Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program that is used to

record and analyse numerical data. Think of a spreadsheet as
a collection of columns and rows that form a table.
Alphabetical letters are usually assigned to columns and
numbers are usually assigned to rows. The point where a
column and a row meet is called a cell. The address of a cell is
given by the letter representing the column and the number
representing a row.
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed
by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. It
features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and
a macro programming language called Visual Basic for
Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet
for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and
it has replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for
spreadsheets. Excel forms part of the Microsoft Office suite
of software.

Salient features
1. Add Header and Footer
MS Excel allows us to keep header and footer in our
spreadsheet document.
2. Find and Replace Command
MS Excel allows us to find the needed data (text and
numbers) in the workbook and also replace the existing
data with a new one.
3. Password Protection
It allows user to protect their workbooks by using password
from unauthorized access to their information.
4. Data Filtering
Filtering is a quick and easy way to find and work with a
subset of data in a range. A filtered range displays only the
rows that meet the criteria you specify for a column. MS
Excel provides two commands for filtering ranges:
• AutoFilter; which includes filter by selection, for
simple criteria
• Advanced Filter; for more complex criteria
5. Data Sorting
Data sorting is the process of arranging data in some logical
order. MS Excel allows us to sort data either in ascending
or descending order.
6. Built in formulae
MS Excel has got many built- in formulae for sum, average,
minimum, etc. We can use those formulae as per our
needs.
7. Create different charts (Pivot Table Report)
MS Excel allows us to create different charts such as bar
graph, pie- charts, line graphs, etc. This helps us to analyze
and compare data very easily.
8. Automatically edits the result
MS Excel automatically edits the result if any changes are
made in any of the cell.
9. Formula Auditing
Using formula auditing we can graphically display or trace
the relationships between cells and formulas with blue
arrows. We can trace the precedents (the cells that provide
data to a specific cell) or the dependents (the cells that
depend on the value in a specific cell).

Excel window
Practical Questions
1. Create your own Database and perform the basic function
of excel.

Formula’s
SUM:- =SUM(C2+D2) OR =SUM(C2:D3)
PERCENTAGE :- =(C2=D2)/200 or =(C3+D3)/200*100
AVERAGE :- =AVG(C2:D2) or =(C3+D3)/2
SUBTRACT :- =(C2-D2)
DIVIDE :- (D2/C2)
MULTIPLY :- (C2*D2)
 2. On the basis of certain database , draw the basic charts
used in excel.

The above chart is line chart use to display trends over time. Line
Chart can show continuous data over time on an evenly scaled axis.
Therefore they are idol for using trends in data at equal intervals.
Here, the series 1 displays Demand and series 2 displays Price.
Bar Chart

The above chart is bar chart . They are the best chart type for comparing
multiple value. They are use to illustrate patterns. Here, the series 1
displays sub1 and series 2 displays sub2.
Pie chart

The above chart is pie chart. It displays the contribution of each value of
the total.
Portion 1 depicts the position of Roy
Portion 2 depicts the position of Joy
Portion 3 depicts the position of Mickey
Portion 4 depicts the position of Scooby
Portion 5 depicts the position of Nick
 3. Explain conditional formatting with an example.

Steps involved :-
1. Create a database
2. Select the cells where you have to Conditional Formatting . Like in
the above data we have selected the marks of all students.
3. Then, click home>conditional formatting>highlight cell rules.
4. In highlight cell rules select Greater than (>)
5. A dialog box will open:-
6. Enter the 80 i.e., you have to format those cells that are greater
than 80.
7. In the color box, select Yellow .i.e., those numbers greater than 70
will be highlighted by yellow color.
8. Click OK until the dialog box is closed.
QUES 4. Explain the logical functions (if , and , or) with an example.

The above logical function is IF . The IF function can perform a logical

test and return one value for a TRUE result, and another for a FALSE
result. For example to “pass” scores above 70 so the condition would
be =If(A1>70,”pass”,”fail”)
The steps involved here are :-
1. We have taken a database consisting of Name and Marks
2. On the basis of such data we used IF logical function
3. Here the condition involved is =if(b2>70,”pass”,”fail”)which
signifies that all that all those students having marks greater than
70 are considered as Pass otherwise FAIL .
The above logical function is AND. It is used to require more than one
condition at the same time . AND returns either TRUE or FALSE. To test
if a number in A1 is greater than zero and less than 10, use
=AND(a1>0,a1<10). We can use this function at the same time up to
255 conditions.
The steps involved here are :-
1. We have taken a database consisting of Name and Marks .
2. On the basis of such data we have used AND logical function.
3. The condition used here is
=IF(AND(B2>=0,B2<40),”FAIL”,IF(AND(B2>=40,B2<60),”pass”,
IF(AND(B2>=60,B2<=100),”DISTINCTION”)))
The above condition signifies that if the mark are greater than and equal
to 0 and less than 40 then the result will be FAIL.
If the marks are greater than and equals to 40 and less than 60 then the
result will be PASS.
If the marks are greater than and equal to 60 and less than and equal
100 then the result will be DISTINCTION.

The above logical function is OR. This function will determine if any of
the condition in the test is TRUE. Otherwise it returns FALSE.
=OR(A1<10,A1=40).
The steps involved here are :-
1. We have taken a database consisting of Gender and Marks.
2. On the basis of such data we have used OR Logical function.
3. The condition used here is : =OR(B2=”MALE”,C2>=60).
The above condition signifies that B2(gender) should be MALE
or C2(marks) should be greatest than and equal to 60.

Ques5. Explain IRR and NVP?

