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DIT UNIVERSITY DEHRADUN

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Lab Manual for the Academic Year 2018-19

Subject : Computer Graphics

Subject code : DA6210
Course coordinator : Kushal Gupta
HOD : Dr. Vishal Bharti

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Table of Contents

S. No Content Page No.

1 System Requirements 3

2 Lab Objectives 4

Experiment Manual

Experiment Title of experiment

Page No.
No.
Introduction to Graphics functions and construction of
1 smileys 5

2 Line Drawing: General Approach 9

3 Line Drawing: DDA Algorithm 12

4 Line Drawing: Bresenham’s Algorithm 15

5 Circle Drawing: Bresenham’s Algorithm 18

2-D Transformations: Translation and Scaling using a

6 HUT 20

7 2-D Transformations: Rotation 22

8 Polygon Filling: Flood Fill Algorithm 24

9 Polygon Filling: Boundary Fill Algorithm 26

10 Line Clipping: Cohen Sutherland Algorithm 28

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System Requirements

1. Intel based desktop PC of 2GHz or faster processor with at least 256 MB RAM

and 256 MB free disk space.

2. C or C++ compiler.

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Lab Objectives

1. To provide an understanding of basic computer graphics with different color

model like RGB, CMYK etc.

2. To provide an understanding to draw basic objects like line, polygon, curve etc.

and different transformation of objects.

3. To provide an understanding for object clipping, windowing, real object

projection, world view etc.

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Practical 1

Objective
Introduction of basic graphics functions in C language.

1. getmaxx():
It returns the maximum x co-ordinate value(screen-relative) for the current graphics
driver and mode.

2. arc(int x, int y, int start_angle, int end_angle, int radius):

It draws a circular arc in the current drawing color with the specified center, start and
end angle and radius.

3. setcolor ( int color):

It sets the current drawing color to specified color (which can range from 0 to
getmaxcolor ).

4. ellipse(int x, int y, int start_angle, int end_angle, int x_radius, int

y_radius) :
Draws elliptical arc in the current drawing color having radius(x,y) and specified radius.

5. line(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2):

Draws a line from (x1,y1) to (x2,y2) using the current color, line style, and thickness.

6. setcolor(int color) :
Sets the current drawing color to specified color (which can range from 0 to getmaxcolor
).

7. circle(int x, int y, int radius):

Draws a circle in current drawing color having center (x,) and specified radius.

8. setfillstle(int pattern, int color):

Sets the mentioned fill style and fill color.

9. floodfill(int x, int y, int border):

Fills the region with the current drawing color and pattern in which the point (x,y)
enclosed with the mentioned border color.

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10. closegraph(void):
It deallocates all memory allocated by the graphics system.It then restores the screen to
the mode it was before calling initgraph.

Construction of smileys using graphics in C language.

Source Code
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<graphics.h>

int main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm,X,Y;

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");

X=getmaxx();
Y=getmaxy();

printf("%d %d",X,Y);

setcolor(WHITE);

//Quadrant Lines
line(X/2,0,X/2,Y);
line(0,Y/2,X,Y/2);

//Quadrant 1 Smiley
setcolor(YELLOW);
circle(3*X/4,Y/4,X/6); //Main Circle
line((3*X/4),(Y/4)-10,(3*X/4),(Y/4)+10); //Nose
circle((3*X/4)-50,(Y/4)-50,10); //Eye
circle((3*X/4)+50,(Y/4)-50,10); //Eye

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ellipse((3*X/4),(Y/4+60),0,360,50,25); //Mouth

setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,WHITE);
floodfill((3*X/4)-50,(Y/4)-50,YELLOW);//Eye Color
floodfill((3*X/4)+50,(Y/4)-50,YELLOW);//Eye Color

setfillstyle(SLASH_FILL,MAGENTA);
floodfill((3*X/4),(Y/4+60),YELLOW);//Mouth Color

