technology

Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Prof. Davoud Rashtchiyan
Designed by:
F Bayati,
F. Bayati T.
T Hamzeloueian , A A. Noorjahan
E. Vafa, H. Taghdisian
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uid Meechaniccs
TURBULENT FLOW
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Presented by:
P f D
Prof. D.Rashtchian
R ht hi
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Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

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An introduction to turbulent flow

Reynolds Experiment [11]
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A uid Meechaniccs
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4 Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

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Advanc
A uid Meechaniccs
ced Flu An introduction to turbulent flow
Laminar flow in a pipe [11]
Movie 6-10 -- (t=10”)

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An introduction to turbulent flow

Transition flow in a pipe [11]

Transition
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A uid Meechaniccs
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M i 6-20
Movie 6 20 -- (t=12”)
(t 12”)

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uid Meechaniccs An introduction to turbulent flow

Turbulent flow in a pipe [11]

Turbulent
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Movie 6-30 -- (t=8”)


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uid Meechaniccs
Turbulent
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Transition from laminar to turbulent flow in a pipe [11]

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Turbulent transport
p of momentum
Turbulence of random velocity fluctuations- Use statistical methods
Turbulent velocity u~i
uid Meechaniccs
u~i = U i + uî
Mean Fluctuating
Velocity Component
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Turbulent transport of momentum

Interpret Ui as a time averaged velocity defined by:
∫ ∫
T T
1 1
U i = lim u~i dt = lim (U i + uî )dt ≡ u~i
uid Meechaniccs
T →∞ T T →∞ T
0 0
1 1
∫ (U )dt = U
T T
uˆ i = lim
T →∞ T ∫0
uˆ i dt =U i − lim
T →∞ T 0
i i −Ui = 0
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Average of the fluctuations and average of the square of the fluctuations [11]

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Turbulent transport
Turbulent p transport
of momentum [[11]]
of momentum
Turbulence of random velocity fluctuations- Use statistical methods
Turbulent velocity u~i
uid Meechaniccs
u~i = U i + uî
Mean Fluctuating
Velocity Component
Laminar
Diffusion
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Turbulent
Diffusion
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Movie 6-40 -- (t=8”)

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i.e. the mean value (or time average) of the fluctuating quantity is zero. Assume that
Ui the mean flow is steady (∂Ui/∂t = 0)
uid Meechaniccs
Note: Time averaging commutes w.r.t. differentiation.
∂u~i ∂u~i
=
∂x j T
1
∫
T
∂x j
dt =
∂
∂x j
⎧1
⎨ ∫
T ⎫ ∂U i
u~i dt ⎬ =
∂
=
∂
∂ ~
ui ( )
0
⎩T 0
⎭ x j x j
The time average of the fluctuation ûi is zero, but the average of the square of the
uî2
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fluctuation is not zero and the quantity is used as a convenient measure of the
Ui
turbulent fluctuation-known as the "intensity of turbulence" and ranges from 0.01 to
0.1 for most turbulent flows.
(uˆ ) r.m.s. velocity.
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2
i
KE =
1
( 1
) (
ρ U i2 + uˆ i2 = ρ U i2 + uˆ i2 )
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Mean K.E./unit volume = 2 2

mean flow + fluctuatio ns

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Equations for the mean flow

Consider the momentum and continuity equations. These apply to the instantaneous velocity
in a turbulent field.
uid Meechaniccs
~ ∂u~i 1 ∂~
p ∂ 2 u~i
uj =− +ν
∂x j ρ ∂xi ∂x j ∂x j
∂u~i
=0 (1)
∂xi
The equations must apply on average

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u~i = U i + uî
Continuity
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1 T ∂u~i ∂u~i ∂ ∂U i
lim ∫
T →∞ T 0 ∂x
dt = = (U i + uî ) = =0 (2)
i ∂ x i ∂x i ∂x i
A
The mean value satisfies continuity. It is the mean value of velocity that we measure and
require in applications.