The IRR of proposal is deemed as the discount rate which

produces a zero NVP i.e., the IRR is the discounted rate which
will equate the present value of cash inflow with the present
value of cash outflows.
The steps involved are :-
1. Create the database with the cash outflow and cash inflow
2. Calculate the IRR :- =IRR(B2:B6)
The NVP of any proposal that involves cash inflow and outflow
over a period of time is equal to the net present value of all
cash flows.
The steps involved are :-
1. Create a database with years and cash flows for certain
years.
2. Enter a certain interest. As entered in G1 .
3. Calculate the NVP by :- =NVP(G1,B3:B7)
QUES6. Explain the linking of sheets with the help of your own
database.
In excel, a link is a formula that dynamically pulls in data from a
cell in another worksheet. The worksheet can be in the same
workbook or a different workbook.
Steps are involved are:-
1. Create your database.

2. Open another sheet i.e., sheet2 in the same workbook.

3. Put equals to sign (=) in any cell of your choice.
4. Go back to the Sheet1 containing the data select a single
cell containing some word or number etc.
5. Come back to sheet 2 and press enter on the cell with
equals to sign.
6. It will displays the entire data in the form of Linking.

=sheet1!A3 signifies linking of sheets.

QUES 7. Explain HLOOKUP and VLOOKUP.

HLOOKUP :- It performs a horizontal lookup by searching for a

value in the top row of the table and returning the value in the
same column based on the index number .
Steps involved :-
1. Enter the database consisting of sales and Cost of different
companies
2. Formula used :- =HLOOKUP(F1,A7:F9,3,0)
VLOOKUP :- Is one of the most commonly used functions in the
business world. It is a function and retrieve data from a specific
column in table.
Steps involved:-
1. Enter the database consisting of products and price.
2. Then, we have to lookup the value for shoes.
3. Formula used :- =VLOOKUP(F1,A5:C13,3,0).
QUES7. Explain the data validation with an example.

It is a feature in excel used to control what user can enter into

a cell. For example, show a list, limit the cell to whole numbers,
or text of specific length.
Steps involved are:-
1. Select the cells you want to create a rule for
2. Select Data> Data Validation
3. On the settings tab, under Allow, select an option:
 Whole Numbers: to restrict the cell to accept only
whole numbers
 Decimal: to restrict the cell to accept only decimal
numbers
 List: to pick data from the drop-down list.
  Date: to restrict the cell to accept only date.

4. Under data, select

 Between
 Equal to
 Greater than
 Less than
5. Set the other required values. For eg, if you select between,
then select the Minimum and Maximum values for the cell.
6. Select OK.
If the user tries to enter a value is not valid, a pop-up
appears with the message. “This value doesn’t match the
data validation restriction for this cell”
Ques11. Explain Goal Seek in Excel with the help of an
example.
The Goal Seek function in Excel (often referred to as what-if
Analysis ) is a method of solving for a desired output by
changing an assumption that drives it.

Formula for payment:- =PMT(B7/12,B6,B5)

Steps involved are:-
1. Create your own database
2. Click the cell you want to change. This is called “SET CELL”.
3. A dialog box will appear .
4. Set cell: B9
To value: 30000
By changing cell: B5
5. Click OK.
6. Excel will overwrite the previous cell with the new
one.
7. The final outcome will be:
Ques8. Explain Pivot Chart & table in MS-Excel using an
example.
A Pivot Table is a program tool that allows you to
reorganize and summarize selected columns and rows of
data in a spreadsheet or database table to obtain a
desired report. It doesn’t actually change the
spreadsheet or database itself.
Pivot chart is the visual representation of a pivot table in
excel.
Steps involved are:-
1. Select any cell in the source data table.
2. Click on Insert tab>tables>Pivot table.
3. A dialog box will appear:

4. Then, select the Table/Range that you want to

analyze, choose the pivot table location as
mentioned above.
5. Click OK.
6. A Pivot Table Field list will get opened.
7. For pivot chart, click on Insert tab>tables>pivot
chart.
8. Repeat the same process as we have done for pivot
table.
9. The final outcome of pivot chart:-
Ques10. Explain Scenario Manger & Scenario Summary in
excel with the help of an example.
Excel’s Scenario Manger option on the What-if Analysis
button’s drop down menu on the data tab of the ribbon
enables you to create and have save sets of different
input values that produce different calculated results,
named scenarios.

Steps involved are:-

1. Create the database. As in the above pictures we have
taken the total expenses of BLUESTAR PVT.LTD
In the month of November.
2. Click Data Tab>What-if Analysis>Scenario Manager.
3. Create scenario. For example, we have created
scenarios for the month November and December.
4. When we click on ADD a dialog box will appear
5. Enter the scenario name as November & enter
comment i.e., created by and created on.

6. After clicking on OK. Another dialog box will appear.

7. Click OK.
8. For Scenario Summary click on summary in scenario
summary dialog box .

QUES12. Explain Macros in Excel with the help of an

example.
A macro is an action or a set of actions that you can
run as many times as you want. When you create a
macro, you are recording your mouse clicks and
keystrokes. It is typically used to replace a repetitive
 series of keyboard and mouse actions.

Steps involved are:-

1. Create your database. As in this we have created
items and their qty and rate.
2. Click view Tab>Macros>Record Macro.
3. A dialog box will appear:-
4. After this, enter macro name and shortcut key as
mentioned above and click OK.
5. After we click ok. Down the worksheet at the status
bar macro recording will start.
6. Stop the recording of the macro from the status bar.
7. Then press the shortcut key (Ctrl+Shift+R)or click on
RUN in the view macro option.