Hawasssa University iOT, School of Civil Engineering

Reinforced concrete Structures I

Reinforced Concrete Slab

A slab is a two dimensional structure, it carries load primary by bending action and transfers the load to
the supporting beams or walls and sometimes directly to columns. A structural section to be considered as a
slab, the minimum span shall not be less than four times the overall slab thickness. Slab is used to from a
variety of building elements like floors, roof, stair cases etc...

Classification of slabs
I. Based on support condition
 Edge supported:-each corner of the slab is supported by beams

 Edge unsupported:-the corner of the slab is free from beam support; the slab is rest
on columns (Flat Slab).

II. Based on structural section

 Solid:- A slab that is uniform in section

 Ribbed:- A slab that has a variation in section or hole in the slab.

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 Hawasssa University iOT, School of Civil Engineering
Reinforced concrete Structures I

III. Based on structural action

 One way slabs
They transfer load in one direction
(in the short direction)
𝐿𝑦 -Long dimension
𝐿𝑋 -Short dimension
𝐿𝑦
≥2
𝐿𝑋
 Two way slabs
They transfer load in two directions.
𝐿𝑦 -Long dimension
𝐿𝑋 -Short dimension
𝐿𝑦
<2
𝐿𝑋
EBCS-2 recommendation on designing of slabs
Thickness
The following minimum thicknesses shall be adopted in design:
 60 mm for slabs not exposed to concentrated loads (e.g. inaccessible roofs)
 80 mm for slabs exposed mainly to distributed loads.
 100 mm for slabs exposed to light moving concentrated loads (e.g. slabs accessible to light
motor vehicles)
 120 mm for slabs exposed to heavy dynamic moving loads (e.g. slabs accessible to heavy
vehicles)
 150 mm for slabs on point supports (e.g. flat slabs)

Flexural Reinforcement
 The ratio of the secondary reinforcement to the main reinforcement shall be at least equal
to 0.2.
 The geometrical ratio of main reinforcement in a slab shall not be less than
0.5
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦𝑘
 The spacing between main bars for slabs shall not exceed the smaller of 2D or 350 mm.
 The spacing between secondary bars shall not exceed 400 mm.

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 Hawasssa University iOT, School of Civil Engineering
Reinforced concrete Structures I

Analysis and design of one-way solid slabs

If a slab is said to be one way then the ratio of the larger dimension to the short one is greater than or
equal to 2. This means the main reinforcement runs in one direction only.

The analysis carried out by assuming a beam of unit width (shaded area of 1m width in the above
picture) with a depth equal to the thickness of the slab and effective span length equal to the distance
between the supports. The strip of unit width may be analyzed in the same way as singly reinforced
rectangular section beam.
As the loads being transmitted to the supported beam, all reinforcement shall be placed at right angles to
these beams. However some additional bars may be placed in the other direction to carry temperature and
shrinkage stresses.
Generally, the design consists of selecting a slab thickness for deflection requirements and flexural
design carried out by considering the slab as a series of rectangular beams side by side.

To calculate spacing between bars, by selecting the diameter of the bar, as

1000𝑎𝑠
𝑆=
𝐴𝑠

The maximum spacing between bars is

2𝐷 , 𝐷 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝑆𝑀𝑎𝑥 = {
350𝑚𝑚
Minimum area of steel

0.5𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑀𝑖𝑛 ≥
𝑓𝑦𝑘

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 Hawasssa University iOT, School of Civil Engineering
Reinforced concrete Structures I

Design Example

Design the floor system of an Exhibition room which consists of one-way solid slab supported by beams. It
also subjected to a uniform load of 3KN/m2 for partition wall. Use concrete C25 and steel S300 class I
works and the floor finish is ceramic tile.
Solution
 Design constant
𝑓𝑐𝑢 25
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = = = 20𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.25 1.25
0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 × 20𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 11.33𝑀𝑃𝑎
ϒ𝑐 1.5
𝑓𝑦𝑘 300
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎
ϒ𝑠 1.15
𝑓𝑦𝑑 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑚= = = 28.78
0.8𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8 × 11.33𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝜀𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 𝜀𝑠 𝐸𝑠
𝐸𝑠
𝜀𝑐 = 0.0035 𝐸𝑠 = 200,000
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝜀𝑐 11.33𝑀𝑃𝑎 0.0035
𝜌𝑏 = 0.8 ( ) = 0.8 [ ][ ] = 0.0253
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝜀𝑠 + 𝜀𝑐 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎 ( 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎 ) + 0.0035
200000𝑀𝑃𝑎
To assure ductility
𝜌 = 0.75𝜌𝑏 = 0.019
 Check of one-way structural action
Panel Lx (m) Ly (m) 𝐿𝑦
≥2
𝐿𝑥