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Momentum:
The equations of motion for the mean flow Ui are obtained by taking the time average of all
terms in the resulting equation.
uid Meechaniccs
Consider each term:
∂u~i ⎛ ∂u~ j ⎞
~
(i) u j =
∂ ~~
∂x j ∂x j
~
(u j u i ) − u i ⎜
⎜ ∂x
{
⎟ = ∂ (U j + uˆ j )(U i + uˆ i ) }
⎝ j ⎠ ∂x j
=
∂
∂x j
{
U jU i + uˆ j uˆ i + U i uˆ j + U j uˆ i }
∂
{ } ∂U i ∂
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= U iU j + uˆ i uˆ j = U j + (uˆ j uˆ i ) (2.1)
∂x j ∂x j ∂x j
1 ∂~
p 1 ∂ 1 ∂P
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(ii) − =− ( P + pˆ i ) = − (2.2)
ρ ∂x i ρ ∂x i ρ ∂x i
∂ 2 u~i ∂2 ∂ 2U i
((iii)) ν =ν (U i + uî ) = ν ((2.3))
∂x j ∂x j ∂x j ∂x j ∂x j ∂x j
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Hence
∂U i 1 ∂P ∂ 2U i ∂
Uj =− +ν − (uˆ j uˆ i ) (3)
∂x j ρ ∂xi ∂x j ∂x j ∂x j
uid Meechaniccs
Equation for mean flow has an additional term.(Drop the ^ ⇒ uˆ j uî = u j ui )

∂u j u i ∂U i
Term is analogous to the convective term U j ;
∂x j ∂x j
It represents the mean transport of fluctuating momentum by turbulent velocity
fluctuations.
If ûi and û j uncorrelated i.e. u j ui = 0 - no turbulent momentum transfer but
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experience shows that u j ui ≠ 0 - momentum transfer is a key feature of turbulent

motion.
∂
Term (uˆ j uî ) thus exchanges
g momentum between the turbulence and the mean
∂x j
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flow (equation 2.1)even though the mean momentum of the turbulent velocity
fluctuations is zero ( ρ uî = 0 ).
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Because of the decomposition u~i = U i + uˆ i , turbulent motion can be perceived as something which
produces stresses in the mean flow. For this reason, equation (3) may be rearrange so that all stress
can be put together.
uid Meechaniccs
∂U i ⎛ ⎡ ∂U j ⎤ ⎞ ∂
ρU j =
∂ ⎜ − Pδ + µ ⎢ ∂U i + − ρ ⎟ (T ji ) - mean stress tensor.(τ~ = T + τˆ )
j i =
⎥ ˆ
u ˆ
u
∂x j ∂x j ⎜ ji
⎢⎣ ∂x j ∂xi ⎥⎦ ⎟ ∂x j
⎝ ⎠
⎡ ∂U ∂U j ⎤
T ji = − Pδ ji + σ ji − ρ uˆ j uî ; σ ji = µ ⎢ i + ⎥
∂
⎣⎢ j
x ∂x ⎥
i ⎦
(
(normal)
l) (shear)
(h )
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The contribution of the turbulent motion to the mean stress tensor is σ Tji = − ρ u j ui called the
Reynolds stress tensor. Define Ω ji = σ ji + σ Tji
tensor Define,
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Turbulent shearing stresses

Time averaging of the equations of motion leads to the Reynolds stress tensor, ρ uˆ j uî .
uid Meechaniccs
u i and uû j are the velocity fluctuations in the i ≠ j directions at one point and ui u j is a
û
measure of the "correlation" between the fluctuations.
Correlated variables
u~i u~ j = (U i + uî )(U j + uˆ j ) = U iU j + ui u j

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If ui u j ≠ 0 , ûi and û j are said to be correlated i.e. dependent.

If ui u j = 0 , uncorrelated i.e. ûi and û j are independent.
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uid Meechaniccs
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Fig2(a) Fig2(b) Fig2(c)

u1u 2 > 0 u1u 2 < 0 u1u 2 ≈ 0
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R12 = 1 R12 = −1 R12 ≈ 0

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uˆ1uˆ 2
{uˆ .uˆ }
A measure of the degree of correlation between û1 and û 2 is obtained from: 1
2 2 2
1 2
1
uid Meechaniccs
1 T uˆ1uˆ 2 ⎧ 1 T 2 ⎫
( )
2
R12 = lim ∫ dt : ui = ui = ⎨ lim ∫ uî dt ⎬
′ ˆ 2
T →∞ T 0 u ′u ′
1 2 ⎩T →∞ T 0 ⎭
uˆ uˆ
R12 = 1 2
u1′u2′
1 2
N.B. (a − b) ≥ 0 ⇒ (a + b ) ≥ ab
2 2
2
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1 1 T ⎧⎪ uˆ12 uˆ22 ⎫⎪
Hence R12 ≤ lim ∫ ⎨ + ⎬dt ≤ 1
2 T →∞ T 0 ⎪⎩ uˆ12 uˆ22 ⎪⎭
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Pure shear flow

