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Civil Engineering Construction

Chapter 3

Substructure / Foundation

Dr Mohamad Syazli Fathi

Department of Civil Engineering
UTM RAZAK School of Engineering & Advanced Technology
UTM International Campus

June 24, 2012

Course Outline
2. SUBSTRUCTURE/FOUNDATION
2.1 Introduction – Definition of sub-structure
2.2 Foundation
2.3 Classification of foundation
-Types of foundation
2.4 Designs of foundation
2.5 Construction process of foundation
2.7 Piles Construction and Test
2.7.1 Functions of piles
2.8 Classification of piles
2.9 Materials used for piles
2.10 Methods of pile driving
2.11 Load Tests

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Definition of Sub-Structure

{ The supporting part of a structure; the foundation.

(i.e.: footing / piling, pile cap, column stump )
{ Sub-structure will include ground beams, ground
floor column and ground floor slab.

Introduction

• The lowest artificially built

part of a structure which
transmits the load of the
structure to the soil lying
underneath is called
foundation.

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Foundation

{ Structure who support the weight of the upper

structure and applied loads.
loads
{ Designed to transmit building load to the supportive
soils or rock.

Foundation Anatomy

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Foundation
{ Types of foundation include
footings, piles and piers.

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Purposes of foundation:

1. To distribute loads of the structure over a large

bearing area so as to bring intensity of loading within
the safe bearing capacity of the soil lying underneath.
2. To load the bearing surface at a uniform rate so as to
prevent unequal settlement.
3. To prevent the lateral movement of the supporting
material.
4. To secure the level and firm bed for building
operations.
5. To increase the stability of the structure as a whole.

Factors affecting selection of

foundations.

1 T
1. Types andd intensity
i t it off loads
l d
acting on various parts of the
structure which may be dead
load, live load, wind load,
snow load, etc.
2. Nature and bearing capacity
of the soil on which the
structure directly rests.

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Foundation

{ Design and selection of foundation depends on:

z Total load of building

z Nature and bearing capacity of soil

Causes of settlement are;

1 Deformation of soils causing by an imposed load
1.
2. Volume changes of soil cause by seasonal conditions.
3. Mass movements of ground in an unstable areas.

Source: http://gees.usc.edu/GEES/RecentEQ/Turkey/Report/day2rep.htm

Foundation failure : collapse or

excessive settlement of a building
supporting structure resulting
from soil movement.

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Foundation

{ Foundations can be considered under two groups:

z Shallow Foundations
z Deep Foundations

z Shallow Foundations
1. Spread Foundations / Footings
- Pad @ Isolated Foundations,, Stripp Foundations and
Combine Both
2. Raft Foundation
z Deep Foundations

- Pile, Pier and Caissons

Shallow Foundations

- Shallow foundations are

those founded near to the
finished ground surface;
generally where the founding
p ((Df)) is less than the
depth
width of the footing and less
than 3m

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Foundation

Foundations

{ The principal types of RC Foundation for buildings

are :

1. Strip Foundation
2. Pad @ Isolated Foundation
3. Raft Foundation
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4. Combination of 1, 2 and 3
5. Piled Foundation

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Foundations –
Strip Foundation

Foundations –
Strip Foundation

- Strip foundations are used to support a line

of loads, either due to a load-bearing wall, or
if a line of columns need supporting where
column positions are so close that individual
pad foundations would be inappropriate.

BACK

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Foundations –
Pad @ Isolated Foundation

Foundations –
Pad @ Isolated Foundation

-Pad foundations are used to support

pp an individual
point load such as that due to a structural column.
They may be circular, square or rectangular.

They usually consist of a block or slab of uniform

thickness, but they may be stepped or hunched if
they are required to spread the load from a heavy
column. Pad foundations are usually shallow, but
deep pad foundations can also be used.

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Foundations –
Raft Foundation

‰ Raft foundations are

used to spread the
load from a structure
over a large area,
normally the entire area
of the structure.

‰ where the ground conditions are very poor and

bearing power of the soil is low that the individual
spread footing cannot be provided.

Raft foundation

Method of construction. The whole area is dug at a specified depth. The

bed is compacted, then a layer of concrete or lean concrete is laid to
a suitable
it bl thickness
thi k to
t actt as a bottom
b tt cover. After
Aft this,
thi
reinforcements are laid as in figure. Then the cement concrete
(1:2:4) is laid and compacted to the required thickness. The concrete
slab so laid is then properly cured.

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Foundations –
Raft Foundation

BACK

Deep Foundations

‰ Deep foundations are

those founding too
deeply below the
finished ground surface
for their base bearing
capacity to be affected
by surface conditions,
‰ this is usually at
depths >3 m below
finished ground level

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Deep foundations.
• The foundations constructed below ground level
with some arrangements such as piles, wells, etc.
at their base are called deep foundations.
• Deep foundations are classified into the following
types:
– Pile foundation
– Well foundation
– Caisson foundation

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Foundations –
Pile Foundation

Suitability.
Pile foundation is suitable under the following situations :
i. When the soil is very soft and solid bed is not available at a reasonable
depth to keep the bearing power within safe limits.
ii. When provision of pad and raft foundations becomes very expensive.
iii When the structure carries heavy concentrated loads.
iii. loads
iv. When it is necessary to construct a building along the sea-shore or
river bed.

Piles are generally classified into two categories :

1. According to function, e.g bearing piles, friction piles, friction-cum-
bearing piles,
piles batter piles
piles, guide piles,
piles sheet piles,
piles etc.
etc
2. According to composition or material of construction, e.g timber
piles, concrete piles, sand piles, steel piles, etc.