1 3 7 2.33>2 ,one-way

2 3 7 2.33>2 ,one-way

3 3.5 7 2 =2 ,one-way

 Depth for deflection

𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐿𝑒
𝑑 = (0.4 + 0.6 )
400 𝛽𝑎
Panel Le (mm) 𝛽𝑎 d(mm)

1 3000 24 106.25

2 3000 28 91.07

3 3500 24 123.96

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 Hawasssa University iOT, School of Civil Engineering
Reinforced concrete Structures I

Take the maximum value d=123.96mm

Overall depth D will be
Using
 15mm concrete cover
 Using ϕ10 reinforcement bar bottom
 Using ϕ8 reinforcement bar transverse direction

D=123.96 + 15 + 10/2 =143.96mm, use 150mm

d=150-15-10/2=130mm
d1=150-15-10-8/2=121mm
 Design Load
 Dead load

From EBCS-1, Table 2.8 Flooring and Walling, for PVC covering (Ceramic
tile) the density is 16KN/m3 and its thickness=2mm
The density of the cement screed form EBCS-1 Table 2.1 =23KN/m3 and its
thickness=3mm
The density of C25 concrete is =24KN/m3
 Self-weight of the slab = 0.15𝑚 × 24𝐾𝑁/𝑚3 = 3.6𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
 Cement screed= 0.03𝑚 × 23𝐾𝑁/𝑚3 = 0.69𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
 Ceramic tile = 0.02𝑚 × 16𝐾𝑁/𝑚3 = 0.32𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
 Partition load = 3𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
-------------------------------------
Total dead load DL=3.6 + 0.6 + 0.32 + 3 = 7.61 KN/m2
 Live load
Form EBCS-1, Table 2.9 category B C3, and form Table 2.10 we get the value
LL=5KN/m2
By considering one meter strip the design load will be
𝑃𝑑 = 1.3𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿 = 1.3 × 7.61 + 1.6 × 5 = (9.89 + 8)𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑃𝑑 = Design dead load + Design Live load = (9.89 + 8)KN/m

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 Hawasssa University iOT, School of Civil Engineering
Reinforced concrete Structures I

 Analysis
The variations in live load in different panels will result different bending moment values.
We use a Structural Analysis program called SAP2000 to do the analysis.

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Reinforced concrete Structures I

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 Hawasssa University iOT, School of Civil Engineering
Reinforced concrete Structures I

Summarizing the values

Loading Span AB Span BC Span CD
type Moment(KN.m) Moment(KN.m) Moment(KN.m)
Span(Field) Support Support Span(Field) Support Support Span(Field)
1 13.71 12.84 12.84 0 18.24 18.24 10.445
2 5.91 11.87 11.87 6.91 14.5 14.5 8.61
3 7.78 6.67 6.67 0 17.98 17.98 19.13
4 12.4 16.46 16.46 5.1 13.53 13.53 9.1
5 6.37 10.32 10.32 4.34 21.3 21.3 17.72
6 12.91 14.92 14.92 2.41 20.29 20.29 18.14
Maximum 13.71 16.46 16.46 6.91 21.3 21.3 19.13

 Design the section for flexure (moment)

Mmax=21.3KN.m , b=1000mm
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑚 = 28.78
𝜌 = 0.75𝜌𝑏 = 0.019

𝑀
𝑑=√
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝜌𝑏(1 − 0.4𝜌𝑚)

21.3 × 106
𝑑=√ = 74.17𝑚𝑚 < 130𝑚𝑚 … . 𝑜𝑘!
260.87 × 0.019 × 1000(1 − 0.4 × 0.019 × 28.78)
 Reinforcement
 d=130mm
 d1=121mm
 b=1000mm
 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 11.33𝑀𝑃𝑎
 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎
The maximum spacing between bars is

2𝐷 , 𝐷 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 2 × 150 = 300𝑚𝑚

𝑆𝑀𝑎𝑥 = { ={ =300mm
350𝑚𝑚 350𝑚𝑚
Minimum area of steel

0.5𝑏𝑑 0.5 × 1000 × 130

𝐴𝑠𝑀𝑖𝑛 ≥ = = 216.67𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 300

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Reinforced concrete Structures I

2𝑀 𝑓
𝜌 = [1 − √1 − (
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2
)] 𝑓 𝑐𝑑
𝑦𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
1000𝑎𝑠
𝑆=
𝐴𝑠
𝛱×102
𝑎𝑠 = = 78.54𝑚𝑚2
4

Location Moment 𝜌 ≤ 0.019 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 Spacing S ≤ 𝑆𝑀𝑎𝑥 Actual S

(KN.m) 𝐴𝑠 ≥ 𝐴𝑠𝑀𝑖𝑛 (mm) (mm)
(mm2)
Field-AB 13.71 0.00323 419.9 187.04 180
Support-B 16.46 0.00391 508.3 154.36 150
Field-BC 6.91 0.0016 208≅216.67 362.49≅300 300
Support-C 21.3 0.00513 666.9 117.77 110
Field-CD 19.13 0.00458 595.4 131.91 130

