Steam Turbines

Dr. Hitendra Shah

Faculty, Power Training Institute
Larsen & Toubro Ltd-Power Division
Knowledge City, Vadodara
PPF-LMB Hazira
Dated-27-29 Aug 2018
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
 WHAT IS STEAM TURBINE ?
A prime mover
powering
an electric generator
which
produces electric current.

It converts the thermal energy of steam into

the kinetic energy of motion (velocity)
which, in turn, is converted into
mechanical energy of shaft rotation.

11 / 85 AKS/ Steam Turbines/ 23.01.2013

 STEAM TURBINE
A steam turbine is basically an assembly of nozzles fixed to a
stationary casing and rotating blades mounted on the wheels
attached on a shaft in a row-wise manner.

12 / 85 AKS/ Steam Turbines/ 23.01.2013

Working principle of steam turbine

ROTATING
BLADE
ROW ➢Steam at high pressure & temperature is made to pass
through a set of fixed blades which are arranged
circumferentially in casing and form nozzles.
➢While passing through these blades steam looses its
FIXED
pressure and temperature and comes out with very high
BLADE velocity.
ROW
➢The high velocity steam then passes through another
STATIONARY
BODY/CASING DRIVING
row of blades mounted on the rotor shaft.
FORCE ➢The impingement of high velocity steam generates
driving force on these moving blades which rotate the
rotor.
A set of fixed blades in casing and moving blades
mounted on rotor is called stage of turbine. Depending
on steam condition and power output, number of stages
in steam turbine is decided.

ROTOR
Multistage Steam Flow in Steam Turbine

Fixed Moving Fixed Moving Fixed Moving

14
Commercial Development of Steam Turbine

Parson’s Turbine

•In 1884 - Charles Parsons, after rigorous

research and experimental work,
constructed the first really practical turbine.

•This machine developed 10 brake horse

power when supplied with steam at 60 lbs/sqin
gauge exhausting to atmosphere and run at
18,000 rpm.
Commercial Development of Steam Turbine

DE Laval Turbine
• In 1889 DE Laval produced the first practical impulse
turbine which developed 3 brake horse power.

• This design was later modified by Rateau, in France, and

Curtis, in the United States of America, to provide larger and
more economical machines.
 Commercial Development of Steam Turbine

First Turbines for Electricity Generation

❖In 1890 the first turbo-generators used for power generation
were installed at Forth Banks power station in Newcastle-upon

❖ These were two Parson machines each of 75 Kw output

capacity, supplied with steam from three Lancashire
type boilers.

❖After some years of hesitation, and due to the size limitations

of reciprocating engines, the steam turbine was eventually
accepted as the ideal heat engine for electrical generation.

❖From the small machines of the early pioneering days it has

developed in to very large size units of 1750 MW.
 Type of Steam Turbines

Classification Turbine Type

Basis

Application Industrial, Utility

Exhaust of steam Condensing, Back pressure
No. of cylinders Single cylinder, Two cylinders, three cylinders

Arrgt. of cylinders Tandem compound, Cross compound

Design principle Impulse, Reaction
Type of Governing Throttle, Nozzle governed
Steam-Turbine Driven Centrifugal Compressors
 Turbine Driven Boiler Feed Pump

Booster Gearbox
Pump Drive Turbine Boiler Feed Pump

22
Steam Turbine Application-CCPP
Coal Based Steam Power Plant
Combined Cycle Power Plant
 CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM TURBINES

According to the action of steam:

➢ Impulse turbine: In impulse turbine, steam coming out through
a fixed nozzle at a very high velocity strikes the blades fixed on
the periphery of a rotor. The blades change the direction of
steam flow without changing its pressure. The force due to
change of momentum causes the rotation of the turbine shaft.
Ex: De-Laval, Curtis and Rateau Turbines, Moore Turbine
➢ Reaction turbine: In reaction turbine, steam expands both in
fixed and moving blades continuously as the steam passes over
them. The pressure drop occurs continuously over both moving
and fixed blades. Ex Parsons Turbine
➢ Combination of impulse and reaction turbine
 Principle of Turbine

