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 AN INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING
(For BS (04 Year) Degree Program Students & Beginners in All Fields)

By: SAEED ULLAH JAN

GOVT. DEGREE COLLEGE WARI (DIR UPPER)

HIGHER EDUCATION, ACHIEVES & LIBRARIES

DEPARTMENT
KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA – PAKISTAN
2018 and Onward
 TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

I , Saeed Ullah Jan, Lecturer in Computer Science, Higher

Education Department – Khyber Pakhtunkhwa at Govt Degree
College Wari (Dir Upper) – Pakistan and a doctoral student at
the Department of Computer Science & IT, University of Malakand
hereby solemnly declare that my Book titled “An Introduction to
Computing” for Bachelor of Studies (BS) level students and the
beginners of all fields will be made available to the general public
through Higher Education Department Govt of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
and all college’s libraries and institutions of Pakistan. In addition,
the Book will be microfilmed by the Publishing agency/company
organization, and copies of the Book will be sold on demand.
Saeed Ullah Jan
AN INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTING
First Edition

ii iii
Permission
Dedication
P ermission is granted to retrieve, print and store a single copy
of this Book for personal use. This permission does not

I
extend to binding multiple copies of the book, photocopying Dedicate this Book the Holiest Man ever Born,
or producing copies for other than personal use of the person
creating the copy, or making electronic copies available for retrieval
by others without prior permission in writing from the Publishing
Organization/Press.
Prophet Muhammad
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information
storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from ᤖ
the publisher.
Saeed Ullah Jan

&
to my beloved family members and teachers.

iv v
Preface Acknowledgments

T his book introduces the fundamental concepts necessary for

designing, using, and implementing computer systems,
networking and database applications. Our presentation
stresses the fundamentals of computer, networks and modeling and
I t is a great pleasure to acknowledge the assistance and
contributions of many individuals to this effort. First, we would
like to thank Mr. Muhammad Salim for his guidance,
encouragement, and support. We would like to acknowledge the
excellent work of Mr. Aziz Ur Rehman for production management
designing of database, the languages and practical work provided in
this book is for the very beginner and step-by-step procedure for and Mr. Idrees Ali Shah for a thorough checking each and every
describing Windows 8, MS – Word 2010, Excel & PowerPoint. The sentence of the book. We thank the following persons who have
book is meant to be used as a textbook for a one- or two-semester contributed to this first edition: Saeed Ur Rahman, Zafar Ahmad,
course in introduction to computer systems at the junior, senior, or Farman Ullah, and Naseer Ullah.
graduate level, and as a reference book. Our goal is to provide an in-
depth and up-to-date presentation of the most important aspects of
Computer systems and applications, and related technologies. We
assume that readers are familiar with elementary use of computer
and data structuring concepts and those they have had some
exposure to the basics of computer organization.

vi vii
 1) RAM.........................................................................................10
2) ROM.........................................................................................10
Table of Contents 3) Cache Memory .........................................................................11
1.1 What is Computer? ...................................................................1
4) Register ....................................................................................11
1.2 Basic Computer Operations......................................................1
2.1.2 Types of Secondary Memory ..............................................12
1.2.1 Input Operation......................................................................1
1) Magnetic Tape: ........................................................................12
1.2.2 Storage Operation..................................................................2
2) Hard – Disk: .............................................................................12
1.2.3 Processing Operation.............................................................2
3) CD (Compact Disk) .................................................................13
1.2.4 Output Operation ...................................................................2
4) DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) ..................................................13
1.3 History of Computer.................................................................2
5) VCD (Video Compact Disk)....................................................14
1.3.1 First Generation 1937 – 1946................................................3
6) Flash Memory ..........................................................................14
1.3.2 Second Generation 1947 – 1962 ...........................................3
2.2 Memory Hierarchy .................................................................14
1.3.3 Third Generation: 1963 - Present ..........................................3
3.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor or Micro-
1.4 Classification of Computers .....................................................4 Processor ......................................................................................16
1.4.1 Analog Computers.................................................................4 1) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): .................................................17
1.4.2 Digital Computer ...................................................................4 2) Control Unit (CU): ...................................................................17
1.4.3 Hybrid Computer...................................................................4 3) Registers:..................................................................................17
1.5 Types of Computer ...................................................................4 3.2 Computer Bus.........................................................................17
1.5.1 Super Computer.....................................................................4 3.3 Computer Port ........................................................................18
1.5.2 Mainframe Computer ............................................................4 3.4 Computer language.................................................................19
1.5.3 Mini Computer ......................................................................5 3.4.1 High-Level Language (HLL) ..............................................20
1.5.4 Micro Computer or Personal Computer ................................5 3.4.2 Low-Level Language (LLL) ...............................................21
1.6 Components of a Computer......................................................5 3.4.3 Assembly Language (Intermediate Level Languages) ........21
1.6.1 Hardware ...............................................................................5 3.5 Translator in Computer ..........................................................22
1.6.2 Computer Software................................................................8 3.5.1 Compiler ..............................................................................22
i) System Software .........................................................................9 3.5.2 Interpreter ............................................................................23
ii) Application Software .................................................................9 3.5.3 Assembler ............................................................................23
2.1 What is Computer Memory? ..................................................10 3.6 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COMPILER AND
2.1.1 Types of Primary Memory ..................................................10 INTERPRETER ...........................................................................24

viii ix
 4.1 Computer Network .................................................................24 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................35
4.1.1 Local Area Network (LAN) ................................................24 5.2 Types of Database ..................................................................36
4.1.2 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) ...................................24 5.2.1 Hierarchical Databases (DBMS) .........................................37
4.1.3 Wide Area Network (WAN) ...............................................25 5.2.2 Distributed Database ...........................................................37
4.2 Components of a Data Communication .................................25 5.2.3 Network Database ...............................................................38
1) Sender.......................................................................................26 5.2.4 Relational Database .............................................................38
2) Encoder ....................................................................................26 5.3 Basic Terminologies of Relational Database .........................39
3) Medium / Communication Channel .........................................26 1) Entity:.......................................................................................39
4) Decoder ....................................................................................26 2) Attributes:.................................................................................40
5) Receiver ...................................................................................26 5.3 Relationship/Association........................................................40
4.3 Modes of Data Communication or Modes of Network ..........26 1) One-to-one: ..............................................................................40
4.3.1 Simplex Mode .....................................................................27 2) One-to-many: ...........................................................................40
4.3.2 Half-Duplex Mode ..............................................................27 3) Many-to-many:.........................................................................41
4.3.3 Full-Duplex Mode of Communication ................................28 4) Unary Relationship: .................................................................41
4.3.4 Synchronous Mode of Communication...............................29 5) Binary Relationship: ................................................................41
4.3.5 Asynchronous Communication ...........................................29 6) Tertiary Relationship: ..............................................................41
4.3.6 Parallel Communication ......................................................29 5.4 Generalization & Specialization.............................................41
4.3.7 Serial Communication .........................................................30 5.5 Difference between Generalization & Specialization ............42
4.4 Network Topology .................................................................30 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................43
4.4.1 Bus Topology ......................................................................30 6.2 Effects of Computers on Society............................................43
4.4.2 Ring Topology.....................................................................31 6.2.1 Positive Impact ....................................................................44
4.4.3 Star Topology ......................................................................31 6.2.2 Negative Impact ..................................................................45
4.4.4 Mesh Topology....................................................................32 6.2.3 Impact on Human Life ........................................................45
4.5 Terminologies.........................................................................32 6.3 Uses of Computer ...................................................................46
1) Internet .....................................................................................32 1) Computer in Education ............................................................47
2) Collaborative Computing:........................................................32 2) Computers in our Health and Medicine ...................................47
3) What is Social Networking: .....................................................33 3) Aid of Computers at Financial Institutions ..............................47
4) Email: .......................................................................................34 4) Computers for our Pass time ....................................................47

x xi
 5) Computers are a part of our Transport System ........................47 3) Double Click Speed: ................................................................60
6) Inevitable use of Computers in Business and Corporate 4) Click Lock. Motion & Pointer Tab: .........................................61
Stages............................................................................................48 7.5 Control Panel Setting..............................................................62
7) Wonders of Computer in E-Commerce ...................................48 1) User Account: ..........................................................................63
8) Computer at our Defense .........................................................48 2) Password: .................................................................................65
9) Computer is today’s Designer..................................................48 3) Create New Account: ...............................................................67
6.4 Legal, Ethical and Moral Aspects of Computer .....................48 4) Parental Control: ......................................................................68
7.1 Introduction ............................................................................50 5) Block & Allow Options: ..........................................................69
7.2 Windows 8 Start Menu...........................................................50 6) Allow and Block: .....................................................................71
7.3 Windows 8 Desktop ...............................................................51 7.6 Appearance & Personalization Options .................................72
1) Sort:..........................................................................................52 7.7 View Devices & Printers ........................................................72
2) Personalize: ..............................................................................52 1) Printers: ....................................................................................72
3) Picture Position: .......................................................................54 2) Add Printer:..............................................................................74
4) Picture Location: ......................................................................55 3) Keyboard Properties:................................................................75
7.4 Windows 8 Screen Saver, Color, and Mouse Pointers 8.1 Introduction ............................................................................76
Options .........................................................................................56
8.2 File Menu ...............................................................................76
7.4.1 Screen Saver ........................................................................56
1) New Option: .............................................................................76
1) Screen Saver:............................................................................56
Save As:........................................................................................77
2) 3D Text Setting: .......................................................................56
3) Open:........................................................................................78
3) Font Setting: .............................................................................57
4) Save:.........................................................................................79
4) Rotation of Text: ......................................................................58
5) Close: .......................................................................................79
5) Surface Style: ...........................................................................58
6) Exit: ..........................................................................................79
6) Mystify and Ribbons:...............................................................58
7) Print:.........................................................................................79
7) Photos on Screen Saver Option:...............................................58
8) Save & Send:............................................................................80
8) Timing Option for Screen Saver: .............................................59
9) Help:.........................................................................................81
9) Color & Appearance: ...............................................................59
10) Options:..................................................................................82
7.4.2 Mouse Pointers ....................................................................59
8.3 Font Section............................................................................84
1) Cursor:......................................................................................59
1) Theme Fonts:............................................................................84
2) Left-Right Mouse Buttons: ......................................................60

xii xiii
 2) Font Size: .................................................................................84 2) Go To: ....................................................................................100
3) Formatting Button: ...................................................................84 3) Find & Replace: .....................................................................100
3) Bold:.........................................................................................85 Select Option: .............................................................................101
4) Italic .........................................................................................85 9.1 Introduction ..........................................................................103
5) Underline:.................................................................................85 9.2 Clipboard ..............................................................................103
6) Strikethrough:...........................................................................85 9.3 Font.......................................................................................104
7) Subscript & Superscript: ..........................................................85 9.4 Alignment .............................................................................106
8) Change Case Button:................................................................86 a. Wrap Text: ..............................................................................106
9) Text Effect, Text Highlight Color and Font Color Buttons: ....86 b. Merge & Centre:.....................................................................106
8.4 Paragraph Section...................................................................87 9.5 Number .................................................................................107
1) List Buttons: .............................................................................88 9.6 Styles ....................................................................................108
2) Multilevel List:.........................................................................89 9.7 Cells......................................................................................111
3) Increase & Decrease Indent: ....................................................90 9.8 Rename Sheet .......................................................................113
4) Sort Button: ..............................................................................91 9.9 Editing ..................................................................................115
5) Formatting Symbol Button: .....................................................91 10.1 Introduction ........................................................................119
6) Justify Buttons: ........................................................................91 10.2 File Menu ...........................................................................119
7) Paragraph Spacing Button........................................................92 10.3 Home Menu ........................................................................125
8) Line Spacing Options:..............................................................93 10.4 Insert Menu.........................................................................126
9) Shading and Borders Buttons:..................................................94 10.5 Design Menu ......................................................................137
8.5 Styles Section .........................................................................95 10.6 Transition Menu .................................................................142
1) Change Styles...........................................................................95 10.7 Animations Menu ...............................................................143
8.6 Change Styles Section ............................................................96 10.8 Slide Show Menu ...............................................................145
2) Colors:......................................................................................97
3) Fonts:........................................................................................97
5) Default Button:.........................................................................98
6) Paragraph Spacing: ..................................................................98
8.7 Editing Section .......................................................................99
1) Find Button: .............................................................................99

xiv xv
List of Figures Figure 30: Bus Topology .....................................................................31
Figure 31: Ring Topology ...................................................................31
Figure 1: A block Diagram of Computer System ..................................1 Figure 32: Star Topology.....................................................................32
Figure 2: A Diagrammatic Representation of Computer System ..........2 Figure 33: Mesh Topology ..................................................................32
Figure 3: A typical installation of computer hardware ..........................6 Figure 34: A Simple Database for a College .......................................36
Figure 4: A Diagrammatic Representation of Mother Slot where Figure 35: Hierarchical Database ........................................................37
CPU is fixed...........................................................................................6 Figure 36: Distributed Database ..........................................................38
Figure 5: Memory Slots, Ports, and Internal Buses..........................7 Figure 37: Network Database ..............................................................38
Figure 6: Different Parts of the System Unit .........................................7 Figure 38: Relational Database............................................................39
Figure 7: Different devices Hardware like Mouse, Keyboard, Figure 39: Entities................................................................................40
Monitor and cables ................................................................................8 Figure 40: Attributes............................................................................40
Figure 8: A Diagram shows a visualized form of Software ..................8 Figure 41: Screenshot of Microsoft's original start menu design ........50
Figure 9: Typical Hard Disk ................................................................12 Figure 42: Screenshot of start menu Windows 8.................................51
Figure 10: Parts of a Hard Disk ...........................................................13 Figure 43: Screenshot for Windows 8 Desktop ...................................52
Figure 11: Computer Memory Hierarchy ............................................16 Figure 44: Screenshot Right-Click of Mouse on Desktop for
Figure 12: A Microprocessor Chip Fixed on Motherboard .................16 Different Options .................................................................................52
Figure 13: Block Diagram of CPU ......................................................17 Figure 45: Screenshot Right-Click of Mouse on Desktop for
Figure 14: A System Bus .....................................................................18 Different Options .................................................................................53
Figure 15: Different Ports in Computer System ..................................19 Figure 46: Screenshot of Personalize Window....................................53
Figure 16: Computer Languages and its types ....................................20 Figure 47: Screenshot of Different Desktop Pictures ..........................54
Figure 17: Function of Compiler .........................................................22 Figure 48: Screenshot of Picture Position ...........................................54
Figure 18: Function of Interpreter .......................................................23 Figure 49: Screenshot for Browsing Picture of your own choice from
Figure 19: Function of Assembler .......................................................23 Computer .............................................................................................55
Figure 20: Diagrammatic Representation of Computer Network/Data Figure 50: Screenshot of Screen Saver ................................................56
Communication....................................................................................25 Figure 51: Screenshot of 3D Text Setting ...........................................57
Figure 21: Components of Data Communication ................................26 Figure 52: Screenshot of Font Window...............................................57
Figure 22: Transmission Modes ..........................................................27 Figure 53: Screenshot of Picture Settings............................................58
Figure 23: Simplex Mode of Communication .....................................27 Figure 54: Screenshot of the color and Appearance Window .............59
Figure 24: Half-Duplex Mode of Communication ..............................28 Figure 55: Screenshot of Mouse Properties Window ..........................59
Figure 25: Full-Duplex Mode of Communication...............................28 Figure 56: Screenshot of Mouse Properties Window ..........................60
Figure 26: Synchronous Mode of Communication .............................29 Figure 57: Screenshot of Mouse Double Click Speed.........................61
Figure 27: Asynchronous Mode of Communication ...........................29 Figure 58: Screenshot of Mouse Properties Window ..........................62
Figure 28: Parallel Mode of Communication ......................................30 Figure 59: Screenshot of the path how to open control panel in
Figure 29: Parallel Mode of Communication ......................................30 Windows 8 ...........................................................................................62
xvi xvii
Figure 60: Screenshot of Control Panel View .....................................63 Figure 92: Bold, Italic, Underline, Strikethrough, Subscript and
Figure 61: Screenshot of User Privacy Protection Window ................64 Superscript Buttons..............................................................................85
Figure 62: Screenshot for how to create user Password ......................64 Figure 93: Change Case Button ...........................................................86
Figure 63: Browsing Any Picture ........................................................65 Figure 94: Text Effect, Figure 95: Text Highlight Colors & Figure
Figure 64: Changing and removing Password.....................................66 96: Font Colors ....................................................................................87
Figure 65: Changing Account Type from Administrator to User or Figure 97: Paragraph Section of MS – Word ......................................87
Vice-Versa ...........................................................................................67 Figure 98: List Buttons of MS – Word................................................88
Figure 66: Screenshot of Create New Account ...................................67 Figure 99: Define New Number Format and Bullets in MS – Word...89
Figure 67: Screenshot of How many Accounts in your Windows 8 ...68 Figure 100: Outlines Options in MS – Word.......................................90
Figure 68: Screenshot of User Control Window .................................69 Figure 101: Increase & Decrease Indent Buttons in MS – Word ........90
Figure 69: Screenshot of User Control Window .................................69 Figure 102: Sort Buttons in MS – Word..............................................91
Figure 70: Screenshot of Blocking and Allowing a Specific User ......70 Figure 103: Formatting Symbols in MS – Word .................................91
Figure 71: Screenshot of Rating Window for Games..........................70 Figure 104: Text to Left, Centre, Right of Page or Justifying by
Figure 72: Screenshot of User Control over Programs........................71 pressing these Buttons .........................................................................91
Figure 73: Screenshot of Personalization window ..............................72 Figure 105: Giving Space to the Text lines in your Document ...........92
Figure 74: Screenshot of Showing all the devices installed in your Figure 106: Line Spacing Options Window ........................................92
Computer .............................................................................................73 Figure 107: Line Spacing Buttons Different Options..........................93
Figure 75: Screenshot of Printer Properties.........................................73 Figure 108: Line Spacing Options/Paragraph Spacing........................94
Figure 76: Screenshot of Add Printer Window ...................................74 Figure 109: Shading and Borders Buttons...........................................94
Figure 77: Screenshot of Keyboard Properties ....................................75 Figure 110: Borders Button in MS – Word .........................................95
Figure 78: MS – Word Editor ..............................................................76 Figure 111: Styles Section of MS – Word...........................................96
Figure 79: New Option View in the File Menu of MS – Word...........77 Figure 112: More Options in Text Styles ............................................96
Figure 80: Save As Option and Browse to a Specific Location ..........78 Figure 113: Different Text Styles Set Options in MS – Word ............96
Figure 81: The Recent Option of MS – Word .....................................78 Figure 114: Colors Button in Change Styles Section ..........................97
Figure 82: Print Option of MS – Word................................................79 Figure 115: Fonts Button in Change Styles Section ............................97
Figure 83: Another View of the Print Option of MS – Word..............80 Figure 116: Set as default button in Change Styles Section ................98
Figure 84: Save & Send Option of MS – Word...................................81 Figure 117: Paragraph Spacing Button in Change Styles Section.......99
Figure 85: Share Point Option of MS – Word.....................................81 Figure 118: Manage Styles in Paragraph Spacing Option...................99
Figure 86: The Word Option View......................................................82 Figure 119: Editing Section & Figure 120: Find Button in Editing
Figure 87: The Customized Ribbon View of Word Option ................83 Section ...............................................................................................100
Figure 88: Font View of MS – Word, Figure 89: Text Size & Figure Figure 121: Go to Button in Editing Section .....................................101
90: Different Font ................................................................................84 Figure 122: Find and Replace Buttons in Editing Section ................101
Figure 91: This Clear Formatting Button ............................................85 Figure 123: Select Option in Editing Section ....................................102
Figure 124: Selection and Visibility Options ....................................102
xviii xix
Figure 125: Worksheet Bar of MS – Excel .......................................103 Figure 160: The Recent Option in File Menu....................................124
Figure 126: Clipboard Section of MS – Excel...................................103 Figure 161: Home Menu in PowerPoint ............................................125
Figure 127: Font Section of MS – Excel 2010 ..................................104 Figure 162: Slide Section Options & Figure 163: Different Themes 126
Figure 128: Font menu of MS – Excel ..............................................105 Figure 164: Insert Menu View in PowerPoint ...................................127
Figure 129: Main View of MS – Excel .............................................106 Figure 165: Clip Art Option in Insert menu ......................................127
Figure 130: Alignment Options in MS – Excel .................................106 Figure 166: All Media Files Will be place here ................................128
Figure 131: Merge & Centralized a Cell ...........................................107 Figure 167: Create New Album for Your Pictures ............................129
Figure 132: Number Section View of MS – Excel............................107 Figure 168: Different Options for your Photo Album .......................130
Figure 133: Options in Number Section of MS – Excel....................108 Figure 169: Text Box for Writing in Slide ........................................130
Figure 134: Styles View of MS – Excel ............................................109 Figure 170: Header and Footed for Slide ..........................................131
Figure 135: Given Different Style(s) to Cells in MS – Excel............110 Figure 171: Footer of a Slide .............................................................131
Figure 136: New Cell Style(s) View of MS – Excel .........................110 Figure 172: Word Art Options...........................................................132
Figure 137: Cells View of MS – Excel & Figure 138: The Insert Figure 173: Header and Footer Fixing Window................................133
View in Cell Section ..........................................................................111 Figure 174: Header & Footer View ...................................................133
Figure 139: Different functions in Cell View....................................112 Figure 175: Date & Time, Slider Number and Object Selection
Figure 140: Cell Size (Self Explanatory)...........................................112 Buttons...............................................................................................134
Figure 141: Renaming Function & Figure 142: Move and Copy......113 Figure 176: Insert Option Window....................................................134
Figure 143: Protect Sheet in MS – Excel...........................................114 Figure 177: Symbols, Mathematical Equations and Characters
Figure 144: Format Cell Window......................................................114 Insertion Menu...................................................................................135
Figure 145: Editing Section of MS – Excel.......................................115 Figure 178: More Characters & Symbols & Figure 179: Equation
Figure 146: AutoSum Options in Editing Portion .............................116 Types View ........................................................................................136
Figure 147: Options in Fill Portion....................................................116 Figure 180: Insert Audio/Video for your Slide from here .................136
Figure 148: Different Options in Clear Button..................................117 Figure 181: Clip Art Menu ................................................................136
Figure 149: Sort & Filter Buttons Action ..........................................117 Figure 182: Recorded Sound/Audio from here from your slide........137
Figure 150: Find & Select Button Options ........................................118 Figure 183: Design Menu View in PowerPoint.................................138
Figure 151: File Menu View of PowerPoint......................................119 Figure 184: Page Setup and Slide Orientation Buttons .....................138
Figure 152: Different Privacy Options in PowerPoint ......................120 Figure 185: Page Setup Options in PowerPoint ................................139
Figure 153: Info Submenu option......................................................120 Figure 186: More Themes in PowerPoint..........................................140
Figure 154: Password Protection Window ........................................121 Figure 187: Background Section of Design Menu in PowerPoint ....140
Figure 155: Digital Signature for Protection .....................................121 Figure 188: More Background Themes .............................................141
Figure 156: Document Inspect Options Window ..............................122 Figure 189: Format background Window..........................................141
Figure 157: Accessibility Checker Window......................................122 Figure 190: Different Transitions for your Slide in PowerPoint .......142
Figure 158: Compatibility Checker ...................................................123 Figure 191: Animation Menu View in PowerPoint ...........................143
Figure 159: Different Options in File Menu......................................124
xx xxi
Figure 192: Different Preview/Directions for Slides in Animation
View...................................................................................................143
Figure 193: Animation Pane View ....................................................144
Figure 194: Slide Show View in PowerPoint ....................................145
Figure 195: Broadcast Slide Show ....................................................146
Figure 196: Send your Slides to an Email .........................................147

