Near field Region

For distances close to the antenna (near field) kr << 1

1
The term will be the most dominant
( kr ) 3
1
The term will be less dominant
(kr ) 2

1
& will be the least dominant
kr

Using these approximations in eqns (6) & (7) we get:

  I o l cos θ − jκr 
 E ≈ − j η e 
2πκr
r 3
 
 E ≈ − jη I o l sin θ e − jκr 
 θ 
 4πκr 3
(15)
 Eφ = H r = H θ = 0 
 
 I o l sin θ − jκr 
 H ϕ ≈ e 
 4πr 2

 
When we find E × H no real power is radiated.
 Far Field Region ( κr >> 1 )
In this region we get:

 κI ol sin θ − jκr 
 Eθ ≈ jη 4πr e 
 
 Er = Eφ = H r = H θ = 0 (16) TEM wave
 
 H ϕ ≈ j κI ol sin θ e − jκr 
 4πr 

TEM : Transverse Electromagnetic wave

Eθ
Wave impedance: Ζω = =η
Hφ
 Directivity
We found previously that:

   η I ol sin θ  j 
2 2
W = Wav = ar 1 − (κr ) 3 
8 λ r 2
 
In the far field we can rewrite this eqn as:

  η κI ol sin θ
2 2
Wav = ar
2 4π r 2 (17)
Recall Radiation Intensity is:

η κI ol sin θ
2 2
U = r Wav = r
2 2
or
2 4π r 2

2
r ηκ I 2
l sin θ r 2
⇒U = =
o 2
Eθ
2η 4πr 2η

Umax occurs at θ = π 2 ⇒

η κI ol 2 π η κI ol
2 2

U max = sin ( ) =
2 4π 2 2 4π
We know that directivity Do is given by:

η κI ol
2

U max 2 4π 3
Do = 4π = =
 π  I ol
2
Prad 2
η 
3 λ

So Do=3/2 and Effective aperture Ae :

λ 2
3λ 2
Ae = Do =
4π 8π
 Small Dipole
λ / 50 ≤ l ≤ λ / 10
 In this case, the current distribution along the small dipole is:

  2 l
 a z I o (1 − l z ' ) 0 ≤ z ' ≤ 2
I ( x' , y ' , z ' ) = 
 2 l
a z I o (1 + z ' ) − ≤ z ' ≤ 0
 l 2

 µ  0
2 e − j κR
l
2
2 e − jκR 
 I o (1 + z ' ) 
4π  −∫l ∫0
A= dz '+ I (1 − z ' ) dz '

o
l R l R
 2 

(18)
 − jκr
Which leads to:  1  µI o le 
Az = a z  
(19)
2  4πr 
Note: Az for the small dipole is ½ that of the infinitesimal dipole
In the far field we get:
κI ol sin θ − jκr
Eθ ≈ jη e (20)
8πr
Er = Eφ = H r = Hθ = 0 (21)

κI ol sin θ − jκr
Hϕ ≈ j e (22)
8πr
2
l
The radiation resistance is: Rr = 20π  2

λ
 Separation of Regions
2D 2
Let us see why we choose: R ≥ as the far field region.
λ
Let us start with:
 µ e − jκR
A( x ', y ', z ') = ∫
4π c
I ( x' , y ' , z ' )
R
dl ' (23)

And let us approximate R

R = ( x − x' ) 2 + ( y − y ' ) 2 + ( z − z ' ) 2 (24)

For x’=y’=0 we get:

R = ( x − 0) 2 + ( y − 0) 2 + ( z − z ' ) 2 = x 2 + y 2 + ( z − z ' ) 2 (25)

 ⇒ R = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + z '2 −2 zz ' = r 2 − 2(r cosθ ) z '+ z '2 (26)

since r 2 = x2 + y2 + z 2 & z = r cosθ

Using the binomial theorem:
n(n − 1) n − 2 2
n −1
(a + b) = a + na b +
n n
a b + ..... + b n (27)
2!
We obtain:
(3) (4)
(1) (2)
1  z' 2 
2
1  z' 3

R = r − z ' cos θ +  sin θ  + 2  cos θ sin θ  + .... (28)
2

r 2  r  2 
Best approximation is: R ≈ r − z ' cos θ
This means that the next largest term that is neglected is the 3rd term

1  z '2  z ' 2
i.e.  sin 2 θ  = for θ = 90o
r 2  max 2r
z '2
This means that if we neglect this term we can have an error of
2r
z '2
• for an infinitesimal dipole z′ is very small so the term is
2r
really small & hence R ≈ r .