Consider a turbulent shear flow with U1(x2) the only non-zero velocity component.
∂U
Ω12 is the only component of the mean stress tensor, Ω12 = µ 1 − ρ uˆ 2 uˆ1
∂x2
uid Meechaniccs
Ω12 – stress
t in
i 1 direction
di ti on face, f normall in
i 2 direction
di ti and d mustt result
lt from
f
molecular transport of momentum in the x2 direction, and turbulent transport.
∂U 1
Assume >0.
∂x2
A fluid particle with positive û 2 is being carried by turbulence in positive x2
direction. It is coming from a region where the mean velocity is smaller i.e. is likely
to be moving downstream more slowly than its new environment. Thus û1 is negative.
Si il l negative
Similarly i ûˆ 2 associated
i d with i i ûˆ1 .
i h positive
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************************
Fig3
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{Momentum/unit volume of flow at A in 1-direction} = ρu~1 = ρ (U 1 + uˆ1 )
The x1-momentum is transported in the x2-direction if u1 and u2 are correlated.

uid Meechaniccs
{Flux of x1-momentum in x2-direction} = ρ (U 1 + uˆ1 )uˆ 2

g flux of x1-momentun in x2-direction}} = ρ uˆ1uˆ 2
{{Average
û1 and û 2 are negatively correlated: σ 12T = σ 21

T
= − ρ u 2 u1
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Turbulent Channel Flow

uid Meechaniccs
Th Navier-Stokes
The N i St k equations
ti iin rectangular
t l coordinates
di t are
∂U i 1 ∂P ∂ 2U i ∂
Uj =− +v − (ui u j )
∂x j ρ ∂xi ∂x j ∂x j ∂x j
For parallel, fully developed, 2 D flow

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U2 = U3 = 0 ⎫
⎪
∂U i ∂U i ⎬ ∴ L.H .S . = 0
=0; = 0⎪
∂x1 ∂x3 ⎭
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∂ ∂
(ui u j ) = 0 ; (ui u j ) = 0
∂x1 ∂x3
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Hence the equations can be written in the simplified form,

uid Meechaniccs
1 ∂P ∂ 2U ∂
0=− + v 2 − (uv) (1)
ρ ∂x ∂y ∂y
1 ∂P ∂ 2
0=− − (v ) (2)
ρ ∂y ∂y
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At the walls v 2 = 0, P = P0(x) . Hence form (2)
P0 P
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= + v2 (3)
ρ ρ
A
∂P ∂P0 dP0
= = (4)
∂x ∂x dx

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Hence (1) can be integrated from y

y=0
0 to y with uv =0
y =0
y dP0 ∂U ∂U
0=− ( )+v −v + uv (5)
uid Meechaniccs
ρ dx ∂y ∂y y =0
At y=h, uv=0, ∂U / ∂y = 0 (zero velocity gradient, no correlation)
τw h dP µ ∂U
=− ( 0)= (6)
ρ ρ dx ρ ∂y
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y =0
Defining a friction velocity u*

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τ w = ρ u∗2 (7)
A
Substituting in (5)
∂U y
− uv + v = u *2 (1 − ) (8)
∂y h Sharif University of Technology

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Equation (8) may be written in dimensionless form in 2 ways.

ways
− uv v d (U / u* ) y
+ = (1 − )
uid Meechaniccs
(I) 2
u* u*h d ( y / h) h
R* =u* h/v.
h/v As R* becomes large
large, (R* is of course a Reynolds number)
number), the
viscous stress is suppressed. Such a limit will not applied because viscous
forces must always dominate near solid boundaries.
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uv d (U / u* ) yu* v
(II)
− 2+ = 1− .
u* d ( yu* / v) v hu*
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In this case as R* becomes large the change in total stress becomes small.
Defining appropriate dimensionless variables
A

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yu * U y
y+ = ; u+ = ; η=
v u∗ h
uid Meechaniccs
Then
uv 1 du +
− + * = 1 −η (11)
u* R dη
2
uv du + y+
− + = −
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1 (12)
u*2 dy + R*
Law of wall
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For large R* (from 12)
uv du +
A
− 2
+ =1 (13)
u* dy +