xxii
 I
NTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

1.1 What is Computer?

Def1: An electronic machine that can store and
process information. It is defined as stored program
digital computing system.
Def2: A Computer is an electronic device of wires,
transistors, circuits, instructions, and data can transmit,
store and manipulate information.
Def3: A Computer is a machine that accepts data and processes
that data (data may be numbers, letters or both or even sounds).
Information is turned into electrical pulses so that it may be
processed by sorting, collating and deleting mathematical
manipulation and other forms of data processing.
Def4: A computer accepts information using an input device. The
01 information is processed by a central processing unit or stored in a
storage unit i.e. Hard Disk and then processed.

INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTING

Figure 1: A block Diagram of Computer System

The result is supplied by output devices. If the input and output
units are connected to a manufacturing process, the computer can
control the process and the system is called a computing system.
1.2 Basic Computer Operations
To understand computer basic concept one must know about the 4
functions or Operations of the computer.
1.2.1 Input Operation
The computer receives information from users. A user enters
information using input devices like keyboard, mouse or any other

1
devices like webcam, punch card, magnetic tapes, joystick or speaking, computers can be classified into three generations. Each
magnetic disk etc. The Input unit accepts information using input generation lasted for a certain period of time, and each gave us either
devices then it converts the given data to readable form and this data a new and improved computer or an improvement to the existing
moves to Central Processing Unit (CPU). computer.
1.2.2 Storage Operation 1.3.1 First Generation 1937 – 1946
The given information stored in a computer using the different In 1937 the first electronic digital computer was built by Dr. John
storage devices i.e. central process unit and auxiliary memory. The V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. It was called the Atanasoff-Berry
auxiliary memory is also known as secondary or external storage Computer (ABC). In 1943 an electronic computer name the Colossus
have hard devices for example Floppy, Hard Disk, Compact Disk was built for the military. Other developments continued in 1946 the
and Flash Drive. These different storage devices have both first general– purpose digital computer, the Electronic Numerical
advantages and disadvantages. Auxiliary storage speeds up Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was built. It is said that this
information and stores it long term and permanent. computer weighed 30 tons, and had 18,000 vacuum tubes which
1.2.3 Processing Operation were used for processing. When this computer was turned on for the
It is considered the basic computing operation. It executes the first time lights dim in sections of Philadelphia. Computers of this
instructions, control storage data and input or output devices generation could only perform a single task, and they had no
attached the computer. operating system.
1.2.4 Output Operation 1.3.2 Second Generation 1947 – 1962
Last but not the least the output unit which represents results from This generation of computers used transistors instead of vacuum
the operations of central processing unit CPU. The result may be in tubes which were more reliable. In 1951 the first computer for
hard or soft form i.e. visual display unit, printers, and headphones. commercial use was introduced to the public; the Universal
Automatic Computer (UNIVAC 1). In 1953 the International
Business Machine (IBM) 650 and 700 series computers made their
mark in the computer world. During this generation of computers
over 100 computer programming languages were developed,
computers had memory and operating systems. Storage media such
as tape and disk were in use also were printers for output.
1.3.3 Third Generation: 1963 - Present
The invention of integrated circuit brought us the third generation
of computers. With these invention computers became smaller, more
powerful more reliable and they are able to run many different
programs at the same time. In1980 Microsoft Disk Operating System
(MS-Dos) was born and in 1981 IBM introduced the personal
Figure 2: A Diagrammatic Representation of Computer computer (PC) for home and office use. Three years later Apple gave
System us the Macintosh computer with its icon-driven interface and the 90s
1.3 History of Computer gave us Windows operating system.
The computer as we know it today had its beginning with a 19th- As a result of the various improvements to the development of the
century English mathematics professor named Charles Babbage. He computer, we have seen the computer being used in all areas of life.
designed the Analytical Engine and it was this design that the basic It is a very useful tool that will continue to experience new
framework of the computers of today are based on. Generally development as time passes.
2 3
 1.4 Classification of Computers for example) at the bottom and moves to supercomputers at the top,
Computers differ based on their data processing abilities. They mainframes are just below supercomputers. In some ways,
are classified according to purpose, data handling, and functionality. mainframes are more powerful than supercomputers because they
1.4.1 Analog Computers support more simultaneous programs. But supercomputers can
It accepts analog input and provides analog output information. It execute a single program faster than a mainframe.
represents physical quantities like acceleration, temperature, distance 1.5.3 Mini Computer
or voltages in mechanical or electrical circuits and does not need any A midsized computer called minicomputers lie
storage device. Examples of the analog computer are thermometer, between workstations and mainframes. In the past decade, the
speedometer and analog clock. difference between large minicomputers and small mainframes has
1.4.2 Digital Computer blurred, however, as has the distinction between small
This computer accepts digital input and provides digital output minicomputers and workstations. But in general, a minicomputer is a
after processing information and the operation are in a binary system multiprocessing system capable of supporting from 4 to about 200
of 0 and 1. By manipulating the binary digits and numbers it can users simultaneously.
perform any task like analyze data, mathematical calculations etc. 1.5.4 Micro Computer or Personal Computer
Examples of digital computers are Apple Macintosh, IBM PC. • Desktop Computer: a personal or micro-mini computer
1.4.3 Hybrid Computer sufficient to fit on a desk.
This computer is the combination of both analog and digital • Laptop Computer: a portable computer complete with an
computers in terms of speed and accuracy. Hybrid computers can integrated screen and keyboard. It is generally smaller in size than a
measure physical and digital quantities. Examples of the hybrid desktop computer and larger than a notebook computer.
computer are the machine measure heartbeat in hospital, devices • Laptop Computer/Digital Diary /Notebook /PDAs: a hand-
installed fuel pumps. sized computer. Palmtops have no keyboard but the screen serves
1.5 Types of Computer both as an input and output device. It is a terminal or desktop
There are many types of computers, some of which are given computer in a network. In this context, the workstation is just a
below: generic term for a user's machine (client machine) in contrast to a
1.5.1 Super Computer "server" or "mainframe."
The fastest and most powerful type of computer Supercomputers 1.6 Components of a Computer
are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications A computer system consists of both hardware and information
that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations. For stored on hardware. Information stored on computer hardware is
example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses often called software.
of supercomputers include animated graphics, fluid dynamic The hardware components of a computer system are the
calculations, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration. electronic and mechanical parts.
The chief difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is The software components of a computer system are the data and
that a supercomputer channels all its power into executing a few the computer programs.
programs as fast as possible, whereas a mainframe uses its power to 1.6.1 Hardware
execute many programs concurrently. This refers to any part that is tangible (Touchable, Physical). The
1.5.2 Mainframe Computer major hardware components of a computer system are:
A very large and expensive computer that is capable of  Processor
supporting hundreds or even thousands of users simultaneously. In  Main memory
the hierarchy that starts with a simple microprocessor (in watches,  Secondary memory
4 5
  Input & Output devices heads. This makes this type of drive rather changeable and likely to
 Slots fail if used improperly.
 Ports
 Buses
These parts are typically accommodated within the laptop or
desktop unit itself, except for the desktop keyboard and mouse. What
is likely the most important piece of hardware is the microprocessor
chip known as the central processing unit (CPU).

Figure 5: Memory Slots, Ports, and Internal Buses

Figure 3: A typical installation of computer hardware

Figure 6: Different Parts of the System Unit

Connectivity to a motherboard can be internal or external.
Internal devices that connect to the motherboard include:
• The microprocessor (CPU).
Figure 4: A Diagrammatic Representation of Mother Slot • Disk drive.
where CPU is fixed • Random access memory (memory modules).
Hard disk drive: HDDs are mechanical by design and store data • Power supply unit (PSU).
on magnetic and metallic platters, which are read by the read/write External peripherals that connect to the motherboard include:
• Monitor.
6 7
 • Keyboard. In a typical setup, the operating system is like the motherboard
• Mouse. software. It is the first thing that is installed, followed by
• Printer. applications and utility software. Three popular operating systems
for traditional computers include Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux.
Popular mobile operating systems include Android OS, iPhone
OS, Windows Phone OS, and Firefox OS.
ii) Application Software
This is designed for end users. This software is meant to perform
a specialized assignment and output useful information.
An example would be a word processing application that one uses
to compose a letter or a brochure, such as Microsoft Word.
Figure 7: Different devices Hardware like Mouse, Keyboard, a) General Purpose Application Software: A collection of
Monitor and cables application software can come in a package that is commonly known
1.6.2 Computer Software as a software suite or General Purpose Application Software. A
Software refers to the instructions, programs, data, and protocols typical suite includes software for word processing, presentations,
which run on hardware. It can be divided into two major categories. graphic design, and spreadsheets. Examples include Microsoft
The visible part, non-touchable part or programs in the computer Office, OpenOffice, and iWork, Dreamweaver9.0.
system are called software. Like human brain thinking or Special Purpose Application Software: This is designed for a
instructions for the microprocessor is termed as software. The specialized assignment and output useful information. Examples
software is written in computer languages such as Visual Basic, include Adobe Photoshop, Corel Draw, and AutoCAD.
C/C++, and Java.

Figure 8: A Diagram shows a visualized form of Software

i) System Software
This is also commonly known as an operating system (OS). The
system manages other software and devices inside the computer.

8 9
 02
COMPUTER
MEMORY
 OMPUTER MEMORY computers (PCs) and other electronic devices. It contains the

C
programming needed to start a PC, which is essential for boot-up; it
performs major input/output tasks and holds programs or software
instructions. Because ROM is read-only, it cannot be changed; it is
2.1 What is Computer Memory?
permanent and non-volatile, meaning it also holds its memory even
The computer memory is a storage area
when power is removed. There are numerous ROM chips located on
inside the computer system. Memory is mainly
the motherboard and a few on expansion boards. The chips are
divided into two types: Primary Memory and
essential for the basic input/output system (BIOS), boot up, reading
Secondary Memory.
and writing to peripheral devices, basic data management, and the
Primary Memory - Primary memory is
software for basic processes for certain utilities.
computer memory that a processor or computer accesses first or
However, these types of non-volatile memory can be altered and
directly. It allows a processor to access running execution
are often referred to as programmable ROM. One of the original
applications and services that are temporarily stored in a
forms of non-volatile memory was mask-programmed ROM. It was
specific memory location. Primary memory is also known
designed for specific data such as bootstrap, which contains the
as primary storage or main memory.
startup code. Mask-programmed ROM can never be changed.
Secondary Memory - Secondary memory is where programs and
Because ROM cannot be changed and is read-only, it is mainly used
data are kept on a long-term basis. Common secondary storage
for the manufacturing company information and ownership
devices are the hard disk and optical disks. The hard disk has
purposes.
enormous storage capacity compared to primary memory. The hard
3) Cache Memory - Cache memory is a small-sized type of
disk is usually contained inside the case of a computer.
volatile computer memory that provides high-speed data access to a
2.1.1 Types of Primary Memory
processor and stores frequently used computer programs,
1) RAM (Random Access Memory) - Random access memory
applications, and data. It is the fastest memory in a computer, and is
(RAM) is a type of data storage used in computers that are generally
typically integrated onto the motherboard and directly embedded in
located on the motherboard. This type of memory is volatile and all
the processor or main random access memory (RAM). Cache
information that was stored in RAM is lost when the computer is
memory provides faster data storage and access by storing instances
turned off. There are two main types of RAM: dynamic random
of programs and data routinely accessed by the processor. Thus,
access memory (DRAM), or Dynamic RAM, and static random
when a processor requests data that already has an instance in the
access memory (SRAM).
cache memory it does not need to go to the main memory or the hard
DRAM: The RAM in most personal computers (PC's) is
disk to fetch the data.
Dynamic RAM. These RAM's are made of capacitors. All dynamic
Cache memory can be primary or secondary cache memory, with
RAM chips have to need a permanent refresh every few milliseconds
primary cache memory directly integrated into (or closest to) the
by rewriting the data to the module.
processor. In addition to hardware-based cache, cache memory also
SRAM: Static RAM (SRAM) is a lot faster and does not require
can be a disk cache, where a reserved portion of disk stores and
refreshing. It made from a complex circuitry system called a flip-
provides access to frequently accessed data/applications from the
flop. SRAM retains information and is able to operate at higher
disk.
speeds than DRAM. It's common to see PC manufacturers use
4) Register - A processor register (CPU register) is one of a small
DRAM and also used in supercomputers.
set of data holding places that are part of the computer processor.
2) ROM (Read Only Memory) - Read-only memory (ROM) is a
A register may hold an instruction, a storage address, or any kind of
type of storage medium that permanently stores data on personal

10 11
data (such as a bit sequence or individual characters). Some introduced, and it was at this time they first became a standard in
instructions specify registers as part of the instruction. personal computers (PCs).
2.1.2 Types of Secondary Memory Hard disk drive density has increased since the technology was
1) Magnetic Tape: Magnetic tape is one of the oldest first developed. The first hard disk drives were able to store
technologies for electronic data storage. The tape has largely been megabytes of data, while today they are in the terabyte (TB) range.
displaced as a primary and backup storage medium, but it remains Hitachi released the first 1 TB hard drives in 2007. In 2017, HGST
well-suited for archiving because of its high capacity, low cost, and announced the first 10 TB hard drives.
long durability. It is a linear recording system that is not good for
random access. If the tape is part of a library, robotic selection and
loading of the right cartridge into a tape drive adds more latency. In
an archive, such latencies are not an issue. With tape archiving, there
is no online copy for quick retrieval, as everything is vaulted for the
long term.