IMPLUSE TURBINE REACTION TURBINE

Type of Steam Turbines

Degree of Reaction of a Stage

Pressure drop in Moving Blades

= ---------------------------------------------
Total Pressure drop in stage
FEATURES OF IMPULSE TURBINE
• LESS NO OF STAGES
• SIMPLE BLADE PROFILE
• EASY MANUFACTURING
• LOWER PART LOAD EFFICIENCY
• LOWER INTERSTAGE LEAKAGES

FEATURES OF REACTION TURBINE

• LARGER NO OF STAGES
• BETTER PART LOAD EFFICIENCY
• COMPLECATED BLADE PROFILE
• MANUFACTURING ACCURACY REQUIRED
• HIGHER INTERSTAGE LEAKAGES
 CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM TURBINES
According to the number of pressure stages:
➢ Single stage turbines: Single stage turbine is the turbine were the steam flows only
through a single stage moving blade, here the energy of steam is not fully utilized.
Ex -used for driving centrifugal compressors, blowers and other similar machinery.
➢ Multistage Impulse and Reaction turbines: In multistage turbine steam flows over
more than 2-3 moving blades having fixed blade b/w them, here the steam energy is
utilized at maximum. Ex mostly used in wide range of power capacities varying
from small to large turbine.

Five stage Reaction Turbine

According to the type of steam flow:
➢ Axial turbines: In these turbines, steam flows in a direction
parallel to the axis of the turbine rotor.
➢ Radial turbines: In these turbines, steam flows in a direction
perpendicular to the axis of the turbine, one or more low
pressure stages are made axial.

Axial Flow Radial Flow

35
TANDEM COMPOUND FEATURES
• EASY LAYOUT

HP
• COMPACT DESIGN
IP LP
• EASE IN OPERATION
2 POLE
GENERATOR • SUITABLE FOR LOW OUTPUT UNITS
•SIMPLE LAYOUT

CROSS COMPOUND
2 POLE FEATURES
GENERATOR
• SUITABLE FOR HIGH CAPACITY
HP IP IP UNITS
• EASY GENERATOR DESIGN
• LOWER EXHAUST LOSS
L L
• LOW MECHANICAL LOSSES
P P
4 POLE
• EASIER ROTOR DYNAMICS
GENERATOR
• COMPLICATED LAYOUT
According to the heat drop process
 CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM TURBINES
According to the heat drop process:
➢ Condensing turbines with generators: In these turbines, steam at a pressure
less than the atmospheric is directed to the condenser. The steam is also
extracted from intermediate stages for feed water heating). The latent heat of
exhaust steam during the process of condensation is completely lost in these
turbines.

➢ Condensing turbines with one or more intermediate stage extractions: In

these turbines, the steam is extracted from intermediate stages for industrial
heating purposes. Ex. Supercritical Turbine

➢ Back pressure turbines: In these turbines, the exhaust steam is utilized for
industrial or heating purposes. Turbines with deteriorated vacuum can also be
used in which exhaust steam may be used for heating and process purposes.
According to the steam conditions at inlet to turbine:
➢ LP turbines: These turbines use steam at a pressure of upto 25 bar.
➢ IP turbines: These turbines use steam up to a pressure of 25-75 bar.
➢ HP turbines: These turbines use steam at a pressure of 75 bar or higher, but below 221.2
bar. It is called sub-critical type ST.
➢ Supercritical HP turbines: These turbines use steam at a pressure of 225 bar and higher.
According to their usage in industry with Speed:
➢ Stationary turbines with constant speed of rotation: These
turbines are primarily used for driving alternators.
➢ Stationary turbines with variable speed of rotation: These
turbines are meant for driving turbo-blowers, air circulators,
pumps, etc.
➢ Non-stationary turbines with variable speed: These turbines
are usually employed in steamers, ships and railway
locomotives.
STEAM TURBINE MAJOR COMPONENTS