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The solution of this equation must be of the form,
uv
− = g ( y +) ; u + = f ( y +)
uid Meechaniccs
2 (law of the wall) (14)

u*
For sufficiently small y+, turbulent stress negligible.
du +
d
=1 ; with u+(0)=0 (15)
dy +
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u+ = y+
Core region
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For large R* (from 11)
uv
= (1 − η )
A
− 2
u∗

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This equation gives no information, about U itself. However h and u* are the only feasible
length and velocity scales, we can write
dU u * dF
= Where F(η ) is some function of η . (17)
uid Meechaniccs
dy h dη
Integration from the center where U=U0
U −U0
= F (η ) (18)
u*
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From equation (14),
U dU u *2 dff ( y +)
= f ( y +) ; =
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(19)
u* dy v dy +
Matchingg ((17)) & ((19),

),
A
u∗ dF u∗2 df dF df 1
. = ; η = y+ + = (20)
h dη ν dy + dη dy K

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1 1
F (η ) = ln η + const. f ( y +) = ln y + + const.
K K
Hence
uid Meechaniccs
U −U0 1 U 1
= ln η + const. = ln y + + const.
u* K u* K
Discussion
y+
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To simplify (12) to (14) requires = η 〈〈 1 (a)

R*
1 du +
To simplify
p y ((11)) to ((16)) requires
q 〈〈 1 − η ((b))
R * dη
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Matching only possible if y+ → ∞

η →0
A
⎧ y + > 100
In practice it is found that ⎨ are sufficient
⎩η < 0.1

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y+
uid Meechaniccs
Now η < 0.1 ; ∴ < 0.1 (cf.(a))

R*
And y + > 100 ∴ηR* > 100
∴ R* > 100 / η
η < 0.1
∴R* > 1000
Experimentally
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du + 2.5
=
dη η
1 du + 2.5
∴ =
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R * dη R *η
1 du + 2.5
H
Hence = << (1 − η ) ( cff . (b))
A
R * dη R *η

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df 1
y+ =
uid Meechaniccs
Also from (20)

dy + K
1
∴ f ( y + ) = ln( y + ) + const. (21)
K
Experimentally
U −U0
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= 2.5 ln η − 1.0
u*
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U
= 2.5 ln y + + 5.0
u*
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Application
1. For Engineering Purposes these

uid Meechaniccs
equations have been used for η > 0.1 ,

i.e. to describe the core region, and
also for η → 0 . Note as
η → 0 , u + = U / u* → −∞∞
2. Sometimes the Universal Velocity

pprofile is used.
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Equn. (15) u+=y+ for y+ ≤ 5
Equn. (21) u+=2.5lny++5.0for y+ ≥ 30.

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Limits determined experimentally.

A curve fit for 5<y+<30
Is u+=5.0 ln y+ - 3.05
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uid Meechaniccs
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A Laminar & turbulent flow in pipes [13]
Movie 6-50 -- (t=4’:27”) Sharif University of Technology

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Example of use of turbulent velocity profiles.

profiles
momentum transfer
uid Meechaniccs
τω 2u *2
Friction factor f = = 2
1 U
ρU 2
2
Using the velocity defect law for flow in a tube
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y =h
1 ⎡U − U 0 ⎤ U −U0
πh 2 ∫y =0 ⎣⎢ u* ⎥⎦ . 2πrdy =
u*
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η =1
2πr
= ∫
η = 0 πh
2
h{2.5 ln η − 1}dη
A
Now r=h-y ; η = y / h → dy = hdη ; r = h(1 − η )

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η =1
(U − U 0 )
Hence = ∫ 2(1 − η ){2.5 ln η − 1}dη
u* η =00
Also from experimental results

uid Meechaniccs
U0 U
= − 2.5 ln η + 1.0
u* u*
= 2.5 ln y + − 2.5 ln η + 1.0 + 5.0
= 2.5 ln R * +6.0
hu * h fU 2 Re f
R* = = =
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v v 2 2 2
U0 Re f
= 2.5 ln[
l [ ]+6
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u* 2 2
U Re f 5η 2 5η 2 η 2 1
= 2.5 ln[ ] + 6 + [5η ln η − 5η − 2η − ln η + + ]0
u* 2 2 2 4 2
A
1 ⎧ Re f ⎫
= 4.07 log 10 ⎨ ⎬ + 0.53
f ⎩ 2 2⎭

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Mass transfer: Turbulent Taylor Analysis. Proc. Royal. Soc. (1954), A223,
P446, for Axial Dispersion in turbulent pipe flow.
uid Meechaniccs
Consider diffusion equation in rectangular coordinates for simplicity.

