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    ECE Questions

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    Madhulika
    Electronic devices operate using electrical signals like electrons, while electrical devices use standard line voltages. Communication involves transferring a signal from a transmitter through a medium to a receiver. There are two main types of communication: analog which translates signals into electronic pulses, and digital which breaks signals into binary '1's and '0's. Sampling obtains samples from a continuous function, and the sampling theorem states the sampling rate must be at least twice the cut-off frequency.

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    ECE Questions

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    Madhulika
    48 views7 pages
    Electronic devices operate using electrical signals like electrons, while electrical devices use standard line voltages. Communication involves transferring a signal from a transmitter through a medium to a receiver. There are two main types of communication: analog which translates signals into electronic pulses, and digital which breaks signals into binary '1's and '0's. Sampling obtains samples from a continuous function, and the sampling theorem states the sampling rate must be at least twice the cut-off frequency.

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    Questions asked in interview for ECE

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    Electronic devices operate using electrical signals like electrons, while electrical devices use standard line voltages. Communication involves transferring a signal from a transmitter through a medium to a receiver. There are two main types of communication: analog which translates signals into electronic pulses, and digital which breaks signals into binary '1's and '0's. Sampling obtains samples from a continuous function, and the sampling theorem states the sampling rate must be at least twice the cut-off frequency.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    48 views7 pages

    ECE Questions

    Uploaded by

    Madhulika
    Electronic devices operate using electrical signals like electrons, while electrical devices use standard line voltages. Communication involves transferring a signal from a transmitter through a medium to a receiver. There are two main types of communication: analog which translates signals into electronic pulses, and digital which breaks signals into binary '1's and '0's. Sampling obtains samples from a continuous function, and the sampling theorem states the sampling rate must be at least twice the cut-off frequency.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 7

    ECE BASIC QUESTIONS

    1. What is Electronic?

    The study and use of electrical devices that operate by controlling the flow of electrons or
    other electrically charged particles.

    Difference Between Electronic And Electrical.

    Electronics work on DC and with a voltage range of 48vDC to +48vDC. If the electronic
    device is plugged into a standard wall outlet, there will be a transformer inside which will
    convert the AC voltage you are supplying to the required DC voltage needed by the device.
    Examples: Computer, radio, T.V, etc…
    Electric devices use line voltage (120vAC, 240vAC, etc…) Electric devices can also be
    designed to operate on DC sources, but will be at DC voltages above 48v.
    Examples: incandescent lights, heaters, fridge, stove, etc…

    2. What is communication?

    Communication means transferring a signal from the transmitter which passes through a
    medium then the output is obtained at the receiver. (or)communication says as transferring of
    message from one place to another place called communication.

    3. Different types of communications? Explain.

    Analog and digital communication.


    As a technology, analog is the process of taking an audio or video signal (the human voice)
    and translating it into electronic pulses. Digital on the other hand is breaking the signal into a
    binary format where the audio or video data is represented by a series of "1"s and "0"s.
    Digital signals are immune to noise, quality of transmission and reception is good,
    components used in digital communication can be produced with high precision and power
    consumption is also very less when compared with analog signals.
    4. What is sampling?

    The process of obtaining a set of samples from a continuous function of time x(t) is referred
    to as sampling.

    5. State sampling theorem.

    It states that, while taking the samples of a continuous signal, it has to be taken care that the
    sampling rate is equal to or greater than twice the cut off frequency and the minimum
    sampling rate is known as the Nyquist rate.

    Sampling frequency= 2*message frequency.

    6. What is cut-off frequency?

    The frequency at which the response is -3dB with respect to the maximum response.

    7. What is pass band?

    Passband is the range of frequencies or wavelengths that can pass through a filter without
    being attenuated.

    8. What is stop band?

    A stopband is a band of frequencies, between specified limits, in which a circuit, such as a


    filter or telephone circuit, does not let signals through, or the attenuation is above the required
    stopband attenuation level.

    9. Explain RF?

    Radio frequency (RF) is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of about 3 Hz to
    300 GHz. This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical signals used to
    produce and detect radio waves. Since most of this range is beyond the vibration rate that
    most mechanical systems can respond to, RF usually refers to oscillations in electrical circuits
    or electromagnetic radiation.
    10. What is modulation? And where it is utilized?

    Modulation is the process of varying some characteristic of a periodic wave with an external
    signals.
    Radio communication superimposes this information bearing signal onto a carrier signal.
    These high frequency carrier signals can be transmitted over the air easily and are capable of
    travelling long distances.
    The characteristics (amplitude, frequency, or phase) of the carrier signal are varied in
    accordance with the information bearing signal.
    Modulation is utilized to send an information bearing signal over long distances.