 Minimum reinforcements is needed in transverse direction; using ϕ8 reinforcement bar

d1=121mm
0.5𝑏𝑑 0.5 × 1000 × 121
𝐴𝑠𝑀𝑖𝑛 = = = 201.67𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 300
𝛱 × 82
𝑎𝑠 = = 50.27𝑚𝑚2
4
1000𝑎𝑠 1000 × 50.27
𝑆= = = 249.27𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 201.67
𝑆𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 300𝑚𝑚
Use ϕ8 C/C 240

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Reinforced concrete Structures I

 Reinforcement detail

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 Hawasssa University iOT, School of Civil Engineering
Reinforced concrete Structures I

Analysis and Design of Two-Way Solid Slabs

Tow-way slab are a floor system whose individual panel are rectangular and the ratio of the larger to
smaller span is less than 2. They are composed of rectangular panels, supported at all four edges by beams
or walls stiff enough to be treated as unyielding.

The general procedure to design two-way slabs

1. Depth determination
The minimum effective depth for deflection can be calculated as
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐿𝑥
𝑑 ≥ (0.4 + 0.6 )
400 𝛽𝑎
The overall depth D can be calculated
Longitudinal reinforcement
𝐷 = 𝑑 + concrete cover +
2
Note that the reinforcement is in both directions
2. Design load calculation
Base on the limit state design method, the design load Pd is computed as follows
𝑃𝑑 = 1.3𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿
Where
DL is dead load including self-weight of the slab, partition wall, finishing etc…
LL live load
3. Analysis of individual panels (Moment)
The first step is to determine support and span moments for all panels. The support
and span moments are calculated as follows
𝑀𝑖 = 𝛼𝑖 𝑃𝑑 𝐿𝑋 2
𝑀𝑖 = is the design moment per unit width at the point of reference.
𝑃𝑑 = is a uniformly distributed design load
𝛼𝑖 = the coefficient given in EBCS-2 Table A-1 as a function of (Ly/Lx) and support
condition of the panel.
𝐿𝑦 = Longer span of the panel
𝐿𝑥 = Shorter span of the panel
The subscript (i) has the following meaning
S=support
f=field (span)
x=direction of shorter span
y=direction of longer span
In table A-1 of EBCS-1 if the value of the aspect ratio (Ly/Lx) is between two values then use
linear interpolation.
This method is intended for slabs with uniformly distributed loads. If a slab is subjected to
a concentrated or line loads, in addition to a uniform load, these can generally be treated by
considering them as equivalent uniform loads using Reynould’s method, provided that the sum
of the non-uniform loads on panel does not exceed 20% of the total load.
4. Adjustments of support and span moment
I. Support Moment Adjustment
Let MR > ML
If( MR - ML )/ MR * 100 < 20% then the design moment Md
Md=(MR+ML)/2
If ( MR- ML )/ MR * 100 ≥ 20% then distribute using their relative stiffness.

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Reinforced concrete Structures I

1
𝐾𝑅 𝐿𝑋𝑅
𝑀𝑑 = 𝑀𝑅 − ( ) ∆𝑀 = 𝑀𝑅 − ( ) ∆𝑀 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑀𝑅 > 𝑀𝐿
𝐾𝑅 + 𝐾𝐿 1 1
𝐿𝑋𝑅 + 𝐿𝑋𝐿

1
𝐾𝐿 𝐿𝑋𝐿
𝑀𝑑 = 𝑀𝐿 − ( ) ∆𝑀 = 𝑀𝐿 − ( ) ∆𝑀 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑀𝑅 < 𝑀𝐿
𝐾𝑅 + 𝐾𝐿 1 1
+
𝐿𝑋𝑅 𝐿𝑋𝐿

𝐼
𝐾= 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐼 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒
𝐿𝑋

∆𝑀 = 𝑀𝑅 − 𝑀𝐿 𝑖𝑓 𝑀𝑅 > 𝑀𝐿 ∆𝑀 = 𝑀𝐿 − 𝑀𝑅 𝑖𝑓 𝑀𝐿 > 𝑀𝑅

II. Span Moment Adjustment

If the support moment is decreased, the span moment Mxf and Myf are then
increased to allow for changes of support moments.
𝑀𝑥𝑑 = 𝑀𝑥𝑓 + 𝐶𝑥 ∆𝑀′
𝑀𝑦𝑑 = 𝑀𝑦𝑓 + 𝐶𝑦 ∆𝑀′
Where
∆𝑀′ = 𝑀𝑅,𝐿 − 𝑀𝑑
𝐶𝑥 , 𝐶𝑦 = coefficients for adjusting span moments given in EBCS-2 Table A-2
If the support moment is increased, no adjustment shall be made to the span
moment.