Figure 10: Parts of a Hard Disk

Most basic hard drives consist of a number of disk platters that
are positioned around a spindle inside a sealed chamber. The
chamber also includes read-and-write heads and motors. The motor
is used to spin the platters, which hold the data, at up to 15,000
rotations per minute (a higher rpm number result in a good
performance). As the platters spin, a second motor controls the
position of the read-and-write heads that record information to, and
read information from, tracks on each platter.
3) CD (Compact Disk) - A compact disc is a portable storage
medium that can be used to record, store and playback audio, video
Figure 9: Typical Hard Disk and other data in digital form. A standard compact disc measure 4.7
2) Hard – Disk: The hard disk was created in 1953 by engineers inches, or 120 millimeters (mm), across, is 1.2 mm thick, weighs
at IBM who wanted to find a way to provide random access to high between 15 grams and 20 grams, and has a capacity of 80 minutes of
capacities of data at a low cost. The disk drives developed were the audio, or 650 megabytes (MB) to 700 MB of data.
size of refrigerators, could store 3.75 megabytes of data and began 4) DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) - DVD is an optical disc
shipping in 1956. Memorex, Seagate, and Western Digital were technology with a 4.7-gigabyte storage capacity on a single-sided,
other early vendors of hard disk drive technology. Hard disk one-layered disk, which is enough for a 133-minute movie. DVDs
drive form-factor size has continued to decrease as the technology can be single- or double-sided, and can have two layers on each side;
evolves. By the mid-1980s, 3.5-inch and 2.5-inch form factors were a double-sided, two-layered DVD will hold up to 17 gigabytes of

12 13
video, audio, or other information. This compares to 650 megabytes related, the levels may also be distinguished by their performance
(0.65 gigabytes) of storage for a CD-ROM disk. and control technologies.[1] Memory hierarchy affects performance
DVD uses the MPEG-2 file and compression standard. MPEG-2 in computer architectural design, algorithm predictions, and lower
images have four times the resolution of MPEG-1 images and can be level programming constructs involving locality of reference.
delivered at 60 interlaced fields per second where two fields Designing for high performance requires considering the
constitute one image frame. (MPEG-1 can deliver 30 non-interlaced restrictions of the memory hierarchy, i.e. the size and capabilities of
frames per second.) Audio quality on DVD is comparable to that of each component. Each of the various components can be viewed as
current audio compact discs. part of a hierarchy of memories in which each member mi is
Short for Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc, typically smaller and faster than the next highest member of the
a DVD or DVD-ROM is a disc capable of storing large amounts of hierarchy. To limit waiting by higher levels, a lower level will
data on one disc the size of a standard Compact Disc. CD/DVD respond by filling a buffer and then signaling to activate the transfer.
drives were first sold in 1997. They are widely used for storing and There are four major storage levels
viewing movies and other data. To play DVDs on a computer, you 1. Internal – Processor registers and cache.
must have a DVD drive and a software DVD player. The picture to 2. Main – the system RAM and controller cards.
the right is an example of what a DVD movie may look like, which 3. On-line mass storage – Secondary storage.
in this example is a picture of the Matrix DVD movie. 4. Off-line bulk storage – Tertiary and Off-line storage.
5) VCD (Video Compact Disk) - Short for Video Compact This is a general memory hierarchy structuring. Many other
Disc VCD is a CD (CD-R or CD-RW) that contains moving pictures structures are useful. For example, a paging algorithm may be
and sound. A VCD can hold up to 80 minutes of motion video and considered as a level for virtual memory when designing computer
stereo sound on a 700MB CD. VCDs use the MPEG- architecture and one can include a level of near-line storage between
1 encoding standard. On a VCD you can have chapters, video, digital online and offline storage.
images, album slideshows, audio, or a combination of media files. A
VCD can be played on most DVD players and on computer DVD-
ROMs and computer CD-ROMs with the aid of software.
6) Flash Memory - Flash memory is a type of nonvolatile
memory that erases data in units called blocks. A block stored on a 4bit = 1 Nibble 8bit = 1 Byte
flash memory chip must be erased before data can be written, or
programmed, to the microchip. Flash memory retains data for an 16 Bit = 1 Word 32 Bit = Double Word
extended period of time whether a flash-equipped device is powered
on or off. 64 Bit = Quad Word 1024 Byte = 1KB
Dr. Fujio Masuoka is credited with the invention of flash memory
when he worked for Toshiba in the 1980s. Masuoka’s colleague, 1024KB = 1MB 1024MB=1GD
Shoji Ariizumi, coined the term flash because the process of erasing
all the data from a semiconductor chip reminded him of the flash of 1024 GB = 1TB
a camera.
2.2 Memory Hierarchy
In computer architecture, the memory
hierarchy separates computer storage into a hierarchy based on
response time. Since response time, complexity, and capacity are
14 15
 *KB
means Kilo Byte, MB Means Mega Byte, GB Means Giga Byte
and TB Means Tera Byte

03
CENTRAL
Figure 11: Computer Memory Hierarchy
PROCESSING UNIT
OR PROCESSOR OR
MICRO-PROCESSOR

16
C
ENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
(CPU)/PROCESSOR OR MICRO-
PROCESSOR

3.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor or Micro-

Processor
A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within
a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program
by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output
(I/O) operations specified by the instructions.

Figure 12: A Microprocessor Chip Fixed on Motherboard

A processor, or "microprocessor," is a small chip that resides in
computers and other electronic devices. Its basic job is to receive
input and provide the appropriate output. ... The central processor of
a computer is also known as the CPU, or "central processing unit."
The main components of CPU help it in performing various
functions. The three components of the CPU are following:
1. Arithmetic Logic Unit
2. Control Unit
3. Registers

17
 Each of the components is explaining one-by-one under the The purpose of buses is to reduce the number of "pathways"
following headings:- needed for communication between the components, by carrying out
1) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): There is electronic circuitry all communications over a single data channel. This is why the
in the arithmetic logic unit which executes all arithmetic and logical metaphor of a "data highway" is sometimes used. In reality, each
operations. Its function is obvious from its name. It performs bus is generally constituted of 50 to 100 distinct physical lines,
arithmetic calculations like as addition, subtraction, multiplication, divided into three subassemblies:
and division as well as comparisons. The unit can compare numbers, Address Bus: The address bus (sometimes called the memory
letters, or special characters. There can be more than one Arithmetic bus) transports memory addresses which the processor wants to
logic unit in a CPU, and these ALUs can also be used for the access in order to read or write data. It is a unidirectional bus.
purpose of maintaining timers that help run the computer. Date Bus: The data bus transfers instructions coming from or
2) Control Unit (CU): There is circuitry in the control unit going to the processor. It is a bidirectional bus.
which uses electrical signals to instruct the whole computer system Control Bus: The control bus (or command bus) transports
for carrying out or executing, already stored program instructions. Its orders and synchronization signals coming from the control unit and
name clearly shows that it controls and coordinates computer traveling to all other hardware components. It is a bidirectional bus,
components. It extracts instructions from memory and decodes and as it also transmits response signals from the hardware.
executes them. In fact, it regulates the flow of information through
the processor. In short, it can be said, this component receives,
decodes, stores results and manages execution of data that flows
through the CPU. Its communication with both arithmetic unit and
memory is inevitable.
3) Registers: Registers are temporary storage areas which are
responsible for holding the data that is to be processed. They store
the instructions and data in a processor. This data is further used by
Control Unit. There are some registers that are set aside for specific
tasks; these generally include a program counter, stack, and flags.

Figure 14: A System Bus

3.3 Computer Port
When referring to a physical device, a hardware port or peripheral
port is a hole or connection found on the front or back of a computer.
Ports allow computers to access external devices such as printers.
Figure 13: Block Diagram of CPU Below is a short listing of the different computer ports you may find
3.2 Computer Bus on a computer. The picture shows an example of a type of port on
A bus, in computing, is a set of physical connections (cables, the back of a computer.
printed circuits, etc.) which can be shared by multiple hardware A computer port is also called as a Communication Port as it is
components in order to communicate with one another. responsible for communication between the computer and its
18 19
peripheral device. Generally, the female end of the connector is A language is the main medium of communicating between the
referred to as a port and it usually sits on the motherboard. Computer systems and the most common are the programming
In Computers, communication ports can be divided into two types languages. As we know a Computer only understands binary
based on the type of protocol used for communication. They are numbers that is 0 and 1 to perform various operations but the
Serial Ports and Parallel Ports. languages are developed for different types of work on a Computer.
A language consists of all the instructions to make a request to the
system for processing a task. From the first generation and now the
fourth generation of the Computers there were several programming
languages used to communicate with the Computer. Here we will go
into the detail of the Computer language and its types.

Figure 15: Different Ports in Computer System

A serial port is an interface through which peripherals can be
connected using a serial protocol which involves the transmission of Figure 16: Computer Languages and its types
data one bit at a time over a single communication line. The most A Computer language includes various languages that are used to
common type of serial port is a D-Subminiature or a D-sub communicate with a Computer machine. Some of the languages like
connector that carry RS-232 signals. programming language which is a set of codes or instructions used
A parallel port, on the other hand, is an interface through which for communicating the machine. Machine code is also considered as
the communication between a computer and its peripheral device is a computer language that can be used for programming. And HTML
in a parallel manner i.e. data is transferred in or out in parallel using also is a computer language or a markup language but not a
more than one communication line or wire. The printer port is an programming language. Similarly, there are different types of
example of the parallel port. languages developed for different types of work to be performed by
3.4 Computer language communicating with the machine. But all the languages that are now
A programming language is a formal language that specifies a set available are categorized into two basic types of languages including
of instructions that can be used to produce various kinds of output. Low-level language and High-level language.
Programming languages generally consist of instructions for a 3.4.1 High-Level Language (HLL)
computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs The high-level languages are the most used and also more
that implement specific algorithms. considered programming languages that help a programmer to read,
write and maintain. It is also the third generation language that is
used and also running till now by many programmers. They are less
20 21
independent of a particular type of Computer and also require a Machine language. Instead of using numbers like in Machine
translator that can convert the high-level language to machine languages here we use words or names in English forms and also
language. The translator may be an interpreter and Compiler that symbols. The programs that have been written using words, names
helps to convert into binary code for a Computer to understand. and symbols in assembly language are converted to machine
There are various high-level programming languages like C, language using an Assembler. Because a Computer only understands
FORTRAN or Pascal that are less independent and also enable the machine code languages that’s why we need an Assembler that can
programmer to write a program. convert the Assembly level language to Machine language so the
The Compiler plays an important role on the Computer as it can Computer gets the instruction and responds quickly.
convert to machine language and also checks for errors if any before The main disadvantage of this language is that it is written only
executing. There are several high-level languages that were used for a single type of CPU and does not run on any other CPU. But its
earlier and also now like COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC, C, C++, speed makes it the most used low-level language till today which is
PASCAL, LISP, Ada, Algol, Prolog, and Java. It is user-friendly as used by many programmers.
the programs are written in English using words, symbols, 3.5 Translator in Computer
characters, numbers that need to be converted to machine code for A program written in the high-level language is called as source
processing. code. To convert the source code into machine code, translators are
3.4.2 Low-Level Language (LLL) needed.
Low-level languages are the machine codes in which the A translator takes a program written in source language as input
instructions are given in machine language in the form of 0 and 1 to and converts it into a program in the target language as output.
a Computer system. It is mainly designed to operate and handle all It also detects and reports the error during translation. It translates
the hardware and instructions set architecture of a Computer. the high-level language program input into an equivalent machine
Machine Language is one of the low-level programming language program output. It also provides diagnostic messages
languages which is the first generation language developed for wherever the programmer violates specification of the high-level.
communicating with a Computer. It is written in machine code Different type of translators
which represents 0 and 1 binary digits inside the Computer string The different types of the translator are as follows:
which makes it easy to understand and perform the operations. As 3.5.1 Compiler
we know a Computer system can recognize electric signals so here 0 The compiler is a translator which is used to convert programs in
stands for turning off electric pulse and 1 stands for turning on the a high-level language to low-level language.
electric pulse. It is very easy to understand by the Computer and also
increases the processing speed.
The main advantage of using Machine language is that there is no
need for a translator or interpreter to translate the code, as the
Computer directly can understand. But there are some disadvantages
also like you have to remember the operation codes, memory address
every time you write a program and also hard to find errors in a
written program. It is a machine dependent and can be used by a
single type of Computer.
3.4.3 Assembly Language (Intermediate Level Languages)
Figure 17: Function of Compiler
Assembly Language is the second generation programming
language that has almost similar structure and set of commands as
22 23
 It translates the entire program and also reports the errors in
source program encountered during the translation.
3.5.2 Interpreter
The interpreter is a translator which is used to convert programs
in a high-level language to low-level language. The interpreter
translates line by line and reports the error once it encountered 3.6 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COMPILER AND
during the translation process. It directly executes the operations INTERPRETER
specified in the source program when the input is given by the user. S/No Compiler Interpreter
It gives better error diagnostics than a compiler. 1 Performs the translation of Performs statement by
a program as a whole. statement translation.
2 Execution is faster. Execution is slower.
3 Requires more memory as Memory usage is
linking is needed for the efficient as no
generated intermediate object intermediate object code
code. is generated.
4 Debugging is hard as the It stops translation
error messages are generated when the first error is
Figure 18: Function of Interpreter after scanning the entire met. Hence, debugging is
3.5.3 Assembler program only. easy.
Assembler is a translator which is used to translate the assembly 5 Programming languages Programming
language code into machine language code. like C, C++ uses compilers. languages like Python,
BASIC, and Ruby uses
interpreters.

Figure 19: Function of Assembler

24 25
 04
DATA
COMMUNICATION &
NETWORKING
 Routers, switches, and hubs are connected to create a Metropolitan

D
ATA COMMUNICATION AND Area Network.
NETWORKING 4.1.3 Wide Area Network (WAN)
Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect networks in larger
geographic areas, such as Florida, the United States, or the world.
4.1 Computer Network Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite uplinks may be used to
A network consists of two or more computers connect this type of global network.
that are linked in order to share resources (such Computer networks exist on various scales, from links between
as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow two computers in one room to connect computers in a building or
electronic communications. The computers on a network may be campus to national and global networks. Various media are used to
linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or carry the communications signals: copper wire, fiber optic cables,
infrared light beams. and wireless or radio transmissions etc. Similarly, the network
OR connecting an organization's computers might be owned and
A computer Network is a system in which a number of managed by the organization itself (typically in small-scale networks
independent computers are linked together to share data and linking machines in a room or building) or capacity can be rented
peripherals, such as files and printers. In the modern world, from a firm providing telecommunications services (typically in
computer networks have become almost indispensable. wider area networks).
All major businesses and governmental and educational 4.2 Components of a Data Communication
institutions make use of computer networks to such an extent that it Data communication is a process of transferring data
is now difficult to imagine a world without them. Three very electronically from one place to another. Data can be transferred by
common types of networks include: using a different medium. The basic components of data
4.1.1 Local Area Network (LAN) communications are as follows:
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a 1. Sender
relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area such 2. Encoder
as a writing lab, school, or building. Simply the computers 3. Medium/ communication channel
connected in the 100m distance are called Local Area Network 4. Decoder
(LAN). 5. Receiver
Computers connected to a network are broadly categorized as
servers or workstations. Servers are generally not used by humans
directly, but rather run continuously to provide "services" to the
other computers (and their human users) on the network. Services
provided can include printing and fax, software hosting, file storage
and sharing, messaging, data storage and retrieval, complete access
control (security) for the network's resources, and many others.
4.1.2 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A Metropolitan Area Network is a network that connects two or
more Local Area Networks or Campus Area Networks together but Figure 20: Diagrammatic Representation of Computer
does not extend beyond the boundaries of the immediate town/city. Network/Data Communication
26 27
 1) Sender – Sender is a device that sends a message. The
message can consist of text, numbers, pictures etc. it is also called
source or transmitter. Normally, the computer is used as the sender
in information communication systems.
2) Encoder – The encoder is a device that converts digital signals
in a form that can pass through a transmission medium.
3) Medium / Communication Channel – Medium is the
physical path that connects sender and receiver. It is used to transmit Figure 22: Transmission Modes
data. The medium can be a copper wire, a fiber optic cable, 4.3.1 Simplex Mode
microwaves etc. it is also called communication channel. In Simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as on a
4) Decoder – The decoder is a device that converts the encoded one-way street. Only one of the two devices on a link can transmit,
signals into digital form. The receiver can understand the digital the other can only receive. The simplex mode can use the entire
form of message. Sender and receiver cannot communicate capacity of the channel to send data in one direction.
successfully without encoder and decoder. Example: Keyboard and traditional monitors. The keyboard can
5) Receiver – Receiver is a device that receives the message. It is only introduce input; the monitor can only give the output, Radio,
also called sink. The receiver can be a computer, printer or another and Television (TV) etc..
computer-related device. The receiver must be capable of accepting
the message.

Figure 23: Simplex Mode of Communication

4.3.2 Half-Duplex Mode
In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive,
Figure 21: Components of Data Communication but not at the same time. When one device is sending, the other can
4.3 Modes of Data Communication or Modes of Network only receive, and vice versa. The half-duplex mode is used in cases
Transmission mode means transferring of data between two where there is no need for communication in both directions at the
devices. It is also known as the communication mode. Buses and same time. The entire capacity of the channel can be utilized for
networks are designed to allow communication to occur between each direction.
individual devices that are interconnected. There are three types of Example: Walkie-talkie in which message is sent one at a time
transmission mode:- and messages are sent in both the directions.
• Simplex Mode
• Half-Duplex Mode
• Full-Duplex Mode

28 29
 4.3.4 Synchronous Mode of Communication
Synchronous communication relies on the presence of a clocking
system at both ends of the transmission.

Figure 24: Half-Duplex Mode of Communication Figure 26: Synchronous Mode of Communication
4.3.3 Full-Duplex Mode of Communication These clocks must be synchronized at the beginning of the
In full-duplex mode, both stations can transmit and receive session so that the timing of the transmission—not the use of start
simultaneously. In the full duplex mode, signals going in one and stop bits, as in asynchronous communication—defines where
direction share the capacity of the link with signals going in other data begins and ends.
direction, this sharing can occur in two ways: 4.3.5 Asynchronous Communication
1) Either the link must contain two physically separate Asynchronous communication sends small blocks of data with
transmission paths, one for sending and other for receiving. many control bits for error correction, synchronous techniques use
2) Or the capacity is divided between signals traveling in large blocks of data with control bits only at the start and end of the
both directions. transmission.
Full-duplex mode is used when communication in both directions
is required all the time. The capacity of the channel, however, must
be divided between the two directions.
Example: Telephone Network in which there is communication
between two persons by a telephone line, through which both can
talk and listen at the same time.

Figure 27: Asynchronous Mode of Communication

4.3.6 Parallel Communication
In data transmission, parallel communication is a method of
Figure 25: Full-Duplex Mode of Communication conveying multiple binary digits (bits) simultaneously.

30 31
 wanting to communicate with another device on the network sends
a broadcast message onto the wire that all other devices see, but only
the intended recipient actually accepts and processes the message.

Figure 28: Parallel Mode of Communication

4.3.7 Serial Communication

With serial communication, which conveys only a single bit at a
time? Figure 30: Bus Topology
4.4.2 Ring Topology
In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighbors for
communication purposes.