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Foundations –
Pile Foundation
{ Structures place on top of the
piles.
{ Piles + Pile Cap = Pile
foundation
{ Function : Distributes load to
the individual piles.
{ Pile Cap will connect the
pile together and distributes
the superstructure loads to
the layer beneath.

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Foundations –
Pile Foundation (Pile Cap)

Pile Foundation
- Pile foundations are the part of a structure used to carry
and transfer the load of the structure to the bearing
ground located at some depth below ground surface

- The main components of the foundation are the pile cap

and the piles
- Piles are long and slender members which transfer the
load to deeper soil or rock of high bearing capacity
avoiding shallow soil of low bearing capacity

- The main types of materials used for piles are Wood,

steel and concrete

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Pile Foundation

Functions of Piles

- to transmit a foundation load to a solid ground

- to resist vertical, lateral and uplift load

Pile Foundation

Classifications of Piles
Classifications of piles with respect to load transmission
and functional behaviors

1. End Bearing Piles (point bearing piles)

2. Friction piles (cohesion piles )
3. Combination of friction and cohesion piles

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Pile Foundation

Classifications of Piles – End Bearing

BACK

Pile Foundation

Classifications of Piles – End Bearing

- End bearing piles are those which terminate in hard,

relatively impenetrable material such as rock or very
dense sand and gravel.

- These piles transfer their load on to a firm stratum

- The pile behaves as an ordinary column and should be

designed as such

BACK

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Pile Foundation

Classifications of Piles – Skin Friction

BACK

Pile Foundation

Classifications of Piles – Skin Friction

- Friction piles obtain a greater part of their carrying
capacity by skin friction or adhesion.
- This tends to occur when piles do not reach an
impenetrable stratum .

- These p
piles transmit most of their load to the soil
through skin friction

BACK

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Pile Foundation
Classifications of Piles – Combination of friction
and end bearing

Pile Foundation

Classification of piles according to their composition or material of

construction

1. Timber
2. Concrete
3. Steel
4. Composite piles

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Pile Foundation

Classifications of Piles – Timber Piles

BACK

Timber Piles

• Thee ppiles
es made
ade of
o wood, should
s ou d be free
ee from
o defects,
de ects, decay,
etc and it should be well seasoned.
• The piles can be circular or square in cross-section. Top of
these piles is provided with an iron ring to prevent it from
splitting under blows of hammer.
• The bottom is fitted with an iron shoe to facilitate sinking of
piles.
• These piles are driven by blows of hammer of a pile driving
machine.
• Used for buildings, bridges and cofferdams but is not
recommended to be used in sea water.

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Timber piles.

• Advantages of timber piles:

i. Less expensive
p as timber available can be used after suitable
treatment.
ii. Can be made longer in lengths by joining the individual
pieces easily.
iii.Cutting of these piles is easy.
iv.Can be driven easily with lighter machinery.
• Disadvantages :
i. The piles deteriorate by action of water and insects.
ii. Lesser load bearing capacity
iii.A number of small individual units require to construct long
piles; this entails lot of joining work as such the cost
becomes high in constructing the piles.

Pile Foundation

Classifications of Piles – Concrete Piles

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Concrete piles

• The piles are made of cement concrete, strong,

durable and can bear more load than timber
piles. They are free from defects and cannot
be attacked by insect, white-ant, etc.
• The piles are fire-proof and water-proof.
Concrete piles are classified into two types:
1. Pre-cast piles.
2. Cast-in-situ piles.

These are R.C.C piles which are square, circular or

Pre-cast
octagonal in cross-section. It’s the heaviest, brittle and
piles lack of tensile strength. The construction requires care
in handling and driving to prevent pile damage.
• Advantages of Pre-cast Concrete Piles:
i. Best concrete can be prepared by proper workmanship. Any defect can be
repaired immediately.
ii. The reinforcement remains in proper position and does not displaced.
iii.The concrete only withstands loads after complete curing has taken place.
They can be cast beforehand and quick driving progress can be ensured.
iv.More convenient when driven through wet conditions.
v. Suitable when part of their length is to remain exposed.
vi.Not affected by other additional forces which act on the piles while
adjacent piles are driven.
• Disadvantages :
i. Heavy and difficult to transport.
ii. Lapping of additional length means extra cost, labour ang energy.
iii.Heavier in section to withstand holding stresses.
iv.The shocks of driving make the weaker.

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This type of piles is constructed in its location in a

bore hole prepared for this field. The operation
Cast-in- consists of boring a hole, filling it with concrete
situ piles. or steel reinforcement and concrete.
Examples are simplex pile, pedestal or bulb pile,
Frankie ppile,, Raymond
y concrete ppile,, etc.

• Advantages of Cast-in-situ piles :

i. Less wastage of material as exact length of pile is cast.
ii. Time spent on curing is saved.
iii.Can bear heavier loads by improving their X-sectional profile, eg, pedestial
pile.
• Disadvantages:
i. Good quality concrete cannot be easily obtained due to unusual height of
dumping.
ii. The reinforcements are liable to get displaced.
iii.They cannot be used under water.
iv.The green concrete loses strength after coming in contact with the soil.
v. The shells are affected by casting additional piles adjacent to them.

Pile Foundation

Classifications of Piles – Steel Piles

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Sand piles. The piles consisting of sand filled in

bore holes, formed by digging holes which
are then filled with sand and compacted. Top
of the pile is covered with concrete. Cheap,
easily constructed and only for light loads.

• Steel piles are of steel section. Useful where driving

conditions are difficult and other types of piles are not
suitable. Usually used for building and bridge
foundations. The piles are in form of I, U, H sections.
• St l piles
Steel il are available
il bl in
i the
h following
f ll i forms.
f
i. Steel pin piles
ii. Sheet piles
iii. Disc piles
iv. Screw piles.

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