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Turbulence in pipe flows

Scope of Turbulence
uid Meechaniccs
Most flows in nature: rivers

rivers, the atmosphere
Engineer: pipe flow, packed and plate column
Pipe Flow
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Laminar sublayer - viscous forces dominate, very thin

T
Transition
iti region
i - region
i off damped
d d tturbulence
b l because
b off nearby
b wall,
ll
A
eddy size y.
Turbulent core - region of fully developed turbulence, eddies of size d,
velocity nearly constant.

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Turbulent Velocities
- local downstream velocity fluctuates due to turbulent eddies .decompose

u t = u + uˆ
uid Meechaniccs
⎛ Instantane us ⎞ ⎛ local mean ⎞ ⎛ eddy ⎞

⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ velocity ⎠ ⎝ velocity ⎠ ⎝ velocity ⎠
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- definition of u (mean velocity)

1 T
u=
T ∫0
u t dt
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- clearly the average of the eddy velocity is zero

T T T
1 1 1
u = ∫ (u + uˆ )dt = ∫ udt + ∫ uˆdt
A
T 0 T 0 T 0
T
1
T ∫0
uˆdt = 0

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- the magnitude of turbulent velocities is characterized by the RMS

-
1
uid Meechaniccs
⎡1 2 ⎤ 2
T
u ′ = ⎢ ∫ uˆ dt ⎥
⎣T 0 ⎦
((RMS fluctuatingg or eddyy velocity.)
y)
- the turbulence intensity is defined by,

u′
turbulent intensity = (typically up to 0.1)
0 1) i.e.
i e the average eddy velocity
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u
may be 1/10 of the mean velocity.
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Properties of turbulent flows

(with particular reference to pipe flows)
uid Meechaniccs
1) Irregularity local velocities fluctuate in random manner. But all

turbulent flows are irregular. E.g. smoke plume.
2) 3D Nature pipe flows are normally considered as 1 dimension in

that downstream velocity depends only on radius. However in
ced Flu
turbulent flows normal velocity components, though zero on average,

have fluctuating components, ( Vˆ and Ŵ ). These give rise to
turbulent stresses (remember the mail bag example) and are important
Advanc
in turbulent energy processes. This 3D nature adds the mathematical

difficulty.
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3) Turbulence is a property of the flow not of the fluid. Writing

Newton’s law for a flow involving turbulent stresses.
uid Meechaniccs
τ du
= −(ν +ν T ) ; [divided by ρ ]
ρ dy
µ
Where ν = is the kinematics viscosity .
[L]
2
ρ [T ]
ν T = eddy viscosity
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In laminar sub layer ν T << ν

Transition region νT ~ν
Turbulent core ν T >> ν
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Thus υT varies with environment and is a flow property.

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4) Mixing in turbulent flows-diffusivity
Rewrite Newton’s law in the form, explicit in shear stress.

uid Meechaniccs
d (ρu )
τ = −(ν +ν T )
dy
[M ][U ] 3
Dimensions :
[M ][U ] = [L] .
2
[L]
[L]2 [T ] T [L]
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i.e. (momentum flux) = (diffusivity) * (gradient of momentum / volume)

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- this fundamental relation shows how transport (here of momentum) is related

to the driving force (momentum gradient).the coefficient, υ , is the momentum
diffusivity.
y It shows how large
g a flux is produced
p byy a given
g gradient.
g Exactlyy
A
analogous laws apply for heat transfer (Fourier's Law) and mass transfer
(Flick's law).

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- Now ν T ff ν in turbulent flows.

uid Meechaniccs
Turbulent is a very effective mixer of momentum which accounts for

the almost constant velocity of the core region will usually be of almost
constant temperature and composition.
But ν ff ν T in laminar sublayer.

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In laminar flow it is the molecular motion which transports momentum.

(Remember mail bag example). Hence lower rates of transport for a given
uid Meechaniccs
driving force.
force Alternatively if we consider heat transfer from the wall to
bulk, heat conduction across the laminar sub layer dominates the process
(Heat transfer comes later).
- Pictorially
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Eddy gives rise to normal velocity Vˆ .

This transports x directional momentum
in the y direction gives rise to a
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momentum flux, or shear, τ .