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Reinforced concrete Structures I

5. Check the depth for flexure

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑑≥√
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝜌𝑏(1 − 0.4𝜌𝑚)
If not satisfy, revise the design with a new depth calculated using the above equation.
6. Reinforcement design for flexure
We can calculate the reinforcement area using equation or design chart.
For a given and calculated data of
 Material data C- and S-
 Effective depth(d) ,Width(b=1000mm) and Design moment(Md)
I. Using equation
2𝑀 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ( 2
)]
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
II. Using design chart
√𝑀⁄𝑏
𝐾𝑚 = → 𝐾𝑠
𝑑
𝐾𝑠 𝑀
𝐴𝑠 =
𝑑
To calculate spacing between bars, by selecting the diameter of the bar, as
1000𝑎𝑠
𝑆=
𝐴𝑠
Compare the above design spacing S, with the minimum provision given by our code.
0.5𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝑆
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 { 2𝐷
350𝑚𝑚
7. Reinforcement detail
The reinforcement bars can be detailed in such a way that at least 50% of the positive
bars is extended into the support. The negative bars may be terminated at a distance of Lx/4
to Lx/3 from the respective centerline point of the support.
8. Load transfer to frames
The design load on beams supporting solid slabs spanning into two direction at right angles
supporting distributed load may be assessed from the following equations.
𝑉𝑋 = 𝛽𝑣𝑥 𝑃𝑑 𝐿𝑥
𝑉𝑦 = 𝛽𝑣𝑦 𝑃𝑑 𝐿𝑥
EBCS-2 Table A-3 gives a value of load transfer coefficient 𝛽𝑣𝑥 , 𝛽𝑣𝑦 and the assumed
distribution of this loading is shown below.

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 Hawasssa University iOT, School of Civil Engineering
Reinforced concrete Structures I

Design Example
Design the floor system of an office building. Load form partition 2KN/m2, from floor finishing and screed
1KN/m2 .Using C25 and S300 class I works.

Solution
 Design constant
𝑓𝑐𝑢 25
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = = = 20𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.25 1.25
0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 × 20𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 11.33𝑀𝑃𝑎
ϒ𝑐 1.5
𝑓𝑦𝑘 300
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎
ϒ𝑠 1.15
𝑓𝑦𝑑 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑚= = = 28.78
0.8𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8 × 11.33𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝜀𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 𝜀𝑠 𝐸𝑠
𝐸𝑠
𝜀𝑐 = 0.0035 𝐸𝑠 = 200,000
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝜀𝑐 11.33𝑀𝑃𝑎 0.0035
𝜌𝑏 = 0.8 ( ) = 0.8 [ ][ ] = 0.0253
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝜀𝑠 + 𝜀𝑐 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎 ( 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎 ) + 0.0035
200000𝑀𝑃𝑎
To assure ductility
𝜌 = 0.75𝜌𝑏 = 0.019
 Step 1 :- Depth determination
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐿𝑥
𝑑 = (0.4 + 0.6 )
400 𝛽𝑎
panel Lx Ly Ly/Lx<2 𝛽𝑎 d(mm)
1 4000 4000 1 40 85
2 4000 6000 1.5 35 97.143
3 4000 5000 1.25 37.5 90.67
4 5000 6000 1.2 38 111.84
Maximum 111.84

Overall depth D will be

Using
 15mm concrete cover
 Using ϕ10 reinforcement bar bottom(it run perpendicular to the Longer span)
 Using ϕ10 reinforcement bar transverse direction (above the bars that runs
perpendicular to the longer span, which runs parallel to the longer span.)

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Longitudinal reinforcement
𝐷 = 𝑑 + concrete cover +
2
10
𝐷 = 111.84 + 15 + = 131.84𝑚𝑚
2
Let provide a minimum thickness for slab with concentrated load D=150mm
d=150-15-10/2=130mm d1=150-15-10-10/2=120mm
 Step 2 :- Design load calculation
 Dead load
The density of C25 concrete is =24KN/m3
 Self-weight of the slab = 0.15m × 24KN/m3 = 3.6KN/m2
 Floor finishing and screed= 1KN/m2
 Partition load = 2𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
-------------------------------------
Total dead load DL=3.6 + 1+ 2 = 6.6 KN/m2
 Live load
Form EBCS-1, Table 2.9 category B C1, and form Table 2.10 we get the value
LL=3KN/m2
𝑃𝑑 = 1.3𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿 = 1.3 × 6.6 + 1.6 × 3 = 13.38KN/m2
 Step 3 :- Analysis of individual panels (Moment)
Pd=13.38KN/m2 𝑀𝑖 = 𝛼𝑖 𝑃𝑑 𝐿𝑋 2
Support Lx2 Mxs Mxf Mys Myf
Panel Ly/Lx αxs αxf αys αyf
Condition m KN.m KN.m KN.m KN.m
1 8 1 16 0 0.044 0.058 0.044 0 9.42 12.42 9.42
2 6 1.5 16 0 0.078 0.045 0.034 0 16.7 9.634 7.279
3 4 1.25 16 0.066 0.049 0.047 0.036 14.13 10.49 10.06 7.707
4 8 1.2 25 0 0.063 0.058 0.044 0 21.07 19.4 14.72