    11. What is demodulation?

    Demodulation is the act of removing the modulation from an analog signal to get the original
    baseband signal back. Demodulating is necessary because the receiver system receives a
    modulated signal with specific characteristics and it needs to turn it to base-band.

    12. Name the modulation techniques.

    For Analog modulation--AM, SSB, FM, PM and SM


    Digital modulation--OOK, FSK, ASK, Psk, QAM, MSK, CPM, PPM, TCM, OFDM

    13. Explain AM and FM.

    AM-Amplitude modulation is a type of modulation where the amplitude of the carrier signal
    is varied in accordance with the information bearing signal.
    FM-Frequency modulation is a type of modulation where the frequency of the carrier signal
    is varied in accordance with the information bearing signal.

    14. Where do we use AM and FM?


    AM is used for video signals for example TV. Ranges from 535 to 1705 kHz.
    FM is used for audio signals for example Radio. Ranges from 88 to 108 MHz.

    15. What is a base station?

    Base station is a radio receiver/transmitter that serves as the hub of the local wireless
    network, and may also be the gateway between a wired network and the wireless network.

    16. How many satellites are required to cover the earth?

    3 satellites are required to cover the entire earth, which is placed at 120 degree to each other.
    The life span of the satellite is about 15 years.

    17. What is a repeater?

    A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level
    and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover
    longer distances without degradation.

    18. What is an Amplifier?

    An electronic device or electrical circuit that is used to boost (amplify) the power, voltage or
    current of an applied signal.

    19. Example for negative feedback and positive feedback?

    Example for – ve feedback is ---Amplifiers And for +ve feedback is – Oscillators

    20. What is Oscillator?


    An oscillator is a circuit that creates a waveform output from a direct current input. The two
    main types of oscillator are harmonic and relaxation. The harmonic oscillators have smooth
    curved waveforms, while relaxation oscillators have waveforms with sharp changes.

    21. What is an Integrated Circuit?

    An integrated circuit (IC), also called a microchip, is an electronic circuit etched onto a
    silicon chip. Their main advantages are low cost, low power, high performance, and very
    small size.

    22. What is crosstalk?

    Crosstalk is a form of interference caused by signals in nearby conductors. The most common
    example is hearing an unwanted conversation on the telephone. Crosstalk can also occur in
    radios, televisions, networking equipment, and even electric guitars.

    23. What is resistor?

    A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that opposes an electric current by


    producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is, in
    accordance with Ohm's law:
    V = IR.

    25. What is inductor?


    An inductor is a passive electrical device employed in electrical circuits for its property of
    inductance. An inductor can take many forms.

    26. What is conductor?


    A substance, body, or device that readily conducts heat, electricity, sound, etc. Copper is a
    good conductor of electricity.

    27. What is a semi conductor?

    A semiconductor is a solid material that has electrical conductivity in between that of a


    conductor and that of an insulator (An Insulator is a material that resists the flow of electric
    current. It is an object intended to support or separate electrical conductors without passing
    current through itself); it can vary over that wide range either permanently or dynamically.

    What Is Capacitor?

    A capacitor is an electrical/electronic device that can store energyin the electric field
    between a pair of conductors (called “plates”). The process of storing energy in
    the capacitor is known as “charging”, and involves electric charges of equal magnitude,
    but opposite polarity, building up on each plate.

    What Is A Rectifier?

    A rectifier changes alternating current into direct current. This process is called
    rectification. The three main types of rectifier are the halfwave, fullwave, and bridge. A
    rectifier is the opposite of an inverter, which changes direct current into alternating
    current.

    28. What is diode?

    In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal device. Diodes have two active electrodes between
    which the signal of interest may flow, and most are used for their unidirectional current
    property.

    Operation of PN junction diode?

    What is transistor?

    In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch


    electronic signals. The transistor is the fundamental building block of computers, and all
    other modern electronic devices. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are
    found in integrated circuits

    Types of transistors

    1. Bipolar junction transistor

    i) N-p-n transistor

    ii) P-n-p transistor

    2. MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field effective Transistor)

    i) P-type

    ii) N-type

    31. What is a feedback?

    Feedback is a process whereby some proportion of the output signal of a system is passed
    (fed back) to the input. This is often used to control the dynamic behaviour of the system.

    32. Advantages of negative feedback over positive feedback.

    Much attention has been given by researchers to negative feedback processes, because
    negative feedback processes lead systems towards equilibrium states. Positive feedback
    reinforces a given tendency of a system and can lead a system away from equilibrium states,
    possibly causing quite unexpected results.

    Examples: negative feedback- Amplifiers


    Positive feedback- Oscillators

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