43
 Turbine Casing

Single Flow Casing

1. Simplest form of casing.

2. Steam enters at one end,
flows axially through a group of
stages and exhausts on the
other end.
Ex – HP, IP & HIP Turbine
44 / 85 AKS/ Steam Turbines/ 23.01.2013
 Turbine Casing

Double Flow Casing

Steam Entry
Steam enters at the center
Exit Exit
of casing and is divided
equally into two flows in
opposite axial directions as
group of stages are arranged
for flow in opposite
direction.
The arrangement avoids
excessively long blades
which would have been
required by single flow.
Arrangement also nullifies
axial thrust caused by steam
forces.
Ex LP Turbine
45 / 85 AKS/ Steam Turbines/ 23.01.2013
SINGLE FLOW TURBINES
• SHORTER SHAFT
• LONGER BLADES
• SUITABLE FOR LOW VOLUMETRIC
STEAM FLOW

DOUBLE FLOW TURBINES

• LONGER SHAFT
• SHORTER BLADES
• BALANCED THRUST
 Turbine Casing

Single Shell Casing

1. Casing has single shell with grooves
made to carry stationary blades.

2. Construction is rarely adopted for High

pressure and large capacity turbines
for two reasons:

2.1 Design requires thicker wall and

massive joint flange to withstand high
pressure stresses. Resulting high thermal
stresses slow down set start up.

2.2 Machining of large number of grooves

required for holding stationary blades
increases manufacturing cost and time.

47 / 85 AKS/ Steam Turbines/ 23.01.2013

 Turbine Casing

Double Shell Casing

Casing has two shells - Inner and Outer Shells
Stationary blades are held in grooves
machined in inner shell.
Steam is inducted to inner shell directly and
inter space between shells is filled with
exhaust steam.
In this construction as against single shell the
pressure differential across casing gets split in
two parts leading to smaller wall and flange
thickness.
This results in reduced thermal stresses which
enable faster start-up and sharp load changes
on turbine.
Thinner casings are easier to cast and have
lesser defects.
Ex – HP, IP , HIP & LP Turbine
 Double Shell Casing-MHI Turbine
Inner
casing- Double Casing Design – Mainly used to reduce thermal
Outer Upper stress
casing- Part Rotor
Upper
Part • Designed to withstand hoop stresses in
transverse plane and stiff in longitudinal direction
so as to maintain accurate clearance between
stationary and rotating parts.
• Split horizontally for allowing insertion of
complete bladed rotor.
• Two halves jointed together with flange and
bolting to withstand opening forces due to
pressure.
• HP, IP casings are of cast construction
• LP is fabricated because of being exposed to
lower steam condition.
Temp. Gradient in Double Wall Cylinder Casing

Single Casing Temp. Gradient = 460-38 = 422 degC

Double casing Temp. Gradient = 349-38 = 311 DegC
 Casings or Cylinders

Outer casing
Inner casing

Sealing Arrangement
on Diaphragm
Fixed
Blade
 Turbine Rotor

Rotor is vital element involved

in conversion of kinetic energy
of steam into mechanical
energy of rotation.

Run at high speed (3000/3600

rpm depending upon grid
frequency (50Hz,60 Hz).

Subjected to sever stresses

i.e. Centrifugal forces, Thermal
Stress

1. Disc Type Rotor 2. Drum Type Rotor 3. Mono Block

4. Shurnk on Disc 5 Welded Rotor
 Turbine Rotor

Disc type rotor

Rotor has disc construction in flow path

portion.
Moving blade are mounted in the
grooves made in discs. Stationary blade
are held in diaphragm bodies witched
between the discs.

This type of rotor is used for impulse

turbine where there is no pressure
difference across moving blades hence
problem of axial thrust does not arise.

Disc construction reduces weight

significantly resulting in smaller size of
bearings thereby smaller lubrication
system i.e oil tank, coolers. Pumps and
lesser power for running them
 Turbine Rotor
Drum type rotor
Rotor has drum shape in the flow
path portion.
Moving blades are mounted directly
in the grooves machined in drum.
Stationary blade sand witched
between rows of moving blade are
held in casing.
This type of rotor is used for
reaction turbines where there is
pressure differential across moving
blades.
Disc construction is not possible
for reaction turbines because of
axial thrust developed across disc
due to pressure difference.
Drum type rotor are significantly
heavier than Disc shape rotor
 Turbine Rotor

Mono block/ Integral rotor

Rotor is machined from single piece

forging.

