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Supernova: From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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Supernova

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A supernova (/ˌsuːpərnoʊvə/ plural: supernovae /ˌsuːpərnoʊviː/ or supernovas,


abbreviations: SN and SNe) is a powerful and luminous stellar explosion. At its peak brightness, the
optical luminosity of a supernova can be comparable to that of an entire galaxy, before fading over
several weeks or months. A supernova is a transient astronomical event, occurring during the
last evolutionary stages of a massive star or when a white dwarf is triggered into runaway nuclear
fusion. The original star, called the progenitor, either collapses to a neutron star or black hole, or it is
completely destroyed.
Supernovae are more energetic than novae. In Latin, nova means "new", referring astronomically to
what appears to be a temporary new bright star. Adding the prefix "super-" distinguishes supernovae
from ordinary novae, which are far less luminous. The word supernova was coined by Walter
Baade and Fritz Zwicky in 1931.
Only three naked-eye supernova events have been observed in the Milky Way during the last
thousand years. The most recent directly observed supernova in the Milky Way was Kepler's
Supernova in 1604, but the remnants of recent supernovae have also been found. Observations of
supernovae in other galaxies suggest they occur in the Milky Way on average about three times
every century. These supernovae would almost certainly be observable with modern astronomical
telescopes. The most recent naked-eye supernova was SN 1987A, the explosion of a blue
supergiant star in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite of the Milky Way.
Theoretical studies indicate that most supernovae are triggered by one of two basic mechanisms:
the sudden re-ignition of nuclear fusion in a degenerate star or the sudden gravitational collapse of a
massive star's core. In the first class of events, the object's temperature is raised enough to
trigger runaway nuclear fusion, completely disrupting it. Possible causes are accumulation of
sufficient material from a binary companion through accretion, or a merger. In the massive star case,
the core of a massive star may undergo sudden collapse, releasing gravitational potential energy as
a supernova. While some observed supernovae are more complex than these two simplified
theories, the astrophysical mechanics have been established and accepted by most astronomers for
some time.

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