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 Step 4 :- Adjustments of support and span moment

I. Support Moment Adjustment
 Adjustment between panel 1 and panel 2
ML=12.42KN.m
MR=9.634KN.m
𝑀𝐿 − 𝑀𝑅 12.42 − 9.634
( ) 100% = ( ) × 100% = 22.43% > 20%
𝑀𝐿 12.42
1 1
𝐿𝑋𝐿
𝑀𝑑 = 𝑀𝐿 − ( ) ∆𝑀 = 12.42 − ( 4 ) × (12.42 − 9.634)
1 1 1 1
𝐿𝑋𝑅 + 𝐿𝑋𝐿 4+4
= 11.03𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
 Adjustment between panel 2 and panel 3
ML=9.634KN.m
MR=10.06KN.m
𝑀𝑅 − 𝑀𝐿 10.06 − 9.634
( ) 100% = ( ) × 100% = 4.23% < 20%
𝑀𝐿 10.06
10.06 + 9.634
𝑀𝑑 = = 9.85𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
10.06
 Adjustment between panel 3 and panel 4
ML=14.13KN.m
MR=19.4KN.m
𝑀𝑅 − 𝑀𝐿 19.4 − 14.13
( ) 100% = ( ) × 100% = 27.16% > 20%
𝑀𝑅 19.4
1 1
𝐿𝑋𝑅
𝑀𝑑 = 𝑀𝑅 − ( ) ∆𝑀 = 19.4 − ( 5 ) (19.4 − 14.13)
1 1 1 1
𝐿𝑋𝑅 + 𝐿𝑋𝐿 +
5 4
= 17.13𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
II. Span Moment Adjustment
 Panel 1
∆𝑀′ = 𝑀𝐿 − 𝑀𝑑 = 12.42 − 11.03 = 1.39
𝐶𝑥 = 0.380
𝐶𝑦 = 0.280
𝑀𝑥𝑑 = 𝑀𝑥𝑓 + 𝐶𝑥 ∆𝑀′ = 9.42 + 0.38 × 1.39 = 9.95𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑦𝑑 = 𝑀𝑦𝑓 + 𝐶𝑦 ∆𝑀′ = 9.42 + 0.28 × 1.39 = 9.81𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
 Panel 3
∆𝑀′ = 𝑀𝐿 − 𝑀𝑑 = 10.06 − 9.85 = 0.21
𝐶𝑥 = 0.332
𝐶𝑦 = 0.154
𝑀𝑥𝑑 = 𝑀𝑥𝑓 + 𝐶𝑥 ∆𝑀′ = 10.49 + 0.332 × 0.21 = 10.56
𝑀𝑦𝑑 = 𝑀𝑦𝑓 + 𝐶𝑦 ∆𝑀′ = 7.707 + 0.154 × 0.21 = 7.739

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 Panel 4
∆𝑀′ = 𝑀𝑅 − 𝑀𝑑 = 19.4 − 17.13 = 2.27
𝐶𝑥 = 0.338
𝐶𝑦 = 0.172
𝑀𝑥𝑑 = 𝑀𝑥𝑓 + 𝐶𝑥 ∆𝑀′ = 21.07 + 0.338 × 2.27 = 21.837
𝑀𝑦𝑑 = 𝑀𝑦𝑓 + 𝐶𝑦 ∆𝑀′ = 14.72 + 0.172 × 2.27 = 15.11

 Step 5 :- Check the depth for flexure

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 21.837𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑚 = 28.78
𝜌 = 0.019
b=1000mm

𝑀
𝑑=√
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝜌𝑏(1 − 0.4𝜌𝑚)

21.837 × 106
𝑑=√ = 75.1𝑚𝑚 < 120𝑚𝑚 … . 𝑜𝑘!
260.87 × 0.019 × 1000(1 − 0.4 × 0.019 × 28.78)

 Step 6 :- Reinforcement design for flexure

b=1000mm=1m
d1=120mm=0.12m
d=130mm=0.13m
The maximum spacing between bars is
2𝐷 , 𝐷 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 2 × 150 = 300𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑀𝑎𝑥 = { ={ =300mm
350𝑚𝑚 350𝑚𝑚
Minimum area of steel
0.5𝑏𝑑 0.5 × 1000 × 130
𝐴𝑠𝑀𝑖𝑛 ≥ = = 216.67𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 300
0.5𝑏𝑑 0.5 × 1000 × 120
𝐴𝑠𝑀𝑖𝑛 ≥ = = 200𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 300