Figure 29: Parallel Mode of Communication

4.4 Network Topology
Think of a topology as a network's virtual shape or structure. This
shape does not necessarily correspond to the actual physical layout Figure 31: Ring Topology
of the devices on the network. For example, the computers on a All messages travel through a ring in the same direction (either
home network may be arranged in a circle in a family room, but it "clockwise" or "counterclockwise"). A failure in any cable or device
would be highly unlikely to find a ring topology there. breaks the loop and can take down the entire network.
Network topologies are categorized into the following basic 4.4.3 Star Topology
types: Many home networks use the star topology. A star network
1) Bus 2) Ring features a central connection point called a "hub node" that may be
2) Star 4) Mesh a network hub, switch or router. Devices typically connect to the hub
More complex networks can be built as hybrids of two or more of with Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet.
the above basic topologies.
4.4.1 Bus Topology
Bus networks (not to be confused with the system bus of a
computer) use a common backbone to connect all devices. A single
cable, the backbone functions as a shared communication medium
those devices attach or tap into with an interface connector. A device
32 33
 contribute to such documents, working together with the other
Figure 32: Star Topology parties.
4.4.4 Mesh Topology 3) What is Social Networking: A network of social interactions
Mesh topology introduces the concept of routes. and personal relationships.
OR
A dedicated website or application software that enables the user
to communicate with each other, by posting information, comments,
messages, and images etc.
A social network is a website that brings people together to talk,
share ideas and interests, or make new friends. This type of
collaboration and sharing is known as social media. Unlike
traditional media that is typically created by no more than ten
people, social media sites contain content created by hundreds or
Figure 33: Mesh Topology even millions of different people.
Unlike each of the previous topologies, messages sent on a mesh Below is a small list of some of the biggest social networks used
network can take any of several possible paths from source to nowadays.
destination. Some WANs, most notably the Internet, employ mesh • Bebo (https://bebo.com/ ) - A popular social
routing. networking site where users can share photos, stories, their
4.5 Terminologies journal, and more with friends and family privately or
1) Internet – The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is publicly on the Internet.
a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of networks • Classmates (http://www.classmates.com/ ) - One of
in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get the largest and most used websites for connecting people
information from any other computer who graduated from a high school and allows you to keep in
Today, the Internet is a public, cooperative and self-sustaining touch with them and any future reunions.
facility accessible to hundreds of millions of people worldwide. • Facebook ( https://www.facebook.com/ ) - The most
Physically, the Internet uses a portion of the total resources of the popular social networking websites on the Internet. Facebook
currently existing public telecommunication networks. is a popular destination for users to set up personal space and
2) Collaborative Computing: Collaborative computing is a connect with friends, share pictures, share movies, talk about
diverse collection of information technologies designed to support what you're doing, etc.
work between individuals. Organizations • Google+ (https://plus.google.com/) - The latest social
implementing collaborative computing technologies do so as a way networking service from Google.
to improve workforce productivity and creativity by enabling • Instagram ( https://www.instagram.com/ ) - A
individual workers to more readily access each other and the mobile photo sharing service and application available for the
information they need when they need it. iPhone, Android, and Windows Phone platforms.
OR • LinkedIn ( https://www.linkedin.com/ ) - One of the
Interactive multimedia conferencing application software, that best if not the best locations to connect with current and past
enables multiple parties to collaborate on textual and graphical co-workers and potential future employers.
documents. Through special software, each party to the call can • MySpace ( https://myspace.com/ ) - Once one of the
most popular social networks and viewed the website on the
34 35
 Internet. See the MySpace definition for further information
about this service.
• Path ( https://path.com/ ) - A mobile-only social
network that allows you to keep in contact with your closest
friends and family.
• Pinterest ( https://www.pinterest.com/ ) - A popular
picture and sharing service that allows anyone to share
pictures, create collections, and more.
• Reddit ( https://www.reddit.com/ ) - Community of
registered users submits content that is up voted by the
community. Reddit has a subreddit (board) in almost every
category.
• StumbleUpon ( http://www.stumbleupon.com/ ) -
Another very popular community of Internet users who vote
for web pages they like and dislike. Stumble Upon also
allows users to create their own personal pages of interesting
05
sites they come across. See the Stumble Upon definition for
additional information about this service.
• Tumblr ( https://www.tumblr.com/ ) - A INTRODUCTION TO
microblogging platform with social networking capabilities.
• Twitter ( https://twitter.com/ ) - Another fantastic DATABASE
service that allows users to post 140 character long posts
from their phones and on the Internet. A fantastic way to get
the pulse of what's going on around the world.
• Yik Yak - Smartphone social network that connects
users who are in close to each other.
• YouTube ( https://www.youtube.com/ ) - An
excellent network of users posting video blogs or Vlog's and
other fun and exciting videos.
4) Email: Short for electronic mail, e-mail or email is information
stored on a computer that is exchanged between two users
over telecommunications. More plainly, e-mail is a message that
may contain text, files, images, or other attachments sent through a
network to a specified individual or group of individuals. The first e-
mail was sent by Ray Tomlinson in 1971.

36
I
NTRODUCTION TO DATABASE

5.1 Introduction
A database is an integrated collection of logically
related records or files consolidated into a common pool
that provides data for one or more multiple uses. One way
of classifying databases involves the type of content, for
example bibliographic, full-text, numeric, and image. Other
classification methods start from examining database models or
database architectures. The data in a database is organized according
to a database model. The relational model is the most common.
A Database Management System (DBMS) consists of software
that organizes the storage of data. A DBMS controls the creation,
maintenance, and use of the database storage structures of
organizations and of their end users. It allows organizations to place
control of organization-wide database development in the hands of
Database Administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. In large
systems, a DBMS allows users and other software to store and
retrieve data in a structured way.
Database management systems are usually categorized according
to the database model that they support, such as the network,
relational or object model. The model tends to determine the query
languages that are available to access the database. One commonly
used query language for the relational database is SQL, although
SQL syntax and function can vary from one DBMS to another. A
great deal of the internal engineering of a DBMS is independent of
the data model and is concerned with managing factors such as
performance, concurrency, integrity, and recovery from hardware
failures. In these areas, there are large differences between products.
Example: Let us consider a simple example that most readers may
be familiar with: a COLLEGE database for maintaining information
concerning students, courses, and grades in a college environment.
Figure 1 shows the database structure and a few sample data for such
a database. The database is organized as five files, each of which
stores data records of the same type.3 The STUDENT file stores data
on each student, the COURSE file stores data on each course, the
SECTION file stores data on each section of a course, the
GRADE_REPORT file stores the grades that students receive in the
37
various sections they have completed, and the PREREQUISITE file system features. Generally, databases can be categorized on the basis
stores the prerequisites of each course. of a number of users, location, form of data saved in it, etc.
Generally, all of the databases fall in one of these types
5.2.1 Hierarchical Databases (DBMS)
In the Hierarchical Database Model, we have to learn about the
databases. It is very fast and simple. In a hierarchical database,
records contain information about these groups of parent/child
relationships, just like as a tree structure. The structure implies that a
record can have also repeating information. In this structure Data
follows a series of records; It is a set of field values attached to it. It
collects all records together as a record type. These record types are
the equivalent of tables in the relational model, and with the
individual records being the equivalent of rows. To create links
between these record types, the hierarchical model uses these type
relationships.

Figure 34: A Simple Database for a College

5.2 Types of Database
A database is basically a repository of data which is devised in
order to support efficient data storage. In addition to data storage, a
database also assists in retrieval and maintenance of data stored in it. Figure 35: Hierarchical Database
There are many different types of databases. 5.2.2 Distributed Database
A database holds data and assists in making it reachable through It consists of a set of databases which are located on different
various ways. A database is known for its regular and systematically computers, but all these databases work as one database logically.
defined structure. Some important characteristics of databases are – Therefore, the data can be accessed and modified simultaneously
Concurrent use – Many users can access the database concurrently with the help of a network. It is controlled by a local DBMS. It is
Structured and described data – In addition to data, it also consists important to maintain consistency while dealing with this type of
of complete definition and description of data Separation of Data and arrangement.
Applications – Due to this feature it is not required for application
software to known about the physical data storage. Data Integrity –
Data remains protected from the unauthorized access and changes
Transactions – It refers to the features which maintain the atomicity;
which means a consistent state. Data Persistence – It refers to the
durability of the data which must not be dependent on any of the
38 39
 connect to the data in different files by using common data numbers
or a key field. Data in relational databases is stored in different
access control tables, each having a key field that mainly identifies
each row.
In the relational databases are more reliable than either the
hierarchical or network database structures. In relational databases,
tables or files filled up with data are called relations (tuples)
designates a row or record, and columns are referred to as attributes
Figure 36: Distributed Database or fields.
5.2.3 Network Database Relational databases work on each table has a key field that
Network databases are mainly used on large digital computers. It uniquely indicates each row, and that these key fields can be used to
more connections can be made between different types of data, connect one table of data to another.
network databases are considered more efficient. In the relational database, we have to follow some properties
which are given below. Its values are atomic, each row is alone, and
column values are the same thing. The columns are undistinguished.
The sequence of rows is insignificant and each column has a
common name. Relational databases can be used with little or no
training. Its entries can be modified without specifying the entire
body.

Figure 37: Network Database

It contains limitations must be considered when we have to use
this kind of database. It is Similar to the hierarchical databases;
network databases. Network databases are similar to hierarchical Figure 38: Relational Database
databases by also having a hierarchical structure. A network 5.3 Basic Terminologies of Relational Database
database looks more like a cobweb or interconnected network of 1) Entity: An entity is a thing or object of importance about
records. which data must be captured. All things aren't entities—only those
In network databases, children are called members and parents about which information should be captured. Information about an
are called occupier. The difference between each child or member entity is captured in the form of attributes and/or relationships. If
can have more than one parent. something is a candidate for being an entity and it has no attributes
5.2.4 Relational Database or relationships, it isn't an entity. Database entities appear in a data
In relational databases, the relationship between data files is model as a box with a title. The title is the name of the entity. The
relational. Hierarchical and network databases require the user to entity must be written in capital letters and must be within a
pass a hierarchy in order to access needed data. These databases rectangle. e.g
40 41
 Student – has – many – Skills
EMPLOYEE STUDENT 3) Many-to-many: This is a complex relationship in which many
records in a table can link to many records in another table.
Students – Study – Many Courses
COURSE COLLEGE Teachers – have Taught – Different Courses
4) Unary Relationship: A unary relationship is when both
Figure 39: Entities participants in the relationship are the same entity. For example,
2) Attributes: An attribute describes information about an entity Subjects may be conditioned for other subjects.
that must be captured. Each entity has zero or more attributes that Person – manages – Person
describe it, and each attribute describes exactly one entity. Each Subject – prerequisites for Subject
entity instance has exactly one value—possibly NULL—for each of 5) Binary Relationship: A binary relationship is when two
its attributes. An attribute value can be a numeric, a character string, entities participate and is the most common relationship degree.
a date, a time or some other basic data value. By common entity Teacher – teaches – subject
naming conventions, an entity name must be singular because each Student – Taught – Course
entity names an instance. The attribute must be written in small 6) Tertiary Relationship: A ternary relationship is when three
letters and enclosed within a circle. e.g. entities participate in the relationship. For example, The College
might need to record which teachers taught which subjects in which
Emp_Salary Course-Code courses.
College – Teachers – Subject
Vehicle – Warehouse – Meson
5.4 Generalization & Specialization
Generalization, this term is often used while designing any
St_Name Roll_No relational Schema. If designing proceeds in a bottom-up manner then
it is featured as Generalization. If the entities, that are figured out to
create a schema shares some similar features, then they are
combined to form a higher-level entity.
Figure 40: Attributes In generalization, we say if some lower level entities have some
5.3 Relationship/Association characteristics in common than they are clubbed to form a new
A relationship is established between two database tables when higher level entity that will further combine with some entities to
one table has a foreign key that references the primary key of form a new higher level entity. In generalization, there can never be
another table. This is the basic concept behind the term relational a high-level entity without any lower level entity.
database. Generalization is always applied to a group of entities, and if
1) One-to-one: This type of relationship allows only one record overviewed it seems to reduce the size of a schema.
on each side of the relationship. Specialization is a designing procedure that proceeds in a top-
Country – has – one – capital down manner. Specialization is just opposite to Generalization. In
Person-married-to-Person specialization, we split an entity to form multiple lower level
2) One-to-many: A one-to-many relationship allows a single entities. These newly formed lower level entities inherit some
record in one table to be related to multiple records in another table. features of the higher level entities. It may happen that a higher level
Teacher – Teaches – many – Subjects entity may not split further and hence, it may not have any lower
42 43
level entity. Specialization is always applied to a single entity, and if
overviewed, it increases the size of a schema.
5.5 Difference between Generalization & Specialization
The following points best explain the main difference between the
aforesaid terms:
• The fundamental difference between generalization
and specialization is that a Generalization is a bottom-up
approach. However, specialization is a top-down approach.
• Generalization, all the entities that share some
common properties to form a new entity. On the other hands,
specialization spilled an entity to form multiple new entities
that inherit some properties of the spat entity.
• In generalization, a higher entity must have some
lower entities whereas, in specialization, a higher entity may
not have any lower entity present.
• Generalization helps in reducing the size of schema
whereas, specialization is just opposite it increases the
number of entities thereby increasing the size of a schema.
06
• Generalization is always applied to the group of
entities whereas; specialization is always applied to a single
entity. COMPUTER AND
• Generalization results in a formation of a single entity
whereas, Specialization results in the formation of multiple SOCIETY
new entities.

44
C
OMPUTER AND SOCIETY

6.1 Introduction
This question of computer and society can be
answered in many different ways. In light of this, let
me give you a number of ways in which computers
have changed our society.
Because computers have changed the way information is saved
and accessed. Now with a few clicks on a computer, people can
access almost any piece of information. The speed at which people
can access information has never been faster. We can say that the
computer has democratized almost all information.
6.2 Effects of Computers on Society
1) The topic of Computers and Society is a constantly
adapting concept. Computers are heavily entwined in almost
everything we do. Their use is not an unmixed blessing.
2) A theoretical study that inquiries into semantic,
logical, and epistemological issues in ethics. It investigates
the meaning of ethical terms, the nature of value judgments,
and the justification of ethical theories and judgments.
3) You can stay informed about the latest technology by
reading periodicals, visiting websites different websites,
subscribing to print and online newsletters and publications,
and reading technology columns in your local newspaper.
4) Being able to understand computers and related
systems. It is important because it can increase your career
options, and help you to use future technology more
effectively. Our world is changing.
5) One important way in which computer technology is
affecting work is by reducing the importance of distance. In
many industries, the geographic distribution of work is
changing significantly.
6) One of the most significant outcomes of the progress
of computer technology is probably electronic commerce
over the Internet, a new way of conducting business.
7) The rapid increase in computing and communications
power has raised considerable concern about privacy both in
the public and private sector.
45
 8) Many issues also surround free speech and regulation time. As a result, any individuals or institutions get success
of content on the Internet, and there continue to call for very fast.
mechanisms to control objectionable content. However, it is 3. The person working at the managerial level becomes
very difficult to found a sensible solution. Dealing with less dependent on low-level staff like clerks and accountants.
indecent material involves understanding not only the views Their accessibility to the information increases tremendously.
on such topics but also their evolution over time. This improves their working patterns and efficiency, which
9) The Social Impact of Computers should be read as a benefit the organization and ultimately affects the society
guide to the social implications of current and future positively.
applications of computers. Among the basic themes 4. In common life also, an individual gets benefited with
presented are the following: the changing nature of work in computer technology. When airports, hospitals, banks,
response to technological innovation as well as the threat to departmental stores have been computerized, people get
jobs; personal freedom in the machine age as manifested by quick service due to the computer system.
challenges to privacy, dignity, and work; the relationship 5. Computers have created new fields of employment.
between advances in computer and communications These employments are in the field of designing,
technology and the possibility of increased centralization of manufacturing, teaching, etc.
authority; and the emergence and influence of artificial 6.2.2 Negative Impact
intelligence and its role in decision-making, especially in 1. Due to many reasons, if the data stored in the
military applications. computer is lost, the person responsible for handling the
10) The computer has affected every field of life. People computer will have to tolerate a lot.
use a computer for performing a different task. Computer 2. People do not use their mind for common arithmetic,
completes the many tasks easily and quickly. Many which gradually results in loss of their numerical ability.
companies use the computer to keep the record and maintain 3. Today, any person who does not have the knowledge
the data. Banks use a computer for maintaining accounts and of computer is considered the second class citizens.
manage the financial transactions. Bank provides facility 4. People have a fear that growing children may lose
online transaction. We transfer cash from one country to their common sense abilities like numerical ability due to
another any place. Bank provides the credit card and debit total dependence on computers.
card we use for online shopping. The Computer used for 5. Due to the computerization workload for the
paying different bills like electricity, telephone and many employees reduces many times. As a result, many
more. Computers are also used to manage their home budget. organizations may require removing some of its employees.
The following are also included in the topic of the social impact It produces the dissatisfaction and lack of security among the
of computer in our society: employees. Due to this, employees do not corporate the
6.2.1 Positive Impact organization. As a result, the output can be disastrous.
1. Any professional individual like doctors, engineers, 6. As a result of the introduction of new technology in
businessmen etc. undergo a change in their style or working an organization, the organization may need to spend a
pattern after they get the knowledge of computer. tremendous amount on the training of its employees.
2. An individual becomes more competent to make 6.2.3 Impact on Human Life
decisions due to the computer because all the information When computers were first invented it had a big effect on
required to take the decision is provided by the computer on people's lives all around the world. "Stop and imagine life without
computers". Today living without a computer is almost impossible
46 47
for most people in the world since they depend on it for their are many computers uses in different fields of work. Engineers, architects,
everyday programs. People all around the world use the computer to jewelers, and filmmakers all use computers to design things. Teachers,
connect with people thousands of miles away and computers have writers, and most office workers use computers for research, word
made the lives of today's growing society a lot easier. The amount of processing and emailing. Small businesses can use computers as a point of
sale and for general record keeping.
computer users has doubled in the past decade with more people
trying to get their hands on a computer to make things easier for 1) Computer in Education
them. With a click of a button and in a matter of seconds you can Nowadays, mostly all schools, colleges, and universities are
transfer information from one place to the other side of the world giving more emphasis to computer education including it in their
right from the comfort of your room. Computers are the most curriculum. In these institutions in addition to giving solely
modern and most important machines in the 20th century. computer education, computers have become essential for teaching
1. Although computers have influenced people in a good other subjects as well. Classrooms and libraries are efficiently
way there is a bad side to it too. Computers have a negative utilizing computers to make the education much more interesting.
effect on the environment, society, and people. First of all, Unlike recorded television shows, computer-aided education and
computers contain hazardous elements like lead and mercury computer based training packages are making learning much more
which is very toxic and can damage the environment. When interactive.
computers are not disposed properly or if not recycled then it Computers have its dominant use in the education field which can
can ruin the environment with its harmful chemicals. significantly enhance performance in learning. Even distance
Computers consume a lot of energy which can pollute the learning is made productive and effective through internet and
environment (atmosphere). video-based classes. Researchers have massive usage of these
2. Not only computers have a negative impact on the computers in their work from the starting to till the end of their
environment it also has a negative impact on humans too (as scholarly work.
well). The computer can damage the human brain due to 2) Computers in our Health and Medicine
using the computer continuously and it can cause pain in the Most of the medical information can now be digitized from the
body like the hands, back legs etc. if not used properly and prescription to reports. Computation in the field of medicine allows
due to repetitive motion, computers make the society very us to offer varied miraculous therapies to the patients. ECG’s,
inactive since people get addicted to it and using it too much radiotherapy wasn’t possible without computers.
leads them to miss out on their daily activities such as 3) Aid of Computers at Financial Institutions
exercise. We know well that computers are being used by the financial
6.3 Uses of Computer institutions like banks for different purposes. The foremost important
Use of computer on regular basis in our life is very important. thing is to store information about different account holders in a
Technically in daily life computer is used to convert raw facts and database to be available at any time. Keeping the records of the cash
data into meaningful information and knowledge. Computer science flow, giving the information regarding your account,
is explored and challenged by humans daily. The computer is an 4) Computers for our Pass time
electronic magical device for our life. Computers are now the major entertainers and the primary pass
Computers have become an essential part of modern human life. Since time machines. We can use computers for playing games, watching
the invention of the computer, they have evolved in terms of increased movies, listening to music, drawing pictures.
computing power and decreased size. Owing to the widespread use of 5) Computers are a part of our Transport System
computers in every sphere, Life in today's world would be unimaginable With internet on computers we can know the details of the buses
without computers. They have made human lives better and happier. There or trains or the flight available to our desired destination. The
48 49
timings and even the updates on the delay can also be known fully see the impact on anyone environment without first using the
through these computers. We can book our tickets through online. technology
Staff of the transport system will keep a track of the passengers, Computer science has been around for the last 50 years and is
trains or flight details, departure and arrival timings by using playing a larger role in our lives and attracting more attention with
computers. each passing year. Technologies will continue to expedite
6) Inevitable use of Computers in Business and Corporate productivity and facilitate research towards a greater goal. However
Stages with each new technology concerns become greater for safety and
Information shared can be recorded by using computer. Official the impact that those technologies will have on their respective
deals and the issues were made even through online. We use email environments. Computer science students often limit their scope of
system to exchange the information. It has wide uses in marketing, the computer science field to the contents of the courses offered at
stock exchanges and bank. Even the departmental stores can’t run universities or colleges. Many students simply do not see the big
effectively without computer. picture and the responsibilities involved in the field of computer
7) Wonders of Computer in E-Commerce science. Of course, the scenarios that one might enact during a new
Electronic mail is the revolutionary service offered by the technology’s emergence are almost limitless, with both intended and
computer. Video Conferencing is also another major advantage. unintended results. Examples of this are not hard to find; we simply
Electronic shopping through online shopping added favor to need to look towards the Internet or classic unethical practices of
purchaser and merchants. Electronic banking is now at your hand businesses. I present here two examples of applied cyber-ethics that
where every bank has online support for transaction of monetary computer science students should consider. These certainly are not
issues. You can easily transfer your money anywhere even from the only applications a computer science student should consider; in
your home. fact, every application of cyber-ethics is important for proper
8) Computer at our Defense management of conduct and behavioral norms.
Computers are the main tools which help in developing missiles For example, computer scientists need be aware of are medical
and other equipment in the reference system. Designing and the applications of technology. The very lives of patients often depend
maintenance are possible only through computers. Computer builds on the technology diagnosing and treating their illness. In this
the links between the soldiers and commanders through the satellite. context ethics and morality are no longer dealing with components
Construction of weapons and controlling their function is not and circuitry; rather, they are dealing with a human life.
possible without the aid of computers. The list of the criminals and
the records of the cops are maintained regularly in the system.
9) Computer is today’s Designer
As per the title, computers aid in designing buildings, magazines,
prints, newspapers, books and many others. The construction layouts
are designed beautifully on system using different tools and
software’s.
6.4 Legal, Ethical and Moral Aspects of Computer
The studies of moral, legal, and social issues involving cyber-
technology….the impact of cyber-technology on our social, legal,
and moral systems…evaluating social policies and laws that have
been framed in response to issues generated by its development and
use.” This means that as new technologies are developed we cannot
50 51
 07
WINDOWS 8
TUTORIALS
W
INDOWS 8 TUTORIALS If you mouse over the lower left of this window you will see a
downward pointing arrow. Click on this arrow to see all of the
programs installed on your computer.
7.1 Introduction
This part will enhance the practical
skill of the readers. This work is
chosen for beginners and mandatory
for everyone living in this
technological world.
Most basic computer users only need to know a few things about
their operating system. In this chapter, we will cover the basics of
Windows 8. We will begin with the Start Menu. Then move on to
Desktop and Personalization Settings - including the screen saver,
display options, and mouse.
If you have used other versions of Windows in the past there is a
Figure 42: Screenshot of start menu Windows 8
huge change with Windows 8. The start menu is now a full screen,
To access the entire programs scroll to the right using either the
and settings are different as well. It is a whole new look and feel to
scroll bar at the bottom or simply place your mouse to the right of
navigating this operating system.
the screen and the window will move to the right. Many of the new
Let's begin with your start menu and desktop.
Windows 8 computers have touches screen capabilities. If your
7.2 Windows 8 Start Menu
machine has a touchscreen, you can slide your finger across the
The Windows 8 start menu is where you will find and access all
screen to move it as well.
of your programs. Windows 8 default Start Menu will look like this.
The search bar in the upper right corner can be useful until you
This looks a lot different than Microsoft's original start menu design.
get used to where all of the programs are located. Type the name of
These programs shown here are the most frequently used programs
the program in the search bar as you type programs that match the
and can be modified to suit your needs. We will go over how to
text will appear in the start window.
modify this in the pinning tutorial.
7.3 Windows 8 Desktop
A computer desktop allows you to arrange the icons on the
electronic desktop just as you arrange real objects on a real desktop
by moving them around, putting one on top of another, reshuffling
them, and throwing them away.
Many users put files and shortcuts to programs on their desktop
so they can find them easily. I would like to show you some fun
features of the Windows 8 Desktop. Start by right-clicking anywhere
on the desktop you can to access the features menu.
Put your mouse over View.
Figure 41: Screenshot of Microsoft's original start
menu design