In general, in the far field we approximate:

− jkR − jk ( r − z 'cosθ )
e e
≈ (29)
R r
 The far field distance rff is
that value of r for which
the path length deviation
due to neglecting the 3rd
term in eqn (28) is not
more than λ/16.
2π λ π
That corresponds to phase error of: kR = = = 22.5o
λ 16 8
If we choose l as the length of the line source then z' = l
2
l ) 2
z' 2π 2
2 ( π
⇒k = ≤
2r λ 2r 8
 2π l 2 π 2l 2
or ≤ ⇒r≥
λ 8r 8 λ
2D 2
or in general r≥
λ
A similar analysis can be used to find the Fresnel (near field)
region as:
D3 2D 2
0.62 ≤r≤
λ λ
& the reactive near field as

D3
r ≤ 0.62
λ
 Finite Length Dipole

For a thin dipole the current distribution is:

  l l
 a z I o sin[ k ( 2 − z ' )] 0 ≤ z ' ≤ 2
I ( x ', y ', z ') = (30)
 l l
a z I o sin[ k ( + z ' )] − ≤ z ' ≤ 0
 2 2

Assumption: The antenna is center-fed.

It has been shown, experimentally, that for center fed dipole antennas
the current distribution is sinusoidal with nulls at the end-points.
 i.e.
for λ / 2 < l < λ

for l = λ
2
Previously, we found for the infinitesimal dipole of length l that in
the far field:
κI ( x' , y ' , z ) sin θ − jκR (31)
Eθ ≈ jη e l
4πR
κI ( x' , y ' , z ) sin θ − jκR
Hϕ ≈ j e l (32)
4πR
If we let l = dz ' then eqn (31) & (32) become:

κI ( x' , y ' , z ' ) sin θ − jκR

dEθ ≈ jη e dz ' (33)
4πR
κI ( x' , y ' , z ' ) sin θ − jκR
dH ϕ ≈ j e dz '
4πR (34)
 In the far field :
e − jκR e − jκ ( r − z 'cosθ ) e − jκr jκz 'cosθ
≈ ≈ e (35)
R r r
Using eqn (35) into (33) yields:

κI ( x' , y ' , z ' ) sin θ e − jκr jκz 'cosθ

dEθ ≈ jη e dz ' (36)
4π r
To solve for the total Eθ we integrate:
+l − jκr + 2
l
2
κ sin θ e
Eθ = ∫ dEθ ⇒ Eθ = jη ∫ I ( x' , y ' , z ' )e jκz 'cosθ
dz '
−l  π 
4 r − l
2
element factor depends on the
2


space factor depends on the current
type of current & direction
distribution

(37)
Multiplication factor
Integrating Eθ in eqn (37) yields:

 κl κl 
cos( cosθ ) − cos( ) 
I o e − jκr 
Eθ ≈ jη 
2 2
 (39)
2πr  sin θ 
 
Similarly,

 κl κl 
− jκr cos(
 cosθ ) − cos( ) 
Eθ I oe 2 2
Hφ = ≈ j   (40)
η 2πr  sin θ 
 
 Power density
 κl κl 
  * 2
 cos( cosθ ) − cos( ) 
1  I
Wav = Re[ E × H ] = arη o 2  2 2
 (40)
2 8πr  sin θ 
 

Radiation Intensity

κl κl 
2

η Io  cos( 2 cosθ ) − cos( 2 ) 
2

U = r Wav =
2
  (41)
8π 2  sin θ 
 
[3-D and 2-D amplitude pattern for a thin dipole of l = 1.25λ]
 Power
κl κl 
2

  2 π
 cos( cos θ ) − cos( )
= ∫∫Wav dS = η
Io  2 2 
Prad
s
4π 0 ∫ sin θ
dθ (42)

or

2
Io
{C + ln(κl ) − Ci (κl ) + sin(κl )[Si (2κl ) − 2 Si (κl )]
1
Prad =η
4π 2
1  κl 
+ cos(κl ) C + ln( ) + Ci (2κl ) − 2Ci (κl )} (43)
2  2 
 x x
sin y
Ci ( x ) = ∫
cos y
dy Si ( x ) = ∫ dy
where C = 0.5772 y y
∞
∞ 
Cosine Integral Sine Integral

Similarly:

η
{C + ln(κl ) − Ci (κl ) + sin(κl )[Si (2κl ) − 2 Si (κl )]
2 Prad 1
Rr = =
Io
2
2π 2
1  κl 
+ cos(κl ) C + ln( ) + Ci (2κl ) − 2Ci (κl )} (44)
2  2 
 Directivity

Input Resistance
Rr
Rin = (45)
2  kl 
sin  
2
 Half Wavelength Dipole
By placing l = λ/2, in all previous eqns. for the finite length
dipole yields:

 π 
− jκ r  cos  cos θ  
Eθ ≈ jη
Ioe
  2  (46)
2π r  sin θ 
 
 π 
− jκ r  cos  cos θ  
H=
Eθ
≈ j
Ioe
  2 
φ
η 2π r  sin θ 
(47)
 
 Do=1.643

λ 2
Aem = Do = 0.13λ2 (48)
4π
Finally:
2 Prad η
Rr = = Cin ( 2π ) ≈ 73Ω
Io
2
4π
1 − cos y
x

Where Cin ( x ) =∫ dy
0
y