Mod 1
Mod 1
Mod 1
AND UTILIZATION
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
INTRODUCTION
• Electric power generation and distribution.
• All the devices in the power system have to be
protected.
• Protection from abnormal conditions
• For example
1. Short Circuit
-Due to Over voltages- switching
- Lightning
-Bridging of conductors by birds
-Insulation breakdown- dielectric breakdown
-Mechanical Damage
2. Over Load- Over Current
3. Earth Fault
4. Over Voltage
5. Under Voltage
6. Over Frequency
7. Under Frequency
8. Over Temperature
9. Power Swings and Instability
10.Reversal of Power etc…
IF FAULT OCCURS…….
RELAY
Based on Application
Based on Principle of Operation Based on Time of Operation
• F α I2
• F= k1I2-K2
• K1 – constant
• K2 – Restraining Force+ friction
• On the verge of operation
k1I2=K2
I = sqrt(K2/K1) a constant
Types of Attracted Armature Type Relay
• For AC quantities
• Torque is produced when alternating flux reacts
with eddy currents induced in rotor by alternating
flux of same frequency but displaced time and space.
• Torque α φ1φ2sin(α)
φ1 ,φ2- two fluxes
α – phase angle between two fluxes
• Let = φ2maxsin(wt)
= φ1maxsin(wt+α)
• induced eddy currents in the disc
α φ2maxcos(wt) α
α φ2maxcos(wt+α) α
• Forces
F1 α
F2 α
• Net Force α F1 – F2
α -
F α φ1 φ2 sin(α)
• Thus , the net force/ torque on the disc is same at every instant.
• Direction of force/ direction of motion depends on which flux is
leading the other
1. Shaded pole structure
α Shaded
φ
pole
90
90
β β
E2 E1
• Eddy currents are proportional to corresponding fluxes
T = K I2
2. Watt-hour meter or Double Winding Structure
• Two electromagnets
• Upper electromagnet carries two
windings ( primary and secondary)
• Primary carries relay current
• emf induced in secondary causes
current I2 to flow.
• leakage flux from upper and lower
magnets are sufficiently displaced to
produce driving torque (angle α )
• φ1 is the main flux linking with
primary and secondary winding
(upper magnet)
• Due to flux φ1, an emf is induced in
secondary which lags flux by 90 degrees
• Emf causes a circulating current I2 to
flow in secondary and lower magnet.
• So a flux φ2 is produced in lower
magnet
• So the net torque , T α φ1 φ2 sin(α)
Current
NON DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT OR
EARTH LEAKAGE (INDUCTION TYPE)
• Metallic disc free to rotate between RELAY
poles
of 2 electromagnets
• Spindle of disc carries a moving contact
which bridges two fixed contacts .
• angle of rotation can be adjusted fron 0 to
360
• Thus time setting can be done
IDMT over current relay has a tap setting 150% current and has a time multiplier 0.5 .
Relay is connected to C.T having ratio 500: 5 amps.. Calculate time of operation of
relay if circuit carries a fault current of 6000A.
PLUG SETTING 2 4 6 8 10
MULTIPLIER
TIME IN SEC FOR A 2.70 2.85 3.00 3.15 3.30
TIME MULTIPLIER OF 1
ANSWER
= 8
For time setting multiplier 0.5, Operating time = 3.15* 0.5 = 1.575 sec