52 53
 the features menu, then click on Personalize and a window will come
up that looks like the image below.

Figure 43: Screenshot for Windows 8 Desktop

This will bring up another menu you can use to change the size of
your icons by selecting, Large Icons, Medium Icons, or Icons. You
can also automatically arrange your icons with Auto Arrange, or
hide all icons on your desktop by clicking Show Desktop Icons to Figure 45: Screenshot Right-Click of Mouse on Desktop for
uncheck it. Different Options

Figure 44: Screenshot Right-Click of Mouse on Desktop for

Different Options
1) Sort: Right-click again anywhere on your desktop and put
your mouse over Sort By to make a submenu will appear. When you Figure 46: Screenshot of Personalize Window
click on Name it will sort all icons on your desktop alphabetically.
This is a useful tool when you start getting several icons on your
desktop.
2) Personalize: The Personalization Window is where you can
change the look and feel of your desktop. Click on the Desktop
Background link. Right, click anywhere on the desktop to bring up

54 55
 • The tile will take the same picture and display it
multiple times on the screen just like the example.
• If your images are the lower quality center is a good
option because it will center the picture on the screen and fill
in the background with a color you select. This will not
distort your image.
4) Picture Location: You can click the drop-down arrow next to
Picture Location and choose Windows Wallpapers then scroll
through the default items in the section below. Click on a picture you
think you might like and it will let you preview it on your desktop.
Figure 47: Screenshot of Different Desktop Pictures I have found that many parents, grandparents, and pet owners like
When the desktop background window comes up, use the scroll to have pictures of their loved ones on their desktop.
bar on the right to scroll through the default pictures. Choose the To insert a series of your own pictures click on Browse button
picture you would like to have displayed on your desktop by clicking next to Picture Location. A Window will open for you to find a
on it with your left mouse button. Any picture with a check mark folder.
will rotate through. The pictures will change based on the selected
time in the drop-down menu Change picture every:
3) Picture Position: In this selection, you will have options on
how the pictures you select will display on your desktop.

Figure 48: Screenshot of Picture Position

• Fill will have the image fill the entire screen.
• The fit will modify the image possibly adding a black Figure 49: Screenshot for Browsing Picture of your own
background to the image to make it fill the screen if the choice from Computer
picture isn't large enough. Click on the folder and click OK. The pictures in the selected
• Stretch will enlarge the image to fit the screen. You folder will appear in the preview section below Picture Location.
need to be careful of this one. If the picture is not a high- Place a checkmark next to the pictures you would like to scroll
quality image it may turn out blurry. through on your desktop. Select the amount of time you would like
each image to display and click Save Changes.
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 7.4 Windows 8 Screen Saver, Color, and Mouse Pointers
Options
Personalization settings are a way to make your computer look
and feel more like your own. You can customize the look, feel and
actions of your computer to meet your needs and personality.
7.4.1 Screen Saver
1) Screen Saver: A screensaver is a program which displays
either a completely black image or a constantly changing image on a
computer monitor to prevent a stationary image from "burning" into
the phosphor of the screen.

Figure 51: Screenshot of 3D Text Setting

Some will put a company name or an inspirational message. Type
the text you would like to display in the Custom text field. You can
change the resolution and size of the text by sliding the bar back and
forth. To do this, click on the bar hold the mouse button down and
move the mouse right or left to the setting you would like.
3) Font Setting: Click on Choose Font to personalize the font
style. Scroll through the selections and click on your choice. You
can preview what your text will look like in the Sample section as
you click on the options. Once you have made your choice click OK
to return to the 3D Test Settings window.

Figure 50: Screenshot of Screen Saver

Screensavers usually start automatically after the computer has
had no user input for a preset time.
If you have exited out of the Personalization settings window go
to your desktop, right click and select Personalize. Click the Screen
Saver Link in the Personalization window.
You can see the many options for screensavers by clicking the
drop-down menu in the screensaver section. By default, it will be set
to blank. This will just show a black screen when no input is
received.
2) 3D Text Setting: The first selection is 3D Text. Click on this
selection then click the settings button. This will open 3D Test
Settings window. In this window, you can customize the text that Figure 52: Screenshot of Font Window
you would like to scroll across your screen when it has been left idle.
58 59
 4) Rotation of Text: Motion in the Rotation window will give 8) Timing Option for Screen Saver: The timing before your
you several options on how the text will move on your screen. Use screen saver comes on can change where it says Wait under the
the drop-down arrow in the Motion section to make your selection. screen saver drop down menu. You can change this by clicking on
To change the speed of the motion of the text slide the Rotation the up and down arrows with your left mouse button. You don't want
speed bar. the time to be too long because that defeats the purpose of the screen
5) Surface Style: Surface Style is where you can change the color saver. Set the Wait time between 1 and 15 minutes.
of the text or choose a texture or reflection. When you have made 9) Color & Appearance: Click OK when you are finished
your selection it will darken the checkbox selections for you to making your changes and you will return to the Personalization
customize it. Anything unselected will be left gray and unavailable window.
for modification.
When you are finished editing, your text click OK to return to the
Screen Saver Settings window.
6) Mystify and Ribbons: The Bubbles selection on the Screen
Saver selections will just float bubbles over whatever screen you
have open. Mystify and Ribbons will change the screen to color
patterns that fill your screen.
7) Photos on Screen Saver Option: Just like the Desktop, many
people like to have a slideshow of photos for their screen saver.
Figure 54: Screenshot of the color and Appearance Window
7.4.2 Mouse Pointers
1) Cursor: Once you are back to the Personalization window
click on Change Mouse Pointers. The Mouse Pointers link is a great
tool if you have trouble seeing the cursor or are.

Figure 53: Screenshot of Picture Settings

To choose this selection click Photos from the drop-down menu
then click the settings button.
In the Photos Screen Saver Settings window click Browse. Select
the folder you would like to pull the pictures from. Choose the speed
and I prefer to shuffle my pictures so check the box next to Shuffle
pictures and click Save to return to the Screen Saver Settings
window. Once you have made your selection click on it and click the Figure 55: Screenshot of Mouse Properties Window
Preview button. Your screen saver will appear on your screen until Left handed. In the Scheme section click the drop-down arrow
you move your mouse or press a button on your keyboard. and you can choose a style for your cursor
60 61
 If you have trouble seeing, select one that has extra-large in
parentheses. In the customize section you can change each individual Figure 57: Screenshot of Mouse Double Click Speed
cursor by clicking on it and clicking browse. Now click the Buttons If you have trouble holding the mouse button down due to carpal
tunnel or arthritis the Click Lock section will help you.
Click lock allows you to highlight or drag objects without having
to hold the mouse button down. If you would like to use this option
check the box then click settings.
Choose how long you need to hold the mouse button down before
locking the cursor in place so you can highlight. When you have
made your selection, click OK to return to the Mouse Properties
Button Tab.
4) Click Lock. Motion & Pointer Tab: To use the Click Lock
function place your cursor or pointer over the object and hold the
mouse button down just a little longer than a regular click. This will
lock the pointer in that location and the pointer will move with the
motion of your mouse without having to hold the mouse button
Figure 56: Screenshot of Mouse Properties Window down.
Tab in the Mouse Properties Window. If you made any changes click Apply then Click the Pointer
If you are left-handed, you can click the left-handed radio button Options Tab. If no changes were made simply click the Pointer Tab.
in the Button Configuration section of the Button Tab.
2) Left-Right Mouse Buttons: This will reverse the function of
the left and right buttons on your mouse so you can put your mouse
on the left side of your computer.
3) Double Click Speed: If you have trouble with double clicking
play with the slider in the Double Click Speed section of the Button
Tab. Move the slider either faster or slower and then try double-
clicking on the folder to the right of the slider until you feel
comfortable with the speed.

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 Figure 58: Screenshot of Mouse Properties Window 1) User Account: We will cover the topics of User Accounts and
The first section is Motion. If you find that the mouse pointer Family Safety, Appearance and Personalization, and Printers and
moves to fast and you have trouble getting it to stop where you want Keyboard. You can click on any of these topics to jump ahead.
to drag the slider toward slow to slow the mouse down. Play with the Accessing the control panel in Windows 8 is a little different than
slider for a minute to see how it affects your mouse pointer. previous versions of the window. If you have a touch screen slide
In the last section of the Pointer Options tab, Visibility you will your finger to the left across your screen to access the navigation
see checkboxes, the first checkbox puts a tail on your mouse pointer panel on the right-hand side. If you have a mouse place your mouse
that will trail behind the pointer as you move it across the screen. cursor in the upper or lower right-hand corner of the screen and you
The next checkbox will hide the mouse pointer when you are typing. will get the navigation panel.
Some people like this and some don't. If your pointer gets in the way Once this panel comes up click on Settings, then select the control
of you reading while you are typing check this box. If not I would panel.
leave it unchecked. The other way to open the control panel is to go to your start
The last button is useful if you are a person that has trouble menu and in the upper right-hand corner click on the search button
finding the mouse pointer. When this button is checked you can and type the word control panel.
press the CTRL key on your keyboard and a bull's eye will appear
around your pointer to make it easier to find.
Click the OK button to return to the Personalization Window.
Click the Red X in the upper right corner to close Personalization
and complete this tutorial. That concludes this tutorial on
personalizing your computer. Thank you for reading.
7.5 Control Panel Setting
We have covered only few of the basic features, in the Windows
8 Control Panel everything is controlled and full of tools to change
the way Windows looks and behaves. This is where you will go if
you need to make any modifications to user accounts, hardware or
programs installed on your computer.

Figure 60: Screenshot of Control Panel View

Figure 59: Screenshot of the path how to open control panel

in Windows 8
64 65
 We will start by having a little fun with the picture that appears
by our name when we log on. Click on Make changes to my account
in PC settings. This will open Accounts. Click on browse to select a
picture on your computer that will show up when you log on. If you
have a webcam you can take a picture of yourself to use as your
profile picture.

Figure 61: Screenshot of User Privacy Protection Window

Once you have your control panel open we are going to start with
User Accounts
User Accounts & Family Safety is a place where you can add or
delete users, change a password or password protect your user
account, Change the picture by your name when you log on or
change the way you log on and off or set parental controls.
User Accounts is a beneficial tool because it allows each user of
the computer to have their own look and feel for the Windows Figure 63: Browsing Any Picture
Desktop, customize their own favorites on the web and have their In this window you can change the picture that appears next to
own My Documents Folder. This is also great for Parents to monitor your name in the Start Menu and when you log on. Browse through
their children's computer usage. the pictures and pick your favorite one then click on it. If you have a
All of the link options in the control panel are alphabetized. Click favorite picture that does not appear in the list of default pictures
on the User Account and Family Safety link and we will get started. click on the Browse for more pictures link and a window will open
When the user Account Window opens you will see the options. for you to choose one of your personal pictures.
Now click on User Accounts. This will open the User Accounts If you made any changes click on the Change Picture button. If no
window. changes were made click on cancel and it will take you to the user
account window.
2) Password: Now we will go through one by one to learn more
about making changes to a user account. You do not have to make
any changes to your computer but I would like you to get a feel for
all of the windows in case you need to make changes in the future.
Click on Change your password If your account is currently
password protected and you would like to change the password you
would enter the information in each text box and the Change
Password button at the bottom.

Figure 62: Screenshot for how to create user Password

66 67
 Figure 65: Changing Account Type from Administrator to
User or Vice-Versa
3) Create New Account: As the administrator, you can access all
programs and files and install programs on the computer. If you are
set up as a Standard User you might not be able to install certain
programs.
You will still be able to change your own password, picture and
Figure 64: Changing and removing Password desktop settings.
Click Cancel if you have not made any changes and you will You cannot change an account to a Standard user if they are set
return to the Make changes to your user account window. Click on up as an administrator and there is only one administrator account.
the You would need to create another administrator account before
Remove your password link. If your computer is currently changing an administrator to a Standard user.
password protected you can type your current password into the text If you made any changes click the cancel button to return to the
box and click the user accounts window.
Remove Password button and you will no longer need a password To switch to another account on the computer and make the same
to log into your computer. changes or create a new account you would click the Manage
Click Cancel if you did not make any changes to return to the Another Account link.
Make changes to your user account window. Click on the Change Click on the Create new account link. Enter the User's name and
your account name link select what type of user you would like them to then click Create
If you have a grandchild or child that no longer uses your New Account.
computer or you purchased a used computer from someone you can If you did not create a new account click cancel to return to the
put your name here or type the name of someone else that would use Manage Accounts Window.
that account.
If you did not make any Changes click cancel to return to the
User Accounts Window. Next click on the Change your account type
link.

Figure 66: Screenshot of Create New Account

68 69
 4) Parental Control: Parental Controls helps you to manage
other user’s computer usage, set limits on access to the web, the
hours they can log on to the computer, and which games they can
play. Click on the setup Parental controls link at the bottom of the
window.

Figure 68: Screenshot of User Control Window

Click OK to save the changes or cancel to discard and return to
the parental control window.
Under Windows Settings click Games. Click the Set game rating
link.

Figure 67: Screenshot of How many Accounts in your

Windows 8
When the Parental Control Window Opens Click on a user that is
not an administrator.
In the Parental Control, Setup Window clicks On, enforce current
settings under Parental Controls.
This will allow changes to be made to the three options under
Window Settings.
The links that are currently off in the sample will take you to the Figure 69: Screenshot of User Control Window
same location at the Windows Setting links. They are just to let you 5) Block & Allow Options: If the user is allowed to play games
know what controls have been set. but you want to control the rating click Set games ratings under
Click on Time limits. In the time limit window, click on blocks of Block (or allow) games by rating or content.
time in the grid to block the selected user from logging onto the
computer during the set times.

70 71
 Click OK if you made any changes or Cancel to return to the
Parental Control Game settings and OK again to return to the main
Parental Control window.

Figure 70: Screenshot of Blocking and Allowing a Specific

User
The first selection you can make is to allow or block games that
do not have a rating. Click either Allow games with no rating or
Block games with no rating. Then read each rating under Which
ratings are ok for (username) to play? Then choose the types of
games the user will be allowed to play. The selection you choose and
everything above it will be allowed. If the Rating is below what you Figure 72: Screenshot of User Control over Programs
selected that game will be blocked from play. 6) Allow and Block: The last option is “allowed and block”
specific programs. Click on Block or Allow specific programs link.
When the Block or allow specific programs window opens click on
(username) can only use the programs I allow button. It will take a
minute for all the programs to load in the box below.
When the program list is populated scroll through the list with the
down arrow on the right of the box and check the box next to each
program the user will be allowed to use. After you have finished
checking the programs click OK to return to Parental Controls or if
no changes were made click Cancel.

Figure 71: Screenshot of Rating Window for Games

Use the scroll bar to move down the window to see more options
to block games containing certain content. Scroll down through the
list and place a check mark on any content you would like to block.
Any game containing a marked content will be blocked regardless
of the rating.

72 73
 Figure 74: Screenshot of Showing all the devices installed in
your Computer
The Printers Window will tell you the name of your printer.
When you place your mouse over a printer if there is any number
Figure 73: Screenshot of Personalization window other than 0 in the documents column or under the printer name
7.6 Appearance & Personalization Options there are print jobs that are either in the process of being printed or
Now reopen the control panel. Click on the Personalization link. are stuck in the print queue.
When you are finished exploring the Personalization window, click Double click on one of your printers to view the window with the
the back arrow in the upper left corner to return to the control panel. list of print jobs and options to change print settings.
7.7 View Devices & Printers
Click on the devices and printers link in the main control panel
window. Printers have never been one of my favorite topics. There
are so many different brands and types of printers, and they all
install and work differently.
The best advice I can give you is to follow the instructions that
came with your printer for easy installation.

