Els Lesson.

PHILIPPINE CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY #1
SUBJECT: EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
OBJECTIVES: The learners should be able to:
 State the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the universe.

 Describe the different hypotheses explaining the origin of solar system.
Formation of the Universe
It is difficult to completely understand the formation of the early universe because no

human has ever witnessed it. The science of cosmology provides various hypotheses that explain
the origin of the universe based on its present properties or characteristics. It should likewise be
noted that advances in scientific tools are instruments continuously help validate theories.
There are numerous theories about the formation of the universe. Here are some of them:
BIG BANG THEORY
The universe was once very small and very hot, and then it expanded over time until it
reaches its peak around 13.7 billion years ago.
It is believed that the universe started with a single source. This source is thought to have
exploded making the big bang theory. The big bang theory proposes that the universe was estimated to
be made around ten million years ago. The matter in the universe was a hot dense ball of radiant and
subatomic particles. The temperature would have been extremely high (billions of billions of degrees).
Although the theory explains most it does not explain the origin of the ball of matter. That still remains a
mystery in science.
STEADY STATE THEORY

This theory state that the universe is always expanding in a constant average density
Because of this state, matter is continuously created to form cosmic or celestial bodies such as stars
and galaxies. This theory further claims that the universe has no beginning or end in time, and even
though it is expanding, its appearance remains the same over time.
The steady state theory was first proposed by Sir James Jeans in 1920. It gained popularity
after it was revised by Fred Hoyle, Hermann Bondi, and Thomas Gold in 1948 as an alternative to
the big bang theory.
COSMIC INFLAMATION THEORY
Proposed by physicist Alan Guth and Adrei Linde in 1980s, the term inflation refers to the
rapid expansion of space and time. According to this theory, the early universe was rapidly
expanding bubble of pure vacuum energy. It did not have any matter or radiation.
The cosmic inflation theory became an accepted hypothesis because it answered many
observations that arose in the big bang theory.
1. During the expansion period, objects that used to be in contact got farther away from one
another. Their composition, however, remained almost intact.
2. The continuous expansion dilutes or gradually loses the curvatures of objects.
3. Asserts that during expansion, small density fluctuations happen. This causes gravity to attract
gas into masses, giving birth to stars and eventually galaxies.
Formation of the Solar System

Where did the Solar System come from? How did we go from space to a star with planets orbiting
around it?
Throughout the Milky Way, there are clouds of cold gas and dust, just sitting there, doing
nothing. At some point in the distant past, this cloud was disturbed; either through the collision of
another galaxy, or the explosion of a massive star.
Nebular Hypothesis, an explanation of how the solar system was formed, proposed by Pierre
Simon de Laplace and Immanuel Kant in the 18th century. Laplace said that the material from
which the solar system was formed was once a slowly rotating cloud, or nebula, of extremely hot
gas. The gas cooled and the nebula began to shrink. As the nebula became smaller, it rotated more
rapidly, becoming somewhat flattened at the poles.
Planetesimal and Tidal Theories, a theory of the origin of the solar system, It was proposed by
Forrest R. Moulton, Harold Jeffreys and Thomas C. Chamberlin about 20th Century. The theory
states that the planets were formed by the accumulation of extremely small bits of matter
planetesimal that revolved around the sun. This matter was produced when a passing star almost
collided with the sun. During the near-collision, hot gases were pulled out of both stars and the
gases then condensed.
In both theories, the formation of planets was explained, at present, there are four inner
planets called terrestrial or telluric planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars and Earth) mostly of silicate
and metals. The four outer planets are called gas planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune)
and made up of only (helium and Hydrogen) that make up the sun.

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PHILIPPINE CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY #1

SUBJECT: EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

OBJECTIVES: The learners should be able to:

 State the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the universe.

Formation of the Universe

It is difficult to completely understand the formation of the early universe because no

STEADY STATE THEORY

Formation of the Solar System

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