Grade 9 - Science (CONSTELLATION)

Constellations
What is a Star?
A star is a massive ball
of plasma that emits
light throughout the
universe.
What is a Star?
What is a Star?
What is a Star?
A star can be defined by five basic

characteristics: brightness, color,
surface temperature, size, and mass.
Characteristics of Stars
1. Brightness
Two characteristics define brightness:

luminosity and magnitude. Luminosity is the
amount of light that a star radiates.
1. Brightness
Magnitude of a star is its perceived brightness,

factoring in size and distance, while absolute
magnitude is its true brightness irrespective of its
distance from the Earth.
2. Color
A star's color depends on its surface temperature.

Cooler stars tend to be redder in color, while hotter
stars have a bluer appearance. Stars in the mid-
ranges are white or yellow, such as our sun.
3. Surface Temperature
Astronomers measure a star's temperature on the Kelvin scale.

Zero degrees on the Kelvin scale is theoretically absolute and is
equal to -273.15 degrees Celsius. The coolest, reddest stars are
approximately 2,500 K, while the hottest stars can reach
temperature up to 50,000 K. Our sun is about 5,500 K.
4. Size
Astronomers measure the size of a given star in terms of our

own sun's radius. The star Rigel, which is much larger than
our sun, measures 78 solar radii. A star's size, along with its
surface temperature, will determine its luminosity.
5. Mass
A star's mass is also measured in terms of our own sun, with

1 equal to the size of our sun. Rigel, which is much larger
than our sun, has a mass of 3.5 solar masses. Two stars of a
similar size may not necessarily have the same mass, as stars
can vary greatly in density.
Constellations
Constellations are defined as a
group of stars which form a
particular pattern and are named
and identified by their traditional
mythological figures.
Zodiacs are also constellations,
but all constellations are not
zodiac constellations
Patterns in the Sky
Away from city lights on a clear, moonless night, the naked
eye can see 2000 to 3000 stars. As you look at these stars, your
mind may group them into different
shapes or patterns. People of nearly every culture throughout
history have looked at the stars and given names to shapes
they saw. They even invented stories to go with them.
Patterns in the Sky
The pattern that the Greeks named Orion (the hunter) was
also seen by the ancient Chinese who saw it as a supreme
warrior named Shen. The Chemehuevi Native Americans of
the California desert saw the same group of stars as a line of
three sure-footed mountain sheep.
Patterns in the Sky
The patterns of stars seen in the sky are usually
called constellations, although more accurately, a
group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky is
called an asterism. Astronomers use the term
constellation to refer to an area of the sky.
Patterns in the Sky
The International Astronomical Union (IAU)
divides the sky into 88 official constellations with
exact boundaries.
Patterns in the Sky
Most of the constellations in the Northern
Hemisphere are based on the constellations
invented by the ancient Greeks.
Patterns in the Sky
Most in the Southern Hemisphere are based on
names given to them by seventeenth century
European explorer.
Apparent Movement of the Stars through the Night
• Orion is always near Taurus.
• Ursa Minor is always surrounded by Draco.

• Parallax is where we measure how much a star
moves while we orbit around the sun and use
that information to calculate the distance to that
star.
Circumpolar
Constellations
These are constellations which are always
above the horizon. Circumpolar constellations
include Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Camelopardalis,
Draco, Lynx, Ursa Major and Ursa Minor.
POLARIS
The North Star or Pole Star – aka Polaris – is
famous for holding nearly still in our sky while the
entire northern sky moves around it
- Brightest star in the constellation

12 Astrological Constellations of the Zodiac
Canis Major, Cetus, Eridanus, Gemini,
Perseus, Taurus, and Orion are seen
during winter or cold season.
Aquila, Cygnus, Hercules, Lyra, Ophiuchus,
Sagittarius, and Scorpius
are prominent in summer.
Bootes, Cancer, Crater, Hydra, Leo,
and Virgo
are seen during spring.
In autumn, Andromeda, Aquarius,
Capricornus, Pegasus, and Pisces are
prominent.
Early Application:
The first astronomers created calendars from changes

they saw in the Moon. Some ancient people around 5,000
years ago set up large stones to mark the movement of
the Sun and other stars. One of those old observatories
is Stonehenge in what we now call England.
Early Application:
Ancient natives of North America

lined up circles of stones with the
Sun and stars to chart the rising Sun
and the beginning of summers.
Early Application:
In southern Mexico, the Mayans built special

buildings to watch the Moon and the planet
Venus. They had a calendar by 800 A.D. that
was more accurate than the calendar used in
Europe
Early Application:
"Star-finders" or astrolabes were created

by Arab astronomers to solve complicated
astronomy problems. One side of an
astrolabe contained a detailed star map.
• “Tala” is a goddess of the
stars.
• “Mayari” who is a
goddess of the moon.
• “Hanan” the goddess of

the morning.
• They are the daughters of
“Bathala” and a mortal woman.
• “Apolaki” who is the god
of the sun.
• He was the son of

“Anagolay” and
“Dumakulem”.
• “Moroporo” is connected
to sea navigation but, like
“Balatik”, it was primarily
used to signal the
beginning of the planting
season.
• “Tres Marias” (The Three
Marias) in Tagalog,
“Magbangal” in Bukidnon,
and
“Seretar” in Teduray.
• “Balatik” is composed of
perfectly aligned and evenly
spaced
stars which act as the belt of
the constellation of Orion.
• “Balatik” is seen as both
the sword and belt of
Orion. It signifies the start
of planting and setting of
traps to protect the crops
from animals.
• “Mapolon” in Tagalog, “San
Apon” in Ibaloi, and
“Kufukufu” in Teduray. In
western, it is known as the star
cluster Pleiades (The Seven
Sisters) located in the
constellation of Taurus.
• It implies the start of the

planting season.
• “Lepu”, by the
“Matigsalug Manobo” of
Bukidnon it is known as
the constellation of Aquila.
It signifies the time to
clean or clear the fields
while waiting for the
harvest time.
• “Talang Batugan” (Lazy),
named for its
characteristic of slow motion,
large size, and low brightness
and usually known as a
guiding star for shepherds.
• “Pogot” used as a sign for
fishing and incoming
storms.
• “Soag” is a four-star that
resembles a four-sided
figure, which
signals the beginning of
nighttime
• “Torong” consisting of three
stars that show
an approaching storm.
• “Sipat” and “Tudong” are

mentioned in a ritual known
as “kentan” conducted by
ethnic groups in the
Cordillera to bless rice
seedlings.
• “Binabbais”, another star
named by the people of
Cordillera, is heard in
prayers chanted during
their ritual sacrifice of a
chicken.

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Constellations

A star can be defined by five basic

Two characteristics define brightness:

Magnitude of a star is its perceived brightness,

A star's color depends on its surface temperature.

Astronomers measure a star's temperature on the Kelvin scale.

Astronomers measure the size of a given star in terms of our

A star's mass is also measured in terms of our own sun, with

• Orion is always near Taurus.

• Ursa Minor is always surrounded by Draco.

- Brightest star in the constellation

The first astronomers created calendars from changes

Ancient natives of North America

In southern Mexico, the Mayans built special

"Star-finders" or astrolabes were created

• “Hanan” the goddess of

• He was the son of

• It implies the start of the

• “Sipat” and “Tudong” are

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