1) Printers: The Printers Window will open. This window gives

you all the information you need to know about the printers and
devices you currently have installed on your computer. This window
will provide a list of each device or printer. To get more information
on any item in the list double click to open the properties window for
that item. Figure 75: Screenshot of Printer Properties
If you are having printer trouble this is the window you need to
be in to see what is going on. Most of the time you have a print job
74 75
stuck in the queue and it needs to be deleted before you can print The settings in Character repeat are Repeat delay and Repeat rate.
another document or re-print the current document. If you are typing and when you press a key the character types more
To delete a document out of the print queue click on to see what than once.
is printing then click the print job to select it and press the delete key Repeat delay is how long you need to hold a key down before it
on your keyboard. Sometimes you are able to restart the print job to will type more than once. Repeat rate is the speed that the character
make it work. To restart a print job you select the print job you want will repeat if you hold the key down too long.
and click the document in the top toolbar. Then click Restart. 3) Keyboard Properties: Play with the sliders on both options
Click the x in the upper right corner to return to the Printers and click in the test text box and hold down a key on the keyboard to
window. see how the changes affect the keyboard.
The third option is how fast your cursor will blink when you are
2) Add Printer: The last topic on printers I want to cover is Add typing. You can play with the slider if you wish but the default
a printer. Click on the add a printer link in the top toolbar. usually works fine.
This will open the Add Printer wizard. You can follow this When you are finished, click the OK button to return to the main
wizard to install a printer. I am not going to go into detail here control panel window.
because every printer is different. If you have specific questions you
can email me and I will send you an individual tutorial specified
toward the precise brand of printer you are installing.
Click the Cancel button to go back to the Printers window. Then
click the upper left back arrow to return to the printer window.
Once you are back to the Control panel click on the Keyboard
icon link.

Figure 77: Screenshot of Keyboard Properties

Figure 76: Screenshot of Add Printer Window

76 77
 08
MICROSOFT WORD 2010
TUTORIALS
M
ICROSOFT WORD 2010 with the thumbnail images and a larger view to the right. When you
have selected the template you would like to use click the create
TUTORIALS button on the right image. This will open the template in a new Word
document.
Below the Available Templates is a list of MS – Office 2010
templates, you can download from office.com Templates whenever
8.1 Introduction
connected to the internet. These are also great time savers. It just
Most seniors and beginner computer
takes a few extra clicks to download the document online from the
users will use Word for typing a letter
Internet.
to a family member or friend, typing up
a recipe or writing articles, research documents, and thesis etc.
When you open Word 2010 it starts you with a new document.
All of your basic commands that you will use on most documents are
located at the top of the screen by clicking on the

Figure 79: New Option View in the File Menu of MS – Word

Figure 78: MS – Word Editor Now click Cancel. To exit the templates or select one and click
8.2 File Menu create.
1) New Option: Click File in the upper left corner on the Save As: The Save As will open the save as window. In this
Microsoft Word 2010. Even though you already have a new window, the top bar tells you the file location. Use either the top bar
document open, click on the New option. The New Document or the left navigation pane to browse to the folder you would like to
window will open and give you template options to choose from, save your document.
Click on Sample Templates. This will give you a list of templates Usually, the file location defaults to My Documents. Click the
you can uses that are already installed on your computer and you do Save as type drop-down menu. This will give you a list of file types
not have to download from the internet. These can be time savers if you can save your document.
you are in a hurry to create a professional looking document. When
the Sample template windows open, you can see a small preview

78 79
 3) Open: Now that the document is saved let's close and reopen 4) Save: The save option in the File menu will save your file after
the document, Click on the File menu in the upper left corner and at it has already been given a file name. This options works without
the very bottom click Exit. There are 3 ways to reopen a document. bringing up a window for you to title your document.
a. Double click on the My Documents folder from your desktop 5) Close: The close feature will close just the document you are
and then double click on the file you saved. This will automatically working on. This is different than exit.
open Word 2010 and your saved document. 6) Exit: Exit will close all Word 2010 documents. Close just
close one.
7) Print: The print option in the file menu will open the print
options to the right of the link. In this window, you can set all of
your print options. At the top is the number of copies. You can either
highlight or type the number of copies you would like or use the up
and down arrows to change it.

Figure 80: Save As Option and Browse to a Specific Location

b. Open Word 2010 and click on the File menu. The drop-down
menu will appear and you can either click on the Open Icon and it
will take you to your My Document folder where you can double-
click the file you saved and open it or
c. Click Recent option which will give you a list of documents
you have saved. Click on the document from the list and it will be
opened.
Figure 82: Print Option of MS – Word
Below the copies is the printer selection. If you have more than
one printer set up on your computer use the drop-down arrow to
select the printer. You can also print to a PDF file or OneNote using
this selection tool.
By default print, all pages are selected. Click the down arrow to
see options for selecting only the pages you want to print. If you
highlight text in your document the Print Selection option will be
available. This will only print the highlighted text. Print Current
Figure 81: The Recent Option of MS – Word page will print the page your cursor is on.

80 81
 Using the Custom print range you can type a range of pages for c. The last option is Create PDF/XPS Document. This will create
example 3-8, and it will only print the pages in that range. You can a read-only file for you to share with anyone you would not like to
also just type one page number, or place commas between each page make changes to the document.
number. The print markup will print the notes and changes you have
tracked in your document.

Figure 84: Save & Send Option of MS – Word

Figure 83: Another View of the Print Option of MS – Word

8) Save & Send: The Save and Send option gives you a list of
ways you can change the format you are saving your document.
Sending an email lets you change the format to a PDF file, XPS file,
Fax, email as an attachment, or create an online document with an
email link.
To save your document to the web you need to have windows live
account. With this account, you can save it to your online
documents.
a. Share Point is a server that allows you to share files. This will
most likely have to be set up by an administrator for you to use it.
b. Publish as Blog Post will require you to register a blog account. Figure 85: Share Point Option of MS – Word
There are several blogging services you can pick from. You will be 9) Help: Help will show you all of the avenues of help provided
prompted to register if you have not already done so. by Microsoft. The default will give you an information page
To change the file type click the change File type option will give showing you what version of Office you are using and the updates
you a list of different Word formats to choose from. that have been installed.
82 83
 10) Options: Option is an advanced area of Microsoft Word
2010. This allows you to configure how Word 2010 works. Click the
options link to open the Word Options window.
a. General: The General window is where you can pick basic
toolbar options, color schemes, and your username.
b. Display: Display is used to modify how the document is
displayed on the screen before printing.
c. Proofing: Proofing gives you options to change the way the
proofreading features work and check your document as you are
creating it.
d. Save: Save will let you customize how your documents are
saved. You can set a time for the automatic save, the format of the
save, and location. Figure 87: The Customized Ribbon View of Word Option
g. Customize Ribbon: Customize ribbon is the next
navigation option. This brings up two columns for you to add
or remove buttons from the ribbon tabs at the top of your
working screen. The list on the left is all of the options
available to place in the ribbon tabs. The list on the right is a
list of what is currently in the ribbon tabs. To add another
option click on the item you would like to add from the left
column then the Add button will no longer be grayed out.
Click the add button and the item will be moved to the ribbon
tab.
The checkboxes can be added or removed in the right
Figure 86: The Word Option View column. This will add or delete items from the ribbon tab.
e. Language: Language will let you change the default language You can create new groups of buttons by clicking the New
installed, install new languages or add multiple languages. group button below the right-hand column then add
f. Advanced: Advanced has a list of checkbox options for you to additional buttons to the custom group.
choose from. These options include editing options, cut, copy, paste, To rearrange the order of the tabs click on a tab name then
image size, document content, and display options. use the up and down arrows on the side to move the order of
the tabs. Click the OK button to save any changes or Cancel
to discard them.
h. Quick Access Toolbar: The quick access toolbar option
from the Word Option navigation pane works the same as the
Customize ribbon option. You will see two lists the left being
for all of the options available to place in the quick access
toolbar and the right for the options that are currently placed
in the toolbar.
84 85
 8.3 Font Section
The Word 2010 Font section in the Home tab gives you
features to change the font face, size, color, and style.

Figure 91: This Clear Formatting Button

These 6 buttons are very useful and you will use them
often.

Figure 92: Bold, Italic, Underline, Strikethrough,

Subscript and Superscript Buttons
Figure 88: Font View of MS – Word, Figure 89: Text Try these buttons on your Happy Birthday text just to see
Size & Figure 90: Different Font what happens and if you like any of them you can keep them.
1) Theme Fonts: Now click the drop-down arrow next to Or when you are finished you can always click the button
Time New Roman to change the text to a different style. again to undo it.
Scroll through the different fonts by clicking the down arrow 3) Bold: Starting with the bold button, it will make
in the bottom right corner. When you see a font you like click selected text bold. The keyboard command for this is hold
on it and your text will change. I choose Calibri Font. down the ctrl button and press B.
2) Font Size: Now we are going to change the size of our 4) Italic: The I button is italicize. Be careful with this one,
text. with some fonts the italicize button makes it hard to read.
Highlight your text and click the drop-down arrow next to The keyboard command for italicizing is hold down the ctrl
the number 12. Click on the font size 20. button and press I.
You can also click on the large A with the up arrow next 5) Underline: The underline button can be used in 2
to it and increase the font one size at a time. The smaller A ways. If you just click the button or press Ctrl U you will get
with the down arrow next to it will decrease the font one size a simple one line underline. Now click on the drop-down
at a time. This feature is useful if you are not sure how large arrow next to U. This will give you several options to choose
or small you want your text to be or you don't know how from to get a fancier line.
large you can make text and still fit in the area you want. 6) Strikethrough: The abc button with the line through
3) Formatting Button: Moving on to the next button, the the letters is used to strike through text. This can be very
button with the Aa and an eraser. This button will undo all of useful when you are editing a document and don't want to
the editing’s you have done on text and return it to the Times lose your original thought.
New Roman font and a font size of 12. 7) Subscript & Superscript: The X2 and X2 buttons are
subscript and superscript. These are used for fractions I use
these frequently when making recipe cards. The subscript

86 87
 and superscript will sometimes automatically change
numbers into fractions while you are typing.
8) Change Case Button: The last button is the change
case button. This button will let you change the case of your
text. Highlight your text and click the Aa^ button. You are
able to select Sentence case, lowercase, UPPERCASE,
Capitalize each word or tOGGLE cASE. Click on
UPPERCASE. I have found this tool very useful when I have
accidentally hit the caps lock key and didn't realize it until I
already had a sentence or two typed. Use this tool then you
don't have to retype.
Figure 94: Text Effect, Figure 95: Text Highlight
Colors & Figure 96: Font Colors
The font color button allows you to change the color of
your text. Select the Happy Birthday Text and click on the
Button. You will get a drop-down menu of colors with an
option at the bottom More colors. If you select More colors
Figure 93: Change Case Button you will get to create your own color using this window.
9) Text Effect, Text Highlight Color and Font Color To create your own click the custom tab then click in the
Buttons: Now we will finish up the Font section with the last color box close to the color you would like and then drag the
three buttons; text effects, highlight, and font color. When arrow next to the color line up or down to change the shade.
you click the text effects button you will get a drop-down Your new color will appear in the bottom right corner.
menu with a preview of the different styles for you to choose Once you have selected your color for your text click the
from. OK button to apply the changes and return to your document.
The outline will bring up a submenu with a list of colors 8.4 Paragraph Section
for you to select. Shadow, Reflection, and Glow will also give The best way to describe the Paragraph section is to say it
you a preview of the different styles to apply to text. formats the location, color, or view of your text or objects on
Highlight button you will get a selection of colors to choose the page.
from. Select your color and you will get a cursor that looks
like a highlighter marker. Click the left mouse button and drag
it over the text you would like to highlight. It works just like a
regular highlighter.

Figure 97: Paragraph Section of MS – Word

88 89
 1) List Buttons: The first three buttons are list buttons. -The same rules apply to the numbered list. Click the
The 1st button is a bulleted list. Click on the drop-down drop-down menu on the numbered list button to get your
menu to see your selections for your bullets. options. You can choose numbers with a dot or a bracket,
roman numerals, letters or define your own format.
-Change list level will be grayed out just like the bulleted
list until you create a list in your document. You can use this
option on the menu or the keyboard commands.
-When you click Define your own format, the above
window will appears and you can customize your own format
by using a predefined one.
-Just enter your customizations in each category, preview
it in the preview pane until you are satisfied and click OK.

Figure 98: List Buttons of MS – Word

These are just a few of your options. This list will change
as you create or use different styles. You can use the scroll
bar on the right side to scroll up and down for more options.
The list level in the indentations and change in bullet styles if
you create a multi-level list. If you click on the Define New
Bullet you have endless options to create your own look and
feel.
When you click on the Define New Bullet a window pops
up and you can create your own bullet by using the Symbol,
Picture or font buttons. The Alignment drop-down menu lets
you choose where on the page you would like your list to Figure 99: Define New Number Format and Bullets in
appear and the Preview section will let you know what your MS – Word
bullet will look like before you click OK and start your -The numbers will work the same way as the bullets, after
bulleted list. To create the bulleted list and return to your typing your text hit enter and the next number will appear.
document click OK or click Cancel to discard any changes. When your list is complete press enter twice and your
Once you select your bullet style it will automatically numbered list will end.
place a bullet in your document. Type your text after your 2) Multilevel List: The last list button is the multilevel
bullet and hit enter to create the next item on your list. list. This is great for outlines. You can create a multi-level
If you are finished with your list hit enter twice and the list by using the numbered or bulleted list options and the tab
bullets will be discontinued. To create the multi-level list, key but this button automatically sets up the multi-levels. It
press tab to indent and use the new bullet style. Hold down works the same as the bulleted and numbered lists with all of
shift and press tab again to bring the bullet back a level. the option and customizations but it has one difference; to get
90 91
 to the next level in the list press tab and your list item will tab further to the right. The Decrease Indent button will move the
over and change to the second level format. To discontinue tab back.
the list simply hit enter twice and you can continue your 4) Sort Button: The Sort button will alphabetize a list of
document without continuing the list. words or sort numbers for you. To use this features simply
select the text you would like to organize by clicking in front
of the text you want to highlight and dragging the mouse to
the end of the text then click the button. It will alphabetize
the list of words for you.

Figure 102: Sort Buttons in MS – Word

5) Formatting Symbol Button: The next button I use all
of the time to help me with my formatting. The button will
give you formatting symbols on your document. It allows
you to see if you have an extra space between words by the
dots or an extra line break by the paragraph symbol. I usually
keep mine on all of the time.

Figure 100: Outlines Options in MS – Word

3) Increase & Decrease Indent: The next two buttons are
Increase and Decrease an Indent at the beginning of a
paragraph. Notice the hourglass at the top left of your word
document in the ruler. Figure 103: Formatting Symbols in MS – Word
6) Justify Buttons: These 4 buttons you will use to justify
your text on the page. Either click the button before you start
typing or highlight text that has already been typed and click
the justification you want.

Figure 101: Increase & Decrease Indent Buttons in MS

– Word
Now click on the Increase Indent button. Each time you
finish a paragraph and press tab on your keyboard the tab Figure 104: Text to Left, Centre, Right of Page or
will move to the location of the hourglass. By clicking the Justifying by pressing these Buttons
Increase Indent button more than once the hourglass moves

92 93
 7) Paragraph Spacing Button: The Line and Paragraph The Line spacing option gives you have a drop-down
spacing button are used to change the spacing between lines menu where you can select from single, double, 1.5 lines, At
and paragraphs. Least, Exactly or Multiple. The At selection is where you can
input your custom numerical settings by typing the number
or using the up and down arrows.
The Preview section at the bottom will let you see what
the spacing will look like in your document.

Figure 105: Giving Space to the Text lines in your

Document
Either click on the drop-down menu and select your
options or highlight your text then click and select. Most
users will only need to select one of the default options listed.
These options are the line spacing without pressing return to
go to the next line. Figure 107: Line Spacing Buttons Different Options
If you are interested in other options besides the default 8) Line Spacing Options: Click on the line and page
line spacing, selections click on Line Spacing Options. This breaks the tab. Under Pagination, there are a few checkbox
will open the Paragraph window. In this window, you can do options. Window/Orphan control is the last line of a
the same things we have been using the buttons for. paragraph printed by itself at the top of a page. An orphan is
You can use the arrows to increase or decrease the spacing the first line of a paragraph printed by itself at the bottom of
before or after the text you have selected. a page. To keep paragraphs together on a page or in a column
check the Keep with next option. Keep the line of a
paragraph together on a page or in a column is the keep lines
together option.
To always force a page break before a paragraph select
page break before. The textbox options will let you wrap text
that surrounds the text box. You need to be clicked into the
text box for this option to be available. The tabs button will
open the tabs window. In this window, you can set multiple
tabs using numerical settings instead of the ruler. The default
tab stops are at .5" You can change this number by typing or
Figure 106: Line Spacing Options Window using the up and down arrows. Choose a setting for the

94 95
 alignment and the leader then click the set button. This will The Boarders Button works the same way as the
place the tab setting in the Tab stop position window. background fill but will place a border around the text. Click
Clear will be grayed out until you have a tab set. The the drop-down menu to see all of your options.
Clear button will clear the last tab you set. Clear all will clear 8.5 Styles Section
all set tabs. Click OK to return you to the paragraph window. The Style section is used to quickly format an entire
The Set Of Default button will keep all of the changes you document. A style is a set of formatting characteristics such
made as the default settings for your line and page breaks as font size, color, paragraph alignment, spacing, and
Click the OK button to return to your document and make the shading.
changes. Open one of your existing letters or document and select
the entire document

Figure 108: Line Spacing Options/Paragraph Spacing

9) Shading and Borders Buttons: The fill button and Figure 110: Borders Button in MS – Word
Borders button can be used on individual lines of text. If you .Scroll through the default styles with the up and down
would like to change the color of the background for an area arrows to the right. Click on one of the default styles and it
of text in your document click the buttons before you start will change your documents if you already have one typed or
typing and choose a color from the drop-down menu. When start typing and see how Word 2010 is automatically making
you are finished typing click the fill button again and the the changes to the style. If you don't like the looks of it
background will go back to the original color or highlight the simply make sure the entire documents is highlighted and
text you would like a different background and select a color click another style.
from the drop-down menu and the background of selected 1) Change Styles: The next button is Change Styles. This
text will change. button gives you the opportunity to customize the style you
choose. Click the down arrow to see the options. The first
selection is Style Set.

Figure 109: Shading and Borders Buttons

96 97
 2) Colors: The next selection in the Change Styles button
is Colors. Place your mouse over Colors. You will see a list
of preselected color combinations.
These color combinations are of different text colors
throughout your document. If you select the Create New
Theme Color at the bottom of the menu you will see a list of
Figure 111: Styles Section of MS – Word the different types of text you can change the colors.
A style set is the combination of formatting changes you
make to a document. Place your mouse over Style Set to see
a list of options.

Figure 112: More Options in Text Styles

8.6 Change Styles Section Figure 114: Colors Button in Change Styles Section
These options will change the style selections you can 3) Fonts: Click on the Fonts selection and see a list of
choose from. If you have made style changes to your default combination of Fonts.
document you can click the selections at the bottom of the
list to Reset changes made to a template, reset the document
to quick styles, or save your customized style as a Quick
Style set.