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5) Dissipative Nature of Turbulence.
- Turbulence comprises eddies of all sizes.

uid Meechaniccs
- The largest eddies are as big as the flow field. They extract energy from the
flow but are not efficient at dissipating energy. In the absence of an energy
source, however, turbulence dies away .
- There
Th is
i an energy cascade d from
f the
th large
l eddies,
ddi through
th h eddies
ddi off
progressively smaller size until a lower limit is reached. This lower limit is
controlled by viscous dissipation of energy and Kinematics viscousity and the
rate of energy supply are the important quantities.
quantities Based on dimensional analysis
ced Flu
this lower limit of eddy size is given by:
3
η ⎡ν ⎤ 4
Advanc
=⎢ = Re −3 4
d ⎣ u ′d ⎥⎦
Wh
Where η = size
i off smallll eddies;
ddi ν = kinematics
ki i viscosity
i i
A
d = size of largest eddies; u' = RMS turbulent velocity

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uid Meechaniccs
ced Flu
surface ⎛s⎞
dissipatio n rate ∝ ⎜ ⎟
volume ⎝v⎠
Advanc
⎛s 6⎞ ⎛s 6d 2 12 ⎞ ⎛s 6d 2 24 ⎞
(i ) ⎜ = ⎟ (ii ) ⎜⎜ = 8 × d 3 = ⎟⎟ (iii ) ⎜⎜ = 64 × d3 = ⎟⎟
⎝v d ⎠ ⎝v 4 d ⎠ ⎝v 16 d ⎠
A

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High Reynolds number phenomenon

uid Meechaniccs
- Express Newton
Newton'ss Law of viscosity in dimensionless form.
form
τ =
+ τ
=−
µd du
=−
1 d u (u )
=−
1 du +
ρu 2
ρu d dy
2
Re d ⎛ y ⎞
⎜ d⎟
Re dy +
⎝ ⎠
ced Flu
Reynolds's number arises in dimensionless form of Newton's Law.

- Similarity: compare two flows in similar geometries(same shape but
different size)i.e.
) flows exhibiting g geometrical
g similarity.
y Suppose
pp
Advanc
Reynolds numbers of each flow are the same though d,u, ρ and µ of
each flow may be individually different. Then as a consequence of the
q
above equation each flow will have the same dimensionless distribution
A
of stress and velocity gradient as a function of position,

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Provided each has the same Reynolds number;

i.e. u+ = f(y+) kinetic similarity
τ+ = g(y
g(y+)) dynamic
y similarity.
y
uid Meechaniccs
The consequence is that friction factor (dimensionless wall shear stress) can be
considered a unique function of Re.
Consider a cylindrical element of diameter d and length of δx
du
Viscous forces ∝ µ .πdδx
dr
ced Flu
πd 2 du
Interia forces ∝ ρ δx
4 dt
Advanc
InteriaForces ρd dr
∝ ≡ Re
ViscousForces µ dt
A
High Re-interia forces dominate → Turbulent flow

Low Re-viscous forces dominate → Laminar flow

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Summery Notes on Turbulence

• Most flows are turbulent both in nature and engineering.
• A turbulent pipe flow can be divided into three regions:
uid Meechaniccs
a)) Laminar sublayer

y - no eddies.
b) Transition region – damped eddies (size y)
c) Turbulent core – undamped eddies (size d)
• Turbulent
T b l velocities:
l ii
ut = u + uˆ {Instantaneous = local mean + fluctuant}
T
1
u = ∫ ut dt {T is a time long enough to include many eddies}
ced Flu
T 0
1 2 12
T
u ′ = [ ∫ uˆ dt ] {RMS velocity characterizes turbulence}
T 0
Advanc
u ′ ≅ v′ ≅ w′ {Turbulence is homogenous}
u ′ / u ≅ 0.1 {Turbulence intensity}
A
• Newton's Law in turbulent flows. It is tempting to write
du ⎧ν − Kinematic Vis cosity for Molecular

τ / ρ = −(ν +ν t ) ⎨
dy ⎩ν t − Eddy Vis cosity for Turbulence

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ν is a fluid property and constant.

constant
νt is a flow property and depends on environment (eddy size)
• Rewrite above equation as
uid Meechaniccs
•
d ( ρu ) [ M ] [ L]
τ = −(v + vt ) dimensions
dy [ L]2 [T ]2
(momentum flux) = (momentum diffusivity)(gradient of mom/vol)
g ν implies
Large p rapid
p mixing. g Diffusivity [ ]2/[T]
y has dim. [L] [ ]
ced Flu
νT >> ν : Turbulent flows are rapidly mixed due to eddies.
• Energy in turbulent flows: turbulent dissipates considerable energy.