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√𝑀⁄𝑏
𝐾𝑚 = → 𝐾𝑠
𝑑
𝐾𝑠 𝑀
𝐴𝑠 =
𝑑
To calculate spacing between bars, by selecting the diameter of the bar, as
1000𝑎𝑠
𝑆=
𝐴𝑠
𝛱 × 102
𝑎𝑠 = = 78.54𝑚𝑚2
4
Moment d or d1 As S Actual
Location Km Ks
KN.m m mm2 mm Spacing
Mxs 11.03 0.13 25.55 3.134 265.91 295.37 290
Mxf 9.95 0.13 24.26 3.985 305.01 257.5 250
Panel 1
Mys
Myf 9.81 0.12 26.1 4.004 327.33 239.94 230
Mxs
Mxf 16.7 0.13 31.44 4.064 522.07 150.44 150
Panel 2
Mys,R 9.85 0.13 24.14 3.984 301.86 260.18 260
Myf 7.279 0.12 22.48 3.973 241 325.9 300
Mxs,L 9.85 0.13 24.14 3.984 301.86 260.18 260
Mxf 10.56 0.13 25 3.99 324.11 242.32 240
Panel 3
Mys,R 17.13 0.13 31.84 4.068 536.04 146.52 140
Myf 7.739 0.12 23.18 3.978 256.55 306.14 300
Mxs
Mxf 21.837 0.13 35.95 4.11 690.39 113.76 110
Panel 4
Mys 17.13 0.13 31.84 4.068 536.04 146.52 140
Myf 15.11 0.12 32.39 4.074 512.98 153.1 150

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 Step 7 :- Reinforcement detail

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 Step 8 :- Load transfer to frames

𝑉𝑋 = 𝛽𝑣𝑥 𝑃𝑑 𝐿𝑥
𝑉𝑦 = 𝛽𝑣𝑦 𝑃𝑑 𝐿𝑥
Pd=13.38KN/m2

Lx 𝛽𝑣𝑥 𝛽𝑣𝑦 Vx Vy
Support
Panel Ly/Lx
Condition m Cont. Discont. Cont. Discont. Cont. Discont. Cont. Discont.
0 16.06 24.08 16.06
1 8 1 4 - 0.30 0.45 0.30
0 21.41 21.41 0
2 6 1.5 4 - 0.40 0.40 -
25.96 17.13 21.41 13.92
3 4 1.25 4 0.485 0.32 0.40 0.26
0 24.08 30.11 20.07
4 8 1.2 5 - 0.36 0.45 0.30

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Design of one way ribbed Slab

In one way ribbed slab, the supporting beams called joists or ribs are closely spaced. The ribbed
floor is formed using temporary or permanent shuttering (form work) while the hollow block floor
is generally constructed with block made of clay tiles or with concrete containing light weight
aggregate. This type of floor is economical for buildings where there are long spans and light or
moderate live loads such as in hospitals and apartment buildings.

General requirements:
 Because joists are closely spaced, thickness of slab (topping), tslab ≥ 40 mm or 1/10 clear
distance between ribs.
 The topping shall be provided with a reinforcement mesh providing in each direction a
cross sectional area not less than 0.001 of the section of the slab.
 Unless calculation requires, minimum reinforcement to be provided for joists include two
bars, where one is bent near the support and the other straight.
 Rib width bw ≥ 70 mm, and overall depth Dj ≤ 4 bw,joist , excluding tslab
 Rib spacing is generally less than 1 m.
 In case of rib spacing larger than 1 m, the topping need to be designed as if supported on
ribs (i.e. as one way solid slab between the ribs).
 If the span of the ribs exceeds 6 m, transverse ribs may be provided.
 When transverse ribs are provided, the center to center distance shall not exceed 20 times
the overall depth of the ribbed slab.
 The transverse ribs shall be designed for at least half the values of maximum moments and
shear force in the longitudinal ribs.
 The girder supporting the joist may be rectangular or T-beam, with the flange thickness
equal to the floor thickness.

Procedure for design of a floor system of ribbed slab:

1. Thickness of topping and ribs assumed based on minimum requirements.
2. Loads may be computed on the basis of center line of the spacing of joists.
3. The joists are analyzed as continuous T-beams supported by girders.
4. Determine flexural reinforcement and consider minimum provision in the final solution.
5. Provide the topping or slab with reinforcement as per temperature and shrinkage
requirement.
6. Design the girder as a beam.

EBCS 2 - provisions
Web-Flange Connections

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Design Example of one way Ribbed Slab

Design the floor system shown below which is made of ribbed slab. Dead load from partition wall plus floor
finishing and HCB block =3.5KN/m2 and floor Live Load =2KN/m2. Column dimension 30x30mm and Use
Materials C30, S300 class I.