Preferred design because of no fear

of discs getting loosened at high
speed or at high temperature.
But in case of defect / damage entire
rotor has to be rejected.
 Turbine Rotor

Built-up/Shrunk on disc rotor

Rotor is built by shrunk fitting the discs on
forged shaft.
Such rotors are economical as being built
from smaller & less costly forgings.
Easy to manufacture & saving in mfg time.
In case of defect only defective part is
replaced not entire rotor.

Not suitable for use in HP &IP because of

high temperature causing loosening of
discs.
Construction used in earlier times for LP
rotors where getting big size forging had
been problem.
No more used even for LP because of
stress corrosion cracking problem.
 Turbine Rotor

Welded rotor
Rotor is built by welding several discs
together.

Rotor uses smaller forgings at the

expense of high integrity welding
which require high degree of skill and
costly dedicated welding facility.

Capability developed by OEM’s of

those countries lacking availability of
large forging.
Construction is utilized for all HP,IP &
LP rotors.
Being built by welding discs, it leaves
hollow space inside making rotor
lighter in weight similar to disc type
rotor.
 HP / IP Rotor - Impulse
1. Blades on Mounted on Disc
2. Due to no pressure drop in moving blades ( no axail thrust), so dummy piston
or ring is not required.
3. Holes are provided in the disc for movement of leaking steam to next stage
for uniform heating of rotor.
4. Normal sealing system required.
 HP Rotor - Reaction
1. Blades on directly fitted on rotor
2. Due to pressure drop in moving blades there are axial thrust, so dummy piston or
ring is provided.
3. No holes on disc, because blades are directly fitted on rotor.
4. Very tight sealing required across moving blades.

Dummy Ring
BIBIYANA-III, 400 MW CCPP
Turbine Blades
 TURBINE BLADING
 Blades can be classified broadly as Impulse type
and reaction type blade and further to moving
and stationary blades
Parts of the blade-
 Aerofoil – working part of the blade
 Root-part of the blade to be fixed with rotor or
stator
 Shroud- can be with shroud or without.
Machined or riveted.
Forces acting on the blades due to
 Steam pressure drop between the inlet and
outlet
 Impulse force from the steam deflection
 Centrifugal forces due to rotation
 The cyclic forces due to flow changes
 Stress due to the vibration is also acting upon
them.

62
Turbine Blade Fixing

63
 Turbine Blades

Cylindrical Twisted
Profile Blade Profile Blade

Profile is twisted along height of

Constant section along blade. Twisting is done to
height of blade. Used for achieve different angle of inlet
small size HP&IP Middle and outlet along the height.
stages Used for medium height blades
d/l<6
 Turbine Blades

Twisted Profile Blade with reducing section

In addition to twisting,
profile section is reduced
along the height of blade
i.e. root to tip.
It reduces centrifugal
stresses

Used for long IP and LP

stage blades

65 / 85 AKS/ Steam Turbines/ 23.01.2013

 Turbine Blades

T- Root

Blades having T- section at root

and are circumferentially inserted
in T-groove of casing/rotor one
Blade after another to make complete
ring.

Used for holding medium size

Stationary as well as Moving
blades with casing and rotor.

67 / 85 AKS/ Steam Turbines/ 23.01.2013

 Turbine Blades

Fir tree Root

Blades have fir grooves and

are circumferentially
Blade inserted on the fir
machined on rotor disc one
after another to form a
complete ring.

Used for holding longer

moving blades of IP &LP
stages.