//Quadrant 2 Smiley
setcolor(YELLOW);
circle(X/4,Y/4,X/6); //Main Circle
line(X/4,(Y/4)-10,X/4,(Y/4)+10); //Nose
circle((X/4)-50,(Y/4)-50,10); //Eye
circle((X/4)+50,(Y/4)-50,10); //Eye
arc(X/4,Y/4,232,307,60);//Mouth
ellipse((X/4),(Y/4),215,325,46,80); //Mouth

setfillstyle(XHATCH_FILL,WHITE);
floodfill((X/4)-50,(Y/4)-50,YELLOW);//Eye Color
floodfill((X/4)+50,(Y/4)-50,YELLOW);//Eye Color

setfillstyle(HATCH_FILL,CYAN);
floodfill((X/4),(Y/4+60),YELLOW);//Mouth Color

//Quadrant 3 Smiley
setcolor(YELLOW);
circle(X/4,3*(Y/4),X/6); //Main Circle
line(X/4,3*(Y/4)-10,X/4,3*(Y/4)+10); //Nose
circle((X/4)-50,3*(Y/4)-50,10); //Eye
circle((X/4)+50,3*(Y/4)-50,10); //Eye
line((X/4)-40,3*(Y/4)+40,(X/4)+40,3*(Y/4)+40);//Mouth
ellipse((X/4)+20,3*(Y/4)+40,180,360,20,30);//Mouth

setfillstyle(WIDE_DOT_FILL,WHITE);
floodfill((X/4)-50,3*(Y/4)-50,YELLOW);//Eye Color
floodfill((X/4)+50,3*(Y/4)-50,YELLOW);//Eye Color

setfillstyle(INTERLEAVE_FILL,GREEN);
floodfill((X/4)+20,3*(Y/4)+45,YELLOW);//Mouth Color

//Quadrant 4 Smiley
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setcolor(YELLOW);
circle(3*(X/4),3*(Y/4),X/6); //Main Circle
line(3*(X/4),3*(Y/4)-10,3*(X/4),3*(Y/4)+10); //Nose
circle(3*(X/4)-50,3*(Y/4)-50,10); //Eye
circle(3*(X/4)+50,3*(Y/4)-50,10); //Eye
circle(3*(X/4),3*(Y/4)+50,20);//Mouth

setfillstyle(LINE_FILL,WHITE);
floodfill(3*(X/4)-50,3*(Y/4)-50,YELLOW);//Eye Color
floodfill(3*(X/4)+50,3*(Y/4)-50,YELLOW);//Eye Color

setfillstyle(LTSLASH_FILL,LIGHTBLUE);
floodfill(3*(X/4),3*(Y/4)+50,YELLOW);//Mouth Color

getch();
closegraph();

return 0;
}

Output

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Practical 2

Objective
Construction of a line using the equation y=mx+c.

Source Code
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<graphics.h>

int max(int a,int b){if(a>b){return a;}else{return b;}}

int min(int a,int b){if(a<b){return a;}else{return b;}}

int main()
{
int x1,y1,x2,y2,x,y,i;
float m,c;
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;

initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"");

printf("Program to construct a line using equation y=mx+c.\n");

printf("---------------------------------------------------------\n");
printf("Enter the coordinates of the the line.\n");
printf("X1 : ");
scanf("%d",&x1);
printf("Y1 : ");
scanf("%d",&y1);
printf("X2 : ");
scanf("%d",&x2);
printf("Y2 : ");
scanf("%d",&y2);

m=(float)(y2-y1)/(x2-x1);
c=(float)y1-(m*x1);

if(m>1)
{
for(i=min(y1,y2);i<=max(y1,y2);i++ )

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{
x=(int)((i-c)/m) ;
putpixel(x,i,YELLOW);
}
}
else
{
for(i=min(x1,x2);i<=max(x1,x2);i++)
{
y=(int)((m*i)+c);
putpixel(i,y,CYAN);
}
}

line(x1+10,y1,x2+10,y2);
getch();
closegraph();

return 0;
}

Output

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Practical 3

Objective
Construction of lines using Digital Differential Analyzer algorithm.