Figure 115: Fonts Button in Change Styles Section

The top is the Heading font and the bottom is the text for
Figure 113: Different Text Styles Set Options in MS – Word the body of the document. Use the arrow slide bar on the
98 99
 right-hand side to scroll through the selections. At the bottom
of the Fonts menu, you will see Create New Theme Fonts.
Click on this option. The Create new Theme Fonts window
will open.
In the Create new Theme Fonts window, you can
customize a font theme. Simply use the down arrows to
select a font for the Heading and or the Body. Name your
font theme and click Save.
5) Default Button: The set as the default button will take
the current theme of your document and set it to default so
every time you start a new document the theme you have
created will be used. Figure 117: Paragraph Spacing Button in Change
Styles Section
This will open the Manage Styles window to the set
Defaults tab. In this tab, you can set default font styles and
font size. You can set tabs for paragraph indents by typing a
number or using the up and down arrows in the Paragraph
position section.

Figure 116: Set as default button in Change Styles

6) Paragraph Spacing: New to Word 2010 is the
Paragraph Spacing option in the Change Styles button. The
built-in options show different spacing choices to apply
throughout the document.
You are also able to customize your paragraph spacing.
Click on the Custom Paragraph Spacing option at the bottom Figure 118: Manage Styles in Paragraph Spacing
of the built-in list. Option
When you are finished making your selections click the
radio button to apply it to the working document only or all
new documents based on the template you just set. Then
click OK to return to your document and apply the changes
you just made.
8.7 Editing Section
1) Find Button: If you need to look for a specific word or
section of your document, click on the find button. When the
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 navigation pane opens type the word you are looking for in
the search document.

Figure 121: Go to Button in Editing Section

Now click on the Replace the button in the Editing
section.
The Replace, Replace All and the Find Next buttons will
Figure 119: Editing Section & Figure 120: Find Button no longer be grayed out.
in Editing Section
When you are finished typing, Word 2010 will scan your
document and highlight all of the keywords. The magnifying
glass will change to an x to clear the key work. Click the
down arrow on the magnifying glass to the right of the
keyword you are searching for. This will give you a drop-
down menu with a selection of options to customize your
search.
Advanced Find and Replace are both options in the
Editing section as well as this drop-down menu.
2) Go To: Click the Go To option, this will open the Find
and Replace window to the Go tab. In this tab, you can select
what you are looking for from the Go to what option box and Figure 122: Find and Replace Buttons in Editing
the text box to the right will change with the selection you Section
made. When you have your information entered click Next. If you would like to replace the words one at a time click
This will scan your document and highlight the text in order Find Next and if it is a word you want replaced click Replace
using the next and previous buttons. Click Close when you and continue that way through the document. If you know
are finished with your search. you want every word replaced click Replace All and each
3) Find & Replace: The options in the find section of the word in the document will be replaced.
drop-down menu in the find navigation pane will go through Select Option: The last option in the Editing section
your document and find only the selected item. For example, is Select. Select All will highlight your entire document.
if you select graphics it will scan your document and find Select Objects will select all objects, including tables,
each graphic in your document. graphics, charts, etc. To use the Select Text with Similar
Formatting highlight a section of text. For example, if you
would like to change the style of all of your headings and you
102 103
 have them all bold. By highlighting the bold text and
selecting Select text with Similar Formatting Word 2010 will
scan your document and select all text that is bold.

Figure 123: Select Option in Editing Section

Click the Selection Pane. This option will be grayed out if
you are in compatibility mode. If you are able to click on this
button the Selection and Visibility pane will open. If you
have objects in your document they will be listed in this
selection pane. By selecting the objects in the selection pane
you can use the arrows at the bottom to move the objects up
or down in order. By changing the order in the Selection
Pane you will reorder the objects in your document. To close
the Selection and Visibility pane clicks the small x in the
upper right corner of the pane.

Figure 124: Selection and Visibility Options

104
 M
ICROSOFT EXCEL 2010
TUTORIALS

9.1 Introduction
Open Excel 2007. We are going
to create a monthly budget sheet
just for practice using the features.
We will start at the Far left and move through each section.
Click the Microsoft Logo and click Save As. Type a name for
your spreadsheet and click Save. Now Type Personal
Monthly Budget in the cell Sheet1.

09
MICROSOFT EXCEL Figure 125: Worksheet Bar of MS – Excel
The opening of Microsoft Excel 2010 and Microsoft Word
2010 TUTORIALS 2010 are same. Similarly, the remaining sub-menu of Excel
and word are 100 equal. Follow MS – Word, if any difficulty
were there. We will start it from the very beginning left to
right.

Figure 126: Clipboard Section of MS – Excel

9.2 Clipboard
The first section is the Clipboard. The Clipboard is a very
useful tool to move text, pictures, and charts from one place
to another on a page or from one document to another.

105
 Cut, Copy, Paste and Format Painter sub-menu are
working like it in MS – Word.
If you have copied or cut several objects from a document
you can view and select them by viewing your entire
clipboard. So, click on the little arrow icon in the bottom
right corner of the Clipboard section.
This will open the Office Clipboard Task Pane. You will
see a list of everything that had been copied or cut during
your session in Microsoft Excel 2007. If you click on any of
the items in the list it will paste them into the spreadsheet.
Click the x in the upper right corner of the Clipboard Task
pane to close it.
9.3 Font
The Font section of Excel works a lot like it does in Word.
You can change the font style, size, bold, italic, underline, Figure 128: Font menu of MS – Excel
background color, or font color. Select the cell with your heading and then click the down
arrow for the font style and choose a new style for your
heading. I chose Ariel Black.
Now we want the heading to be a little larger than the rest
of the cells so click the drop-down arrow for the size. Select
a new size for your heading.
Moving right along, the two next buttons (the large A and
then small A) will increase or decrease the size of your font if
Figure 127: Font Section of MS – Excel 2010 you want to change the font size that way.
The difference in Excel is how you select the text to make The bottom buttons are the B which will bold your text,
the changes. In Excel you can change one cell at a time, the I which will italicize the font and the U which will
change just part of the text in a cell or change multiple cells. underline the font.
To select a single sell click the cell, to select part of the
text in a cell double click the cell and then click and drag the
cursor over the section you would like to change, and to
change multiple cells click and hold the mouse button down
and drag it across the cells you want to change. You can also
hold down the Ctrl button and select cells that are not close to
each other.
Now that we know how to select open a spreadsheet you
would like to play with or type a few cells so we can see
what the font section does. I am going to start a monthly
budget sheet.

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 Figure 129: Main View of MS – Excel
Look at the different options and play with them a little to
see what they do. You can also select multiple cells to place
borders around. Try doing this also. If you decide you don’t
want a border you can always delete them by clicking the
border button down arrow and selecting No Border.
The next button on is the bucket with the colored line
under it. This button will fill in the background color of the
cell. See if you can change the background color of your title
cell.
The next button is the A with the colored line under it.
This button will change the font color. If you would like to
change all of the fonts in the cell just click the cell then select
your color. If you would only like to change part of the font
in the cell double click the cell then highlight the font you
would like to change then select a color.
9.4 Alignment
The Orientation button will change the text in the cell so
you can align text at an angle, vertical, up, down, or open the Figure 131: Merge & Centralized a Cell
Format Cell Alignment window to do more in-depth 9.5 Number
modifications. This section is Numbers. Notice how I didn’t type a dollar
sign or put decimals in my amounts. You can change the
number format in any cell. You will especially need to do
this if you are putting formulas or calculations into your
spreadsheet.

Figure 130: Alignment Options in MS – Excel

Play with these buttons so you can see what each
one does. To undo a change click on the selection again and Figure 132: Number Section View of MS – Excel
it will put your text back to the way it was. The 5 buttons shown above from left to right give you the
a. Wrap Text: The Wrap Text button on the top next to following functions: The $ will place the currency mark in
the orientation button to wrap my text to make it fit. front of your numbers. If you click the down arrow you will
b. Merge & Centre: This button can merge the text to have other currency options; The % will change the number
different positions in the cell as shown in the figure into a percentage; the Comma(,) separate the thousand mark;

108 109
 The next button will decrease the decimal places shown and You can put in multiple conditional formatting options.
the last button will increase the decimal places shown. Notice the red, green, and yellow buttons next to the numbers
Highlight the cells you want to change the number format. these are done with the Icon Sets then selecting more rules.
Then click the down arrow where it says General.

Figure 134: Styles View of MS – Excel

Figure 133: Options in Number Section of MS – Excel The next button in the Styles section is Format as Table. If
It will make that selection and it will change my selected you are creating a table You can start with this option and
cells to have a $ and 2 decimal places. select one of the styles or you can highlight your table and
9.6 Styles then select the styles to change the look and feel of your
The first button in Excel styles section is the Conditional table.
Formatting. In this section, once you have place formulas in Now move to the next button Cell Styles. Click the down
your spreadsheet you can send up red flags with this arrow on Cell Styles. This button will give you quick
conditional formatting. Click the down arrow on the predefined styles for each cell. Or if you don't like any of
Conditional Formatting button to see the options. these styles you can create your own style by selecting New
With these options, you can change the color of a cell if it Cell Style. This option will let you format a cell and Save it.
does not meet the criteria you set. I have set my budget to be Style 1 and Style 2 are styles I created for my spreadsheet.
highlighted red if I go over. To do this select the cells you Now try and create your own cell style.
want this formatting option, and then click the Highlight
Cells Rules, then click Less Than, then input 0 and select the
color and click OK.

110 111
 9.7 Cells
This section of the Home tab is Cells. In this section, you
can add, delete or format cells. Click the down arrow on the
Insert button.
To insert a cell click on a cell next to the one you would
like to insert. Then click the Insert Cells button another
window will come up asking you which direction you would
like to shift the cells once you insert your new cells. The
window also gives you the options to just shift the cells or
shift the entire row or column.

Figure 135: Given Different Style(s) to Cells in MS –

Excel

Figure 137: Cells View of MS – Excel & Figure 138:

The Insert View in Cell Section
You can insert an entire row with the Insert Sheet Rows
button or Insert a whole column with the Insert Sheet
Columns button. The Insert Sheet option lets you add another
sheet to your Excel 2007 document. The sheets end up at the
bottom. You can see Excel automatically give you Sheet1,
Sheet2, and Sheet3 by default.
The Delete down arrow gives you the same options that
the Insert button gave. You can delete single cells with the
Delete Cells option. The same window will appear asking
Figure 136: New Cell Style(s) View of MS – Excel what direction you would like to shift the cells after you
delete the selected cell. The Delete Sheet Rows will Delete
an entire row and the Delete Sheet Columns will delete a

112 113
 whole column. Delete Sheet will remove the selected sheet If you have a large number of rows or columns you will
from the bottom tabs. find the Hide & Unhide feature useful. You can select a
column or row by clicking on the row number or column
letter then select hide row or hide the column. You can get
your rows and columns back by highlighting the row or
columns on either side and selecting unhide row or unhide
column. You also have the option to hide an entire sheet.
9.8 Rename Sheet
The next selection is Rename Sheet. Click on this
Figure 139: Different functions in Cell View selection and notice at the bottom of your Excel document
Click the down arrow on Format in the Cells section. The the Sheet 1 is highlighted. Type your new name for the sheet
1st selection is the Row Height. This button will open and press Enter. You can also do this by double-clicking the
another window for you to type in a height number. sheet name.

Figure 140: Cell Size (Self Explanatory)

The AutoFit Row height will do the same thing as it did
when you double click in between the rows it will take the
longest text and adjust the row to accommodate the text. It Figure 141: Renaming Function & Figure 142: Move and
will also make the row smaller if the text is smaller. Copy
Column Width will open the same window as the Row The tab color selection will let you organize your Excel
Height button did and let you type in a number for the sheets by color. Select the sheet you would like to change the
column width. tab color and then click the over arrow to select your color.
AutoFit Column Width will take the longest text and To change the order of the Excel sheets click the Move or
adjust the column to fit the text. It will also make a column Copy Sheet button.
smaller if the text is smaller than the column.

114 115
 Then the only way the selected cells can be changes is if
you enter the password. You can lock a cell completely or
just check certain options that another person will not be able
to change. Browse through the options if you don’t want to
password protect your spreadsheet click cancel.
To make the Lock Cell button work you need to have the
Protect Sheet setup. Then you are able to lock cells in your
spreadsheet as you create it. The last selection in the Format
button is the Format cells button. This will open the window
you see below which gives you all of the options we have
already covered to format your cell. This is nice because all
of the format options are in one spot.
9.9 Editing
This is the last section of the Excel. It consists of
Figure 143: Protect Sheet in MS – Excel AutoSum, Fill, Clear, Sort & Filter and Find & Select buttons
This will bring up the Move or Copy window. The as shown in the figure below
window gives you the option to move the sheet to another
book with the drop down arrow or you can select the sheet The first button in the Editing tab is the sum symbol.
you would like the sheet you are moving to appear before. By Click the down arrow to see the options.
checking the box to Create a copy you will leave the sheet in These different sub-options are used for the different
the original place and move a copy of the sheet to the new mathematical operation. The name shows the type of
location you selected. operation.
The next option is Protect Sheet. Click this option to see
the Protect Sheet window. If you have information in your
spreadsheet that you don’t want others to be able to change
you can make it password protected.

Figure 145: Editing Section of MS – Excel

This will copy cells for you in any direction. The feature I
like with this button is the Series selection. Just type the first
3 and highlight how far you want the dates to go then select
Series. A window will come up and let you select the date
unites you want to count by then select ok and the cells you
selected will automatically be filled in with the dates.

Figure 144: Format Cell Window

116 117
 Figure 148: Different Options in Clear Button
The next button is the Sort button. This button will let you
sort your data from highest to lowest depending on what type
of data you have you can also alphabetize columns of data
with the sort button. Notice in my budget spreadsheet I sorted
my Household data from lowest to highest. You can also do
this if you have created a table with the format table button it
gives you the sort arrows above each column. If you have not
created a table you will need to highlight the area you would
like to sort.
Figure 146: AutoSum Options in Editing Portion

Figure 149: Sort & Filter Buttons Action

You also have the option of doing a custom sort. This will
Figure 147: Options in Fill Portion open a new window for you to input your selections.
The next button in the Editing section is the Eraser. Click The filter button is what gives you the arrows above each
the down arrow to see the options. This feature lets you column. If you have not used the table feature you might
selectively erase parts of your spreadsheet. want to filter a row. Try filtering a row and looking at the
You can Clear everything, Clear only the formatting, options the arrows in the cells give you.
Clear the Contents of selected cells, or if you have comments The last button is Find & Select. This button works like
(we have not learned about these yet) you can just clear a search. It will find specific numbers or words in your
those. workbook. Click the down arrow to see the options.

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 Figure 150: Find & Select Button Options 10
If you have large amounts of data this is a quick way to
find what you are looking for. I also find the Replace feature
very useful. The Replace button will open another
MICROSOFT POWERPOINT
window and let you type the text you are looking for then the
text you want to replace it with. It will go through the entire
2010 TUTORIALS
document and replace all matching text.

120
M
ICROSOFT
POWERPOINT 2010
TUTORIALS

10.1 Introduction
When you open PowerPoint 2010 you will be opening a
new project. All of your basic commands are located in the
upper left-hand corner of the screen in the File Tab.
10.2 File Menu
Let's start by clicking File in the left-hand corner so I can
describe what all of these functions do.

Figure 151: File Menu View of PowerPoint

Info is selected by default in the File tab. In this option,
you will see three buttons. Protect Presentation is a feature
you can use to lock down your presentation so only specific
users can edit or open the presentation.
Click the down arrow to Protect Presentation. The first
option is Mark as Final. Selecting this option will bring up a
confirmation window.

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 Click OK and the presentation will be marked as final and
be read-only. No changes can be made to the final copy.
The next option is Encrypt with Password. Click this
option to open the Encrypt Document window. Type your
password in the text box and click OK.

Figure 154: Password Protection Window

The last option is Add a digital signature. A digital
signature is a way to make sure the documents you send
electronically are authentic.
Click this option and you may receive a warning message
about the legalities of digital signatures. Read and then click
Figure 152: Different Privacy Options in PowerPoint OK. The presentation needs to be saved before you can add a
If your password encrypts your presentation you will have digital signature. If your presentation is not saved another
to enter the password each time you open the PowerPoint window will come up asking you to save. Then the Sign
presentation. If you forget your password there is no way to window will come up. The default signature will be the name
recover the presentation so make sure you keep track of the that was registered when you installed the program. Type the
passwords you use. purpose of signing the presentation in the text box. If you
would like the change the name of the person signing the
presentation click the change button. When the changes have
been made click sign apply the signature and return to the
presentation.

Figure 153: Info Submenu option

Figure 155: Digital Signature for Protection

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 The next button is Check for Issues. Click the down arrow The next option in the check for issues button is
to see the three options. Accessibility Checker. The Accessibility Checker checks
The first option is Inspect Document. Inspect document is your file against a set of possible issues for people who have
to check your presentation for personal information before disabilities might experience in your file. Each issue is
you share it electronically. If you do not inspect your classified as an Error, Warning, or Tip.
document you run the risk of your company information Click on the Accessibility checker option. This will open a
being revealed to anyone that has access to the presentation. navigation pane in your presentation. If there are any errors
Click this button to open the Document inspector window. in accessibility They will be listed in this navigation pane. If
In the document inspector window check the boxes next you click on the error listed additional information will be
to the items you would like check for personal information. populated with the reason why it is important to fix the error
Click Inspect after making your selections. You will get and how to fix it.
another window that will give you a report on the inspection Once you have corrected all of the errors you can click the
and allow you to remove any information found to protect small x in the upper right corner to close the accessibility
your privacy. checker navigation pane.

Figure 156: Document Inspect Options Window

If you wish to re-inspect the presentation after you have Figure 158: Compatibility Checker
removed any privacy issues click the re-inspect button at the The last option in the File menu, info option is
bottom of the window. Click Close to return to your compatibility checker. Click on the compatibility checker
presentation. button. This will open the compatibility checker window. If
there are any issues with your presentation that are not
compatible with previous versions of PowerPoint they will be
listed in this window. If you are sharing your presentation
with someone that has an older version of PowerPoint you
will want to correct any of the compatibility issues before
sharing the presentation. Click OK to return to your
presentation.
Click on the File menu again. The first four options are
the basics for PowerPoint 2010. Save option will save your
Figure 157: Accessibility Checker Window PowerPoint presentation without asking you for a file name
124 125
 and location. The only time this will ask for a file name and Recover unsaved presentation button will open the
location is the first time you save. Save As will open the windows browser to the default temporary file folder. If you
windows browser each time you click this button. The have not shut down your machine or depending on settings if
windows browser will let you choose a location and file you did not save a presentation you may still be able to
name for the presentation to be saved. This window will access the file.
come up even if the presentation has been saved previously. 10.3 Home Menu
Open will open the windows browser for you to navigate to It consists of many sections like Clipboard, Font,
files on your computer and open an existing PowerPoint Paragraph, Drawing, and Editing and already has been
presentation. The only files shown will be PowerPoint files. covered in both MS – Word and MS – Excel. The only
Close will close your presentation. different section is Slides, which consists of New Slide,
Layout, Reset and Section.
If you click New Slide button, many options will appear,
depends on your mode that which type of slide you are going
to select for yourself. It consists of a slide having title, a slide
having tile and contents in it, section header means that are
you insert a header in your slide that appeared for the
remaining all slides.

Figure 159: Different Options in File Menu

The Recent option in the file menu will show a list of
presentations you have opened. You can make adjustments to
what is shown in the window by checking the box at the
bottom of the list. Checkbox in front of Quickly access this
number of Recent Presentations lets you change the quantity
of file listed using the up and down arrows in the text box.
Figure 161: Home Menu in PowerPoint
Two contents slide also available because sometimes the
presenter is shown his/her contents in two slides and
sometimes compare it and so on. Different Layout for the
already selected new slides is available in this part of the
PowerPoint.
We can also reset the entire layout to its default one by
clicking on the reset button.
If we want to add some extra section, don’t worry just
click on section button, go to Add Section, we can easily add
an extra section(s) in our presentation. We can also give a
Figure 160: The Recent Option in File Menu different name to each section for different purposes by
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 simply clicking on the rename section. By clicking Remove
Section button, a single section shall be removed and by
clicking Remove All Sections means we will go back to the
original slide layout. Collapse All option is for the division of
and slide into parts while expanding means to place a
duplicate of the existing slide in the same project.