Step 1 Geometry
 Effective depth of joist or rib
Here Le = span of the joist = 5.5 m
βa can be taken similar to flat slab = 24
0.6𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐿𝑒 0.6∗300 5500
𝑑 = (0.4 + ) =(0.4 + 400 ) 24 =195mm
400 𝛽𝑎
Using ϕ12, 15mm concrete cover, ϕ6 stirrups
Over all depth
D=195+15+6+6=222mm <260mm …………………ok
Note:- over all depth (D) of the rib from the ribbed slab section is 260mm and its width
bw=80mm
Use D=260mm
Overall depth of the joist D= 260mm≤ 4 bw = 4(80) = 320 mm D provided is OK!
40𝑚𝑚
Thickness of slab (topping),𝑡 ≥ { 1 ∗ (𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑠)
10
From the ribbed slab section the clear distance between ribs=320mm and the thickness of the
topping slab=60mm
40𝑚𝑚
𝑡 = 60𝑚𝑚 ≥ { 1 = 40𝑚𝑚 … … . 𝑜𝑘
∗ (320𝑚𝑚) = 32𝑚𝑚
10

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Step 2 Loading
 Dead Load
 Form self-weight topping slab + self-weight of the rib
= (0.06m * 0.4m * 25KN/m3) + (0.08 * 0.2 * 25) = 1KN/m
 From partitions, Finishing and Block =3.5KN/m2 * 0.4m = 1.4 KN/m
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Dead Load (DL)=1+1.4=2.4KN/m
 Live Load(LL) = 2 * 0.4 = 0.8 KN/m
 Design load(Pd)=1.3DL+1.6LL=1.3(2.4)+1.6(0.8)= 4.4KN/m
Step 3 Analysis

Step 4 Design for flexure

 Design constant
0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85(30⁄1.25)
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 13.6𝑀𝑝𝑎
ϒ𝑐 1.5
𝑓𝑦𝑘 300
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 260.87𝑀𝑝𝑎
ϒ𝑠 1.15

𝑓𝑦𝑑 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑚= = = 23.98
0.8𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8 × 13.6𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝜀𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 𝜀𝑠 𝐸𝑠
𝐸𝑠
𝜀𝑐 = 0.0035 𝐸𝑠 = 200,000
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝜀𝑐 13.6𝑀𝑃𝑎 0.0035
𝜌𝑏 = 0.8 ( ) = 0.8 [ ][ ] = 0.0304
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝜀𝑠 + 𝜀𝑐 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎 ( 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎 ) + 0.0035
200000𝑀𝑃𝑎
To assure ductility 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.61𝜌𝑏 = 0.0185

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 Check the depth for maximum moment

Mmax=22.01KN.m, b=80mm
Check it by using the limiting depth d

𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑥 16.64 × 106

𝑑=√ =√ = 227.62𝑚𝑚
0.2952𝑏𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.2952 × 80 × 13.6
𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 260 − 15 − 6 − 6 = 233𝑚𝑚 > 227.62𝑚𝑚 … … . . 𝑜𝑘
 Design of the mid span Section as a T-beam
𝑙𝑒 5500
𝑏𝑤 + = 80𝑚𝑚 + = 1180𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑒 = { 5 5
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 = 400𝑚𝑚

𝑏𝑒 = 400𝑚𝑚
 Assuming the NA to fall in the flange,
Mu=9.35KN.m
Mu = 0.8 x be fcd (d – 0.4x)
9.35 * 106 = 0.8x (400)(13.6)(233 – 0.4x)
Or x2 – 582.5x + 5371.09 = 0
On solving the above quadratic equation,
x = 9.37 mm
Therefore, NA falls within the flange
As = (0.8 x be fcd)/fyd
= (0.8 * 9.37 * 400 * 13.6)/260.87
= 251.41 mm2
Number of 12 mm diameter rods = 156.32 / (π * 122/4) = 1.38
Use 2ϕ12
 Design of support section as a rectangular beam

Overall depth D = 260mm; d = 233 mm

Breadth b = 80mm; Mmax = 16.64KNm
Mumax = 0.2952 fcd bd2 = 0.2952 * 13.6 * 80 * 2332 * 10-6
= 17.44KNm > 16.64KNm the section is single reinforced
𝜌𝑏 = 0.0304
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.61𝜌𝑏 = 0.0185

2 ∗ 𝑀 𝑓𝑐𝑑 2 ∗ 16.64 ∗ 106 13.6

𝜌 = (1 − √(1 − )) = (1 − √(1 − )) = 0.0177
2
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 2
80 ∗ 233 ∗ 13.6 260.87
0.5 0.5
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0017
𝑓𝑦𝑘 300
𝜌 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
As = ρbd=0.0177*80*233=329.93mm2
Number of 12 mm diameter rods = 329.93 / (π * 122/4) = 2.92
Use 3ϕ12

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 Transverse reinforcement at topping.