Source Code
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<graphics.h>

void lineDDA(float x1,float y1,float x2,float y2)

{
float i,m,dx,dy;
dx=x2-x1; dy=y2-y1;
m=dy/dx;

if(dx<0)
{
i=y1;
y1=y2;
y2=i;
i=x1;
x1=x2;x2=i;
dy=dy;
dx=-dx;
}
if(dx>0.0)
{
if(m<=1 && m>=-1)
{
for(i=x1;i<=x2;i++)
{
putpixel(i,(int)y1,RED);
y1=y1+m;
}
}
else

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{
if(m<-1)
{
x1=x2;
i=y1;
y1=y2;
y2=i;
}

for(i=y1;i<=y2;i++)
{
putpixel((int)x1,i,BLUE);
x1=x1+(1/m);
}
}
}
}
int main()
{
int x1,y1,x2,y2,i;
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"");

printf("Program to construct lines using digital differential analyzer algorithm.\n");

printf("---------------------------------------------------------\n");

for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{
printf("Enter the coordinates of a line \n");
scanf("%d %d %d %d",&x1,&y1,&x2,&y2);
line(x1+5,y1,x2+5,y2);
lineDDA(x1,y1,x2,y2);
}

getch();
closegraph();

return 0;
}

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Output

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Practical 4

Objective
Construction of a line using Bresenham’s algorithm.

Source Code
#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>

void Draw_Line(int X1,int Y1,int X2,int Y2)

{
int X,Y,D,DX,DY,DE,DNE;

X=X1;
Y=Y1;
DY=Y2-Y1;
DX=X2-X1;
D=2*DY-DX;
DE=2*DY;
DNE=2*(DY-DX);

putpixel(X,Y,WHITE);

while(X<X2)
{
if(D<=0)
{
D=D+DE;
}
else
{
D=D+DNE;
Y=Y+1;
}
X=X+1;
putpixel(X,Y,WHITE);
}
}

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int main()
{
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode,X,Y,X1,Y1,X2,Y2;

initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"");

printf("Program to construct a line using Bresenham's line drawing algorithm.\n");

printf("---------------------------------------------------------\n");

printf("Enter X1 : ");
scanf("%d",&X1);
printf("Enter Y1 : ");
scanf("%d",&Y1);
printf("Enter X2 : ");
scanf("%d",&X2);
printf("Enter Y2 : ");
scanf("%d",&Y2);

Draw_Line(X1,Y1,X2,Y2);

getch();
closegraph();

return 0;
}

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Output

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Practical 5
Objective
To Construct a circle using Bresenham's algorithm (Version-2).
Source Code
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void dcircle(int x,int y,int h,int k)
{
putpixel(x+h,y+k,1); putpixel (y+h,x+k,5); putpixel(-x+h,y+k,2); putpixel (-y+h,x+k,6);
putpixel(x+h,-y+k,3); putpixel (y+h,-x+k,7); putpixel(-x+h,-y+k,4); putpixel (-y+h,-x+k,8);
}
void main()
{ int d,de,dse,h,k,x,y,r,gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"");
printf("Enter the radius\n"); scanf("%d",&r);
printf("Enter the co ordinates of center\n"); scanf("%d%d",&h,&k);
x=0; y=r; d=1-r; de=3; dse=5-(2*r);
dcircle(x,y,h,k);
while(y>x)
{ if(d<0)
{d=d+de;
de=de+2;
dse=dse+2;}
else
{d=d+dse;
de=de+2;
dse=dse+4;
y--;
}
x++;
dcircle(x,y,h,k);
}
settextstyle(3,0,3);
outtextxy(100,300,"Program Executed By: Gaurav Soni");
getch();
closegraph();
}

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Output

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Practical 6

Objective
To draw an image of a hut and perform scaling and translation on it.