Advanc
Large eddies take energy from mean flow, but are not efficient in
dispersing energy. Small eddies do dissipate energy efficiently. There
is a transfer of energy to the small eddies, which appears as heat due to
f i i l effects.
frictional ff
A
Smallest eddy size, η, is given by ( dimensional analysis)

−3
η u ′d 4
= ( ) {η is also a good estimate of laminar sub sub-layer
layer thickness}
d v

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• Rynolds Number arises in Newton's Law in dimensionless form

uid Meechaniccs
τ µ ddu µ d (u / u ) 1 ddu +
τ =
+
=− =− =−
ρu 2
ρu dy
2
ρu d d ( y / d )
2
Re dy +
It may be
b interpreted
i t t d as the
th ratio
ti (interia
(i t i forces
f / viscous
i forces).
f )
• Large Re implies dominance of interia forces which promote turbulence.
Small Re will dominance of friction (viscous) forces gives laminar flows.
Similarity (Consider different flows of same Reynolds Number) If we have
ced Flu
geometric similarity (e.g. two different pipe flows) then we will have
kinematic similarity (same du+/dy+) and dynamic similarity (same τ+).
Advanc
Result
f = τw+ = f(Re)
A

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References
1 – Bird, B. R., Stewart, W. E., Lightfoot, E. N., “Transport phenomena”, Second

rn Fluiid Mecchanicss
Ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2002.

2 – Bennett, C.O. and Myers, J.E., “Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer”,
M G
McGraw-Hill,
Hill 1982.
1982
3 – Fahien, R.W., “Fundamentals of transport phenomena”, McGraw-Hill, 1983.
4 – Rohsenow,
R h W M andd Choi,
W.M. Ch i H.Y.,
H Y “Heat,
“H t Mass
M andd Momentum
M t T
Transfer”,
f ”
Prentice Hall, 1961.
5 – Hin-Ze,
Hin Ze J.O.,
J O “Turbulence
Turbulence, an introduction to its mechanism and theory
theory”,
Moder
McGraw-Hill, 1959.
M
6 – Douglas,
Douglas J.D.,
J D et.
et Al.,
Al “Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics”, Pitman,
Pitman 1985.
1985
7 – Wilkinson, M.A., “Non Newtonian Fluids”, Pergamon Press, 1960.

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References
8 - Schlichting, H., “Boundary layer theory”, 7th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York,
1979.
1979
rn Fluiid Mecchanicss
9 – Sissom, L.E., and Pitts, D.R., “Elements of transport phenomena”, McGraw-

Hill, 1972.
10 – White, F.M., “Viscous fluid flow”, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, 1986.
11 – Munson,, B.R.,, et. Al.,, “Fundamentals of fluid mechanics”,, Fifth ed.,, John
Wiley & Sons, 2006.
12 – Shames, I.H., “Mechanics of fluids”, McGraw-Hill, 1982.
Moder
13 – Iowa Institute of Hydraulic research, IHR.

M

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Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Sharif University of Technology

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Sharif University of Technology

Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

An introduction to turbulent flow

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Movie 6-10 -- (t=10”)

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An introduction to turbulent flow

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uid Meechaniccs An introduction to turbulent flow

Movie 6-30 -- (t=8”)

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Transition from laminar to turbulent flow in a pipe [11]

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Turbulent transport of momentum

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Movie 6-40 -- (t=8”)

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Note: Time averaging commutes w.r.t. differentiation.

Mean K.E./unit volume = 2 2

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Equations for the mean flow

The equations must apply on average

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Consider each term:

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Equation for mean flow has an additional term.(Drop the ^ ⇒ uˆ j uˆi = u j ui )

experience shows that u j ui ≠ 0 - momentum transfer is a key feature of turbulent

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Turbulent shearing stresses

u~i u~ j = (U i + uˆi )(U j + uˆ j ) = U iU j + ui u j

If ui u j ≠ 0 , ûi and û j are said to be correlated i.e. dependent.

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Fig2(a) Fig2(b) Fig2(c)

R12 = 1 R12 = −1 R12 ≈ 0

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Pure shear flow

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