Figure 164: Insert Menu View in PowerPoint

Clicking on Picture will allow you to add photos that are
saved to your computer, to the piece you are creating. By
clicking on Picture, a small box will appear showing your
options of photos. You can click on your photo of choice and
then click on Insert, at the bottom of the box. The image
should appear on your page and allow you to move and
adjust the image accordingly.
Clip Art is going to help you search for images, drawings,
sounds, etc.

Figure 162: Slide Section Options & Figure 163:

Different Themes
10.4 Insert Menu
The Images section in PowerPoint 2010 is going to be
helpful when adding photos to your work. We will be
learning from left to right, step by step about the Images
section.

Figure 165: Clip Art Option in Insert menu

This will allow you to illustrate a certain concept, which is
nice when wanting to create a fun piece of work with effects
to it.
By clicking on Clip Art, a long box will appear on the
right-hand side of your screen.
This box will help you search for a sound image or video.

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 Type in your search where it says, "Search for:" Below it
is going to say “Results should be:”

Figure 167: Create New Album for Your Pictures

Photo Album Is your own virtual photo album. You can
put photos of your choice, in the order you want, with or
Figure 166: All Media Files Will be place here without text, black and white or in color. After clicking on
This is going to allow you to choose if you want your Photo Album, you may choose to create a new album or edit
search to pull up Illustrations, Photographs, Videos, Audio, one you already made. In this portion of the tutorial, we'll
or All media type (all of the above). discuss how to create one.
A screenshot is when you want to capture a photo of a part After clicking "New photo album" a small box will
you screen. When you click on Screenshot, a small box will appear. It will allow you to add images by clicking on
appear, showing you available windows you may have open "File/Disk…”. From here you can choose your photo(s) of
that you can screenshot. Or, you can click on Screen Clipping choice. Below is "New text box" when you can a box to
at the bottom of the box. When using this, make sure the insert a text you want.
window you want to screen clip is the last window you You will be able to type in the text once the photo album
opened, because that will be the window PowerPoint 2010 is made. At the bottom, you can choose Picture layouts, the
will pull up for you to Screen clip. shape you want your photos to be, and search for a theme.
When you click on Screen Clipping, the window you want When you are done you may click "Create".
will appear with a fogged out screen. You will be given what The PowerPoint 2010 Text section of the Insert tab allows
looks like a larger “+” to screen clip what part of the screen the user to insert and edit Text, Word Art, date and time and
you want. add slide numbers to their PowerPoint presentation.
When you are done selecting what you want, it will appear
as an image in PowerPoint 2010, and you should be able to
adjust it to your liking.

130 131
 Figure
170:
Figure 168: Different Options for your Photo Album Header and Footed for Slide
The first icon in the text section of the insert tab is Text To resize it click the box and move the dots that are on the
Box. dotted lines. The green dot rotates the box.
The second icon says Header & Footer. Once you click
the icon this menu will pop up.
In the slide tab of the Header & Footer menu there are
four selectable boxes, Date and Time,
Slide Number, Footer, and don’t show on the title slide.
Checking the Date and Time box will display the date in
the lower left corner of the page. The gray text on under this
becomes black and gives two options. Selecting Update
Figure 169: Text Box for Writing in Slide automatically the date will change every day to match,
This allows you to insert text and move it around the page. however, if you select the Fixed bar and type, the desired
When the button is clicked on move the mouse cursor onto date this will be permanently displayed and not change.
the page the normal cursor should look like an upside-down
T. Now click and hold the left mouse button then drag the
cursor until the box it the size you want. The box will only be
adjustable by width as height is automatically set. From here
the text box can be moved and changed like any other box by
right-clicking or normally typed in. To move a text box
simply drag it to the desired position.
Figure 171: Footer of a Slide

Selecting Slide number will display which slide you are

during the presentation on the lower right-hand side of the
page.
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 Selecting Footer will allow you to add text to the bottom More options appear above but that will be covered in the
of the page by typing in the box directly below Footer. format section.
If you select Don't show on title slide any of the above The next icon is Date & Time. However, this brings up
will be seen on the title slide this is only relevant if you select the Header & Footer menu which is explained in the Header
Apply to All. & Footer section.
All of these options can be used on a single slide by After the Date & Time icon is the slide number icon. This
clicking apply while on the desired slide or applied to all by is also explained in the Header & Footer section. As it bring
clicking Apply to All. up the same menu.
This is an example displaying all three options used.
Click on the Notes and Handouts tab. This tab in the
Header and Footer window is very similar to the Slide tab of
the Header and Footer icon. This, however, adds the option
of a header which is displayed across the top of the page.
These options only affect the Handout Master and Notes
Master in the View bar.

Figure 173: Header and Footer Fixing Window

Figure 172: Word Art Options

Click Apply to All to save your changes in this section or
Cancel button to discard changes and return to your slides. Figure 174: Header & Footer View
The next icon under the insert tab is the WordArt icon. This The Object icon inserts an embedded object into your
allows you do enter decorative font to a slide. documents such as a media clip or an excel document.
First click the word art icon. You will get a drop-down Click on the Object button. This will open the Object
menu that looks like this. Click a style you like and you will window. In this window, you can select the type of object
get a new text box that says "Your text here" in it with the you would like to insert from a list of programs.
style you choose. Simply triple click the text and then type
what you want to add. To the left is my finished product.
134 135
 icon. This bar will drop down with multiple equation options.
I want to add the equation area of the circle so I will click it
The equation will pop up on the page in a text box. If for
some reason you want to add something else just edit like a
normal text box. In this case, you may want to add a symbol
use the next icon, the symbol icon.

Figure 175: Date & Time, Slider Number and Object

Selection Buttons
If I want to add a graph from a Microsoft Excel worksheet
I would click the appropriate object type which in this case
would be the "Microsoft Excel 97-2003 Worksheet" then
clicking ok. An Excel document will appear on the slide and
could be used just like normal excel to show a graph or a
table. Click the next arrow to continue to the symbols section
of the insert tab.
Figure 177: Symbols, Mathematical Equations and
Characters Insertion Menu
You will notice the box may appear gray and be unusable.
To make this icon light up simply click on the text box where
you would like to add the symbol. Then click the symbol
icon and this menu will appear. Pick the symbol you want
and add it to the equation. Repeat the process as needed for
additional symbols.
The PowerPoint 2010 media tab allows you to insert a
video or audio piece onto your slide.
This can be useful to add an explanation or visuals to the
presentation. There are two icons in the insert tab media
Figure 176: Insert Option Window section.
The symbols section of the Insert tab allows you to add
mathematical equations and characters that are not on your
keyboard into your presentation.
The first icon is the equation icon. Clicking it will add an
empty text box and bring you to the Equation Tools tab
which is explained here

This can be complicated if you want a standard equation.

For a list of equations click the down arrow on the equation

136 137
 Figure 178: More Characters & Symbols & Figure The final option is to upload a Clip Art video. Click
179: Equation Types View this option and the clip art bar opens. In this bar which
The first button is the video icon. Clicking the video icon appears on
opens the option to insert a video from another file on your
computer. the right search for the type of animation you want and
Clicking the down arrow on the video icon brings up these picks from the list. Double click the one you have decided on
options. and it will appear on the slide.
The last icon is the audio icon. The first two options,
Audio from File and Clip Art Audio, are exactly the same
and do the same thing as inserting a video except they insert
audio clips instead The last option in the Audio drop-down
menu gives you have the ability to record audio. To do this
clicks the record audio button. To do this you must have a
microphone plugged into your computer
The Record Sound window will pop up. Clicking the red
circle button, record button will start the recording.
The blue square stops the recording when you're done. To
listen to the recording press the arrow and if it sounds good
Figure 180: Insert Audio/Video for your Slide from to enter the name and press ok to insert your audio recording
here into your presentation.
The first options, video from a file, bring up the windows
explorer window that opens if you just click the icon. From
this window, you can browse to a video file on your
computer to insert into your presentation.
The next option, Video from Web sites, opens a window
that displays a space to paste the URL from web site video.
Once an URL (ex. www.jankp.com) is entered click the
insert button and the video will be inserted into your
presentation.
Figure 182: Recorded Sound/Audio from here
10.5 Design Menu
The design tab is the third tab on PowerPoint. Clicking it
will bring up the design bar. In the design bar, you can
change how the slide background looks and how the page is
sized and oriented. Changing the size and orientation of a
slide is controlled in the first section, Page Setup.

Figure 181: Clip Art Menu

138 139
 Figure 183: Design Menu View in PowerPoint
There are two options that appear in the page setup
section, "Page Setup" and "Slide Orientation". If you click
the "Page setup" icon this window will appear.
This is where the entire page sizing is controlled. The first Figure 185: Page Setup Options in PowerPoint
option is, Slides sized for, this option allows you to change The next section of the Design tab is the themes it is very
the screen ratio so that a slide could fit full or widescreen. user-friendly. This is a very interesting feature of
These are selected in the drop-down menu. Click the down PowerPoint.
arrow under Slides sized for: to see the options. These You will notice the first box is highlighted already and
options can be changed to fit any standard display or page this is the automatic or default font and background. Clicking
size. Slide size can also be manually entered by adjusting the the other options along the bar will change the style of a
width and height options below this. slide.

Different Themes in PowerPoint

Figure 184: Page Setup and Slide Orientation Buttons
Clicking the arrows on the right side of the slide options
"Number slides from" is the next option and it just
will scroll down or bring up this drop menu which shows all
changes the slide number. On the right are the orientation
of the themes. Simply click one and it will automatically
options. You can pick if the slide should be portrait or
apply it to your presentation.
landscape as well as the notes and handouts. When you click
OK all of the changes will automatically be applied to the
slide. Click cancel will keep the settings as they were before.
The next icon is the slide orientation and is a drop menu
that you can use to select if the slides should be portrait or
landscape without having to go into page setup.

140 141
 At the bottom of the drop-down menu is the option to
format background. Click this and the format background
window will appear.
The first option in the navigation bar is the "fill" option.
The "fill" bar is where colored backgrounds are created.
Click the radio button on the option you want.

Figure 186: More Themes in PowerPoint

If you don't like the colors or fonts available in the theme
you can manually select the colors and fonts that you want.
Just click the drop bars that are on the right of the theme
selection like you did for the themes. In here you may choose
the options that you like in the theme. Colors change the
background as do effects while font changes the font on Figure 188: More Background Themes
every slide. By changing these you can totally customize the Solid fill makes the background one color. Each selection
theme of these your presentation. will give you a different set of options. Gradient fill is where
The background section under the design tab is the best you can select more than one color and have them transition
way to create custom backgrounds for a slideshow. Clicking through the page.
the Background styles icon drops a menu with some basic Picture or texture fill gives you more options to customize
options Clicking on any of the default backgrounds will place your background selection. You can browse your computer
it on your slide. I will show you how to create a custom one. for pictures. The patterns allow you to add a pattern to the
page and you can change the color of a pattern.

Figure 187: Background Section of Design Menu in

PowerPoint

Figure 189: Format background Window

142 143
 10.6 Transition Menu 10.7 Animations Menu
Slide transitions are motion effects that occur in Slide While SLIDE TRANSITIONS are motion effects that
Show view when you move from one slide to the next during occur in SLIDESHOW view when you move from one slide
a presentation. You can control the speed, add sound, and to the next during a presentation, ANIMATIONS can be
even customize the properties of transition effects. applied to individual objects (or groups of objects) of the
Transitions are optional and if you will not use them your slide.
presentation will move from slide to slide with a click of the Let's review sections of ANIMATION tab first (left to
left mouse button, by pressing Enter or the right arrow key on right)
the keyboard. You must set slide transitions if you want the
presentation to play on your own.
a. Preview: You can see what you created so far, your
transition in action.
b. Transition to the slides: Most commonly used
transitions appear here. To see more transition options, click
the down arrow on the right of this section.

Figure 191: Animation Menu View in PowerPoint

Notice that most items are not active (greyed)
To make them active we need to select an object on our
slide, so we need to create a simple slide and select
something.
In the Preview section of the Animations tab, you can see
what you created so far, your animation in action.

Figure 190: Different Transitions for your Slide in

PowerPoint
c. Timing: In this section, set the sound for your slide,
given time threshold and then click on Apply to All button,
so that your own choice should be fixed to your all slides.
OR By clicking Apply To All you can set current transition
to be a transition between all slides of your presentation.
Figure 192: Different Preview/Directions for Slides in Animation
View
144 145
 Animation Styles. Choose from a variety of ways your highlighted animation). Or maybe you will like to control
object enters the slide (fly in, zoom, bounce…) or exits events from the panel on the bar by clicking the Play button
(disappear, fly out, fade…) slide, or be EMPHASIZED on top of the pane you can see how your animation works
(pulse, spin…). You may even define the motion path of your step by step.
object within your slide. 10.8 Slide Show Menu
You have created all slides for your presentation and
ready to show your work. Where will we start? Let’s review
the Slideshow Tab.

Figure 193: Animation Pane View Figure 194: Slide Show View in PowerPoint
Effect Options. Every animation has certain ways that it Start Slide Show section of Slide Show tab ribbon:
works. Options may be different for different animations. One of the slides on the left is highlighted with yellow.
If you are using FLY IN animation your available options This is the current slide, the one you see in the main portion
will be: from left, right, top, bottom etc. Also, you may of your window.
define here if you want to move all selected objects as one, at We can watch our entire Slide Show from the first slide
once or by paragraph. You can apply several animations to (From Beginning) or From Current Slide. How to move from
one object. For example, after your object uses the fly in the one slide to another we described in Transitions section of
option you can make the object start to blink or spin. this tutorial.
Broadcast Slide Show - you can broadcast a PowerPoint
2010 presentation to remote users who can watch it via the
In the Advanced Animation section of the Animations tab browser! Send a link via email to the people with whom you
is the Animation Pane. When you click this button, the would like to share the presentation and they can all enjoy
Animation Pane appears on the right side of the screen. the show at the same time!
Every "move" of our animation will be listed there with To broadcast presentation, you have to use a broadcast
number, icon, time frame etc. You can change consequence service. Share point is one of the options if you and your
of events directly using Pane (move any part up or down by audience have access to the Share point broadcast site. But
clicking green Re-Order arrows in the bottom of pane), adjust we can use the PowerPoint Broadcast Service. Anyone can
time frame (by moving sides of "time frame" rectangles get a free Windows Live ID and then use it to broadcast their
manually or choosing trigger events from drop down menu PowerPoint presentation.
appearing when you click little arrow on right side of
146 147
 When setting up your PowerPoint for broadcast, consider To use the PowerPoint Broadcast Service, click Start
this: Broadcast in the Broadcast Slide Show dialog box. If you are
a. All of the audience members must be able to use using another Share point service, then you will need to click
Internet Explorer, Firefox, or Safari for Mac browsers to Change Broadcast Service. You will then need to select the
connect to the Internet service you would like to use to broadcast your show. If you
cannot see the service you would like to use, then you will
need to select "Add a new service".
Login with your Windows Live ID. If you do not have a
Windows Live ID you can sign up from here by using the
sign-up link on the bottom left of the window.

b. Some of your transitions, audio, and video may need to

be adjusted. All transitions will have a Fade effect during the
broadcast. You might need to upload the video to a separate
site to be able to show it to anyone watching your
presentation.
So, let's click Broadcast Slide Show button.
New window will open Figure 196: Send your Slides to an Email
A web address (URL) will be created for you. You can
send it out via email by copying and pasting the link into the
body of your email. Each of the participants in your
broadcast will then be able to click on the unique web
address in the email and see the presentation after you have
selected Start Slide Show. During your presentation
broadcast, you will have a Broadcast tab that will appear with
options for you during the presentation. You can end the
show by hitting the ESC key to end your PowerPoint show
and then click End Broadcast.
Custom Slide Show - here you can create several
variations of your presentation for different audiences and
durations. To Define Custom Show, name new version, add
Figure 195: Broadcast Slide Show any set of slides from left (all slides) to right (custom set).
You can even change sequence of slides in custom show by
148 149
 moving any slide up or down (use arrows on right) or from
here as shown in the following figure.

150
 CONCLUSION

A s you can see, a computer is more than that box

sitting on the side of your desk. In fact it is a very
complex machine comprised of numerous parts,
cables, and devices that all need to properly work together in
order for the computer to operate correctly. Having this basic
understanding of the parts of your computer is important for
any computer user. Whether you need to purchase a new one,
upgrade an existing one, or repair a broken one, you now
have the knowledge to understand what you are looking at.
Computer networks have had a profound effect on the way
11 we communicate with each other. The first computer
network was invented to allow for a
distributed communications network that lets a person do
automatic rerouting. The original job of this type of system
CONCLUSION was to allow government, researchers and military leaders to
continue monitoring the possibility of danger from the
enemy. The majorities of communications that occur over
the Internet, except video calling, are text based, and
therefore lack certain aspects of human communication such
as facial expressions and body language. The fact that we can
remain anonymous over the Internet has caused some people
to blame the Internet for a rise in anti-social behavior.
A database in computer systems strengthens the majority
of the achieved data and is store in the computer systems. In
this introductory book we have considered database
fundamental definitions which are mandatory for all. It will
motivate all the learners for knowing about how to develop
and maintain databases that meet user requirements.
Windows 8 is the recent release of the Windows operating
system, produced by Microsoft for use on personal
computers, including home and business desktops, laptops,
tablets, and home theater PCs. This platform allows you to
develop using the language and design tool of your choice,
implements complex interfaces in a simple way, and creates

151
 unprecedented interoperability between different
applications.
Microsoft Word, Excel and PowerPoint are brilliant tools
with many applications that are helpful to students and
teachers in education. In this introductory Book, different
screenshots are taken and presented for learners to enhance
their practical skill, so that they can use each and every
feature efficiently and effectively. The lessons were designed
to help you understand and use Microsoft Word, Excel and
PowerPoint to the fullest potential of the program.

12
BIBLIOGRAPHY

152
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

T he above chapters have written using different sources,

help from the following sources are strongly helpful for
me in this book.
[1] Change the Equation. The hidden half. Blog post. (Dec. 7,
2015); http://changetheequation.org/blog/hidden-half
[2] Computer Science Curricula 2013; https://www.acm.
org/education/CS2013-final-report.pdf
[3] Denning, P. and Lewis, T.G. Exponential laws of computing
growth. Commun. ACM 60, 1 (Jan. 2017).
[4] Denning, P. and C. Martell. Great Principles of Computing.
MIT Press, 2015.
[5] Denning, P.J. et al. Computing as a discipline. Commun.
ACM 32, 1 (Jan. 1989), 9–23.
[6] Guzdial, M. Learner-Centered Design of Computing
Education: Research on Computing for Everyone. Morgan-
Claypool, 2015.
[7] Tedre, M. Science of Computing: Shaping a Discipline.
CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, 2014.
[8] Tedre, M. and Denning, P.J. The long quest for
computational thinking. In Proceedings of the 16th Koli Calling
Conference on Computing Education Research (Koli, Finland,
Nov. 24–27, 2016), 120–129.
[9] Wing, J. Computational thinking. Commun. ACM 49, 3
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