Source Code
//#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main()
{
int i,tx,ty;
float sx,sy;

// Defining Hut Coordinates

int h[11][4]={
{100,50,50,200},
{100,50,150,200},
{100,50,250,50},
{250,50,250,200},
{50,200,150,200},
{50,200,50,400},
{150,200,250,200},
{150,200,150,400},
{250,200,250,400},
{50,400,150,400},
{150,400,250,400}
};

int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"");
printf("Program to implement translation and scaling on an image.\n\n");
printf("Enter Translation Factor (X & Y)\t: "); scanf("%d%d",&tx,&ty);
printf("Enter Scaling Factor (X & Y)\t\t: "); scanf("%f%f",&sx,&sy);

settextstyle(3,0,3);
outtextxy(100,420,"Program executed by Gaurav Soni");

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for(i=0;i<11;i++)
{
setcolor(WHITE); // Drawing Hut
line(h[i][0],h[i][1],h[i][2],h[i][3]);

setcolor(YELLOW); // Hut Translation

line(h[i][0]+tx,h[i][1]+ty,h[i][2]+tx,h[i][3]+ty);

setcolor(GREEN); // Hut Scaling

line(h[i][0]*sx+75,h[i][1]*sy+240,h[i][2]*sx+75,h[i][3]*sy+240);
}

getch();
closegraph();
}

Output

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Practical 7

Objective
To perform rotation of an image.

Source Code
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main()
{
int i;float r;

// Defining Hut Coordinates

int h[4][13]={ {100,100,150,350,400,130,200,130,170,200,200,150,100},
{100,100,50 ,25 ,75 ,200,200,150,150,100,100,50 ,200},
{100,150,350,400,400,130,400,170,170,200,400,200,200},
{200, 50,25 ,75 ,175,150,175,150,200,200,75 ,100,200} };
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"");
printf("Program to rotate an image.\n\n");
printf("Enter Rotation Angle : "); scanf("%f",&r);

settextstyle(3,0,3);
outtextxy(250,400,"Program executed by : Gaurav Soni");

r=(3.14159265/180.0)*r;
for(i=0;i<13;i++)
{
setcolor(WHITE); // Drawing Hut
line(h[0][i],h[1][i],h[2][i],h[3][i]);

// Hut Rotation
h[0][i]=h[0][i]* cos (r) -h[1][i]*sin(r) ;
h[1][i]=h[0][i]*sin(r) +h[1][i]*cos(r) ;
h[2][i]=h[2][i]* cos(r) -h[3][i]*sin(r) ;
h[3][i]=h[2][i]*sin(r) +h[3][i]*cos(r) ;

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setcolor(YELLOW); // Drawing Rotated Hut

line(h[0][i],h[1][i],h[2][i],h[3][i]);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}

Output

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Practical 8

Objective
To implement Boundary Filling algorithm.

Source Code
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<graphics.h>

void bound(int x,int y,int n,int o)

{
if(getpixel(x,y)!=o&&getpixel(x,y)!=n)
{
putpixel(x,y,n);
for(int i=0;i<1500;i++) // Providing Delay
{
for(int j=0;j<1500;j++)
{

}
}
bound(x+1,y,n,o); bound(x,y+1,n,o);
bound(x-1,y,n,o); bound(x,y-1,n,o);
}
}

int main()
{
int x,y,gd=DETECT,gm;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
printf("Program to implement Boundary Filling algorithm.\n\n");
printf("Enter seed point [Range (150,150) -> (200,200)]\t: ");
settextstyle(3,0,3);
outtextxy(100,200,"Program executed by : Gaurav Soni");
scanf("%d %d",&x,&y);

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setbkcolor(8);
setcolor(14); rectangle(150,150,200,200);
setcolor(3);line(155,155,155,175);
setcolor(2); line(175,155,175,175);
bound(x,y,1,14);

getch();
closegraph();
}

Output

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Practical 9

Objective
To implement the Flood Fill algorithm.

Source Code
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>

void flood(int x,int y,int old)

{
if(getpixel(x,y)==old)
{
putpixel(x,y,YELLOW);
delay(9);
flood(x+1,y,old);
flood(x,y+1,old);
flood(x-1,y,old);
flood(x,y-1,old);
}
}

int main()
{
int x,y,gd=DETECT,gmode;
initgraph(&gd,&gmode,"");
printf("Program to implement Flood Filling algorithm.\n\n");
printf("Enter seed point [Range (100,100) -> (160,160)]\t: ");
scanf("%d %d",&x,&y);
settextstyle(3,0,3);
outtextxy(100,200,"Program executed by : Gaurav Soni");

setbkcolor(8);
setcolor(RED); rectangle(100,100,160,160);
setcolor(GREEN); line(115,115,115,155);
setcolor(BLUE); line(155,115,155,155);
setcolor(YELLOW); flood(x,y,0);

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getch();
closegraph();
}

Output

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Practical 10

Objective
Line Clipping: Cohen Sutherland Algorithm.