Cross-section area of the topping Ac = 60 * 1000 = 60000 mm2
Based on EBCS-2 , Ast = 0.001 Ac
Ast = 0.001*60000 = 60 mm2
Reinforcement in a unit width (i.e. 1m)
28.27×1000
Spacing using ϕ6 𝑆= 60
= 471.17𝑚𝑚
Use Ф6mm @ c/c 400mm in both directions (since secondary reinforcements shall not be
greater than 400mm spacing)
Step 5 Design for Shear
The design shear at d distance from the face of the support; we do center to center
analysis so the distance will be=30/2 + 233mm=248mm=0.248m. The design is done for
the maxmuim shear.

Maximum shear force at the support = 15.13KN

Shear force at the critical section (Vsd) = 14.04KN
VRD = 0.25 fcdbwd
= 0.25* 13.6 * 80 * 233 * 10-3=63.38KN
= 63.38KN >>14.04KN → ok
2 2
0.21𝑓𝑐𝑘 ⁄3 0.21×24 ⁄3
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 = = =1.165Mpa
1.5 1.5
k1 = 1+50p = 1+50*0.0177 = 1.89≤ 2.0
k2 = 1.6 –d = 1.6-0.233 = 1.37 > 1.0
Vc = 0.25 fctdk1k2bwd
= 0.25*1.165*1.89*1.37*80*233*10-3
= 14.06KN > =Vsd=14.04KN
Since Vsd < =Vc→ provide minimum shear reinforcements
0.4 0.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.00133
𝑓𝑦𝑘 300
Consider 6 mm diameter stirrups with 2 legs,
Av = 2 * 62 * π / 4 = 56.55 mm2
𝐴𝑣 56.55
𝑆= = = 283.46𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑤 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 150 × 0.00133
2/3*VRD=42.25>Vsd so the maximum spacing will be
But Smax = 0.5d = 0.5*233 = 116.5 mm
Use Ф6mm stirrup @ c/c 110 mm

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 Longitudinal shear (page 45, article 4.5.5. EBCS 2)

 Flange in compression
Compression under maximum span moment
Mmax =16.64KNm, Maximum transverse Shear, Vsd = 14.04KN
x = 0.45 * 233 = 104.85
& Z = d – 0.4x = 233 – 0.4(104.85) = 191.06 mm
be = 400mm , bw = 80mm
 Longitudinal shear for flange in compression,
𝑏𝑒 − 𝑏𝑤 𝑉𝑠𝑑 400 − 80 14.04 × 1000𝑁/𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠𝑑 = ( ) =( ) = 29.39𝐾𝑁/𝑚
2𝑏𝑒 𝑍 2 × 400 191.06
vsd = 29.39 KN/m
VRd 1 = 0.25 fcd hf = 0.25* 13.6* 60 = 204 KN/m
VRd 1 = 204 KN/m > 29.39 KN/m
Safe against failure by crushing of concrete.
𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝑉𝑅𝑑 2 = 0.50𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 ℎ𝑓 +
𝑆𝑓
Sf = Spacing of reinforcement in the topping perpendicular to the web-flange interface
= 400mm
Asf = Area of reinforcement per unit length perpendicular to the web-flange interface
𝐴𝜙6 × 1000 28.27 × 1000
𝐴𝑠𝑓 = = = 70.69 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
𝑆𝑓 400
70.69 × 260.87
𝑉𝑅𝑑 2 = 0.50 × 1.165 × 60 + = 34.95 + 46.1
400
𝐾𝑁
= 81.05 > 29.39 … . . 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒
𝑚
 Flange in tension
Tension under maximum support moment
Mmax = 16.64KNm
Maximum transverse shear = Vsd = 14.04KN
z = 191.06 mm
As = 3ф12 = 3*113.1 = 339.29mm2 Asw = 2ф12 = 2*113.1 =226.2mm2
 Longitudinal shear for flange in tension
𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝑠𝑑 339.29 − 226.2 14.04 × 1000𝑁/𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠𝑑 = ( ) =( ) = 12.25𝐾𝑁/𝑚
2𝐴𝑠 𝑍 2 × 339.29 191.06
KN
𝑉𝑅𝑑 1 = 204 m
> 12.25 KN/m ……..safe
𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦𝑑 70.96 × 260.87
𝑉𝑅𝑑 2 = = = 46.1 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑆𝑓 400
𝐾𝑁 𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝑅𝑑 2 = 46.1 > 12.25 … . 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒
𝑚 𝑚

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Step 6 Reinforcement Detailing

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Reference
 Ethiopian building code of standard -EBCS 1 and 2 of 1995

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