Source Code
#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<graphics.h>

void main()

int gd=DETECT, gm;

float i,xmax,ymax,xmin,ymin,x1,y1,x2,y2,m;

float start[4],end[4],code[4];

clrscr();

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");

printf("Please enter the bottom left co-ordinate of viewport: ");

scanf("%f %f",&xmin,&ymin);

printf("Please enter the top right co-ordinate of viewport: ");

scanf("%f %f",&xmax,&ymax);

printf("Please enter the co-ordinates for starting point of line: ");

scanf("%f %f",&x1,&y1);

printf("Please enter the co-ordinates for ending point of line: ");

scanf("%f %f",&x2,&y2);

for(i=0;i <4;i++)

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start[i]=0;

end[i]=0;

m=(y2-y1)/(x2-x1);

if(x1 <xmin) start[0]=1;

if(x1 >xmax) start[1]=1;

if(y1 >ymax) start[2]=1;

if(y1 <ymin) start[3]=1;

if(x2 <xmin) end[0]=1;

if(x2 >xmax) end[1]=1;

if(y2 >ymax) end[2]=1;

if(y2 <ymin) end[3]=1;

for(i=0;i <4;i++)

code[i]=start[i]&&end[i];

if((code[0]==0)&&(code[1]==0)&&(code[2]==0)&&(code[3]==0))

if((start[0]==0)&&(start[1]==0)&&(start[2]==0)&&(start[3]==0)&&(end[0]==0)&&(end[1]==0)&&(end
[2]==0)&&(end[3]==0))

cleardevice();

printf("\n\t\tThe line is totally visible\n\t\tand not a clipping candidate");

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved by:

Kushal Gupta
 Issue No.: Date:
Rev No.: Nil Rev. Date: Nil
DA6210-Computer Graphics Lab Manual Clause: Nil Page: 30

rectangle(xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax);

line(x1,y1,x2,y2);

getch();

else

cleardevice();

printf("\n\t\tLine is partially visible");

rectangle(xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax);

line(x1,y1,x2,y2);

getch();

if((start[2]==0)&&(start[3]==1))

x1=x1+(ymin-y1)/m;

y1=ymin;

if((end[2]==0)&&(end[3]==1))

x2=x2+(ymin-y2)/m;

y2=ymin;

if((start[2]==1)&&(start[3]==0))

x1=x1+(ymax-y1)/m;

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved by:

Kushal Gupta
 Issue No.: Date:
Rev No.: Nil Rev. Date: Nil
DA6210-Computer Graphics Lab Manual Clause: Nil Page: 31

y1=ymax;

if((end[2]==1)&&(end[3]==0))

x2=x2+(ymax-y2)/m;

y2=ymax;

if((start[1]==0)&&(start[0]==1))

y1=y1+m*(xmin-x1);

x1=xmin;

if((end[1]==0)&&(end[0]==1))

y2=y2+m*(xmin-x2);

x2=xmin;

if((start[1]==1)&&(start[0]==0))

y1=y1+m*(xmax-x1);

x1=xmax;

if((end[1]==1)&&(end[0]==0))

y2=y2+m*(xmax-x2);

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved by:

Kushal Gupta
 Issue No.: Date:
Rev No.: Nil Rev. Date: Nil
DA6210-Computer Graphics Lab Manual Clause: Nil Page: 32

x2=xmax;

clrscr();

cleardevice();

printf("\n\t\tAfter clippling:");

rectangle(xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax);

line(x1,y1,x2,y2);

getch();

else

clrscr();

cleardevice();

printf("\nLine is invisible");

rectangle(xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax);

getch();

closegraph();

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved by:

Kushal Gupta
 Issue No.: Date:
Rev No.: Nil Rev. Date: Nil
DA6210-Computer Graphics Lab Manual Clause: Nil Page: 33

Output

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved by:

Kushal Gupta