Rotor

68 / 85 AKS/ Steam Turbines/ 23.01.2013

 “T” TREE ROOTS
• EASY MACHINING
• SUITABLE FOR SHORTER BLADES
• LOW CENTRIFUGAL FORCE
APPLICATION

FIR TREE ROOTS

• COMPLECATED MACHINING
• SUITABLE FOR LONGER BLADES
(HIGHER CENTRIFUGAL FORCESS)
TURBINE ROTORS WITH FIR TREE ROOT
 Gland Seals

Functions of Gland Seal

1. To prevent or reduce steam leakage between the rotating and stationary
components of the turbines if the steam pressure is higher than atmospheric.
2. To prevent or reduce air ingress between the rotating and stationary components
of the turbines if the steam pressure is less than atmospheric. The last few stages in
the low-pressure (LP) turbines are normally under vacuum.

The leakage of steam or air could occur where the shaft is extended through the
turbine end walls to atmosphere. A power loss is associated with steam leakage or
air ingress. Thus, the design of glands and seals is optimized to reduce any leakage.
Modern steam turbines use labyrinth glands to restrict steam and air leakage.
However, the carbon ring gland is still used on some older turbines.
 Types of Gland Seals

Labyrinth Seals

Stepped Seal

Tip to Tip Seal

See Through Seal
Stationary Diaphragm or Blade
Compounding of Steam Turbine

Impulse Turbine
Pressure Compounding

Original Rateau Turbines

Velocity Compounding
(Maintained Constant Pressure)

Guide Blade

Curtis Turbines
Difference Between Pressure & Velocity Compounding
Pressure Velocity Compounding

Curtis Turbines
 Large Power Combination Turbine

Due to combination of two different types of turbine certain advantages is possible.

Such a turbine is called combination turbine. In practice, larger output steam
turbine which employs impulse –reaction turbine uses first or second stage impulse
turbine to reduce the number stage as expansion ratio in impulse turbine is more.

1. Curtis & Rateau type –Velocity compounded impulse wheel followed by

several single-row impulse wheel
2. Curtis & Parsons type - Velocity compounded impulse wheel followed by
several impulse reaction blading
3. Rateau & Parsons type –One or more single row impulse stage followed by
several stages of impulse reaction blading (Ex Rajpura, Koradi,
Krishnapatnam, JP Nigrie)
4. Parsons type –all row stages of impulse reaction blading (Ex Chabra,
Malwa-II & Khargoan)
 TURBINE COUPLINGS

Need for coupling

 Limitation of shaft length
 Different materials for different shaft due to temperature & stress
They should posses –
 Capacity to transmit torque
 Allow relative angular mis-alignment
 Transmit axial thrust
 Ensure axial location
Rigid coupling : It is used to connect two shafts which are perfectly aligned.

83
 Bearing Used in Steam Turbine
 Journal bearing – in this the bearing
pressure is exerted at right angles to
the axis of the axis of the shaft. The
portion of the shaft lying within the
bearing in known as journal. shaft are
generally made of mild steel.

 Thrust bearing – in this bearing

supporting pressure is parallel to the
axis of the shaft having end thrust.
Thrust bearing are used in bevel
mountings, propeller drives, turbines,
etc. note here the shaft ,unlike foot-
strep bearing passes through and
beyond the bearing.
 Thrust bearings also known as
“collar bearing”.
 Location of Bearings & Coupling-MHI Turbine
Coupling

Thrust Bearing

Bearing No 1 & 2- 4 Tilting Pad Type

Bearing No 3,4 & 5- Sleeve Type
Bearing No 6 – 2 Tilting Pad Type
Bearing No 7 & 8- 2 Pad Tilting pad type
Trust Bearing –Collar Type
 TURBINE BEARINGS
Bearing No 5- Sleeve Type Bearing No 2 Tilting Pad

Thrust Bearing
CYLINDER CASING DRAINS
 Non reheat cycles have exhaust wetness of the order of 12% but large
reheat units have about 8% wetness at the exhaust.
 The shape of the cylinder allows this water to drain to the condenser but
special draining grooves are arranged in the cylinder to help remove this
water more effectively.

87
 Exhaust Hood
Exhaust hood of the turbine is a structure that connects the space just after
the last stage of the LP turbine blade to the condenser. It is fastened to the
neck of the condenser.

88 of 99
 TURBINE HEAT INSULATION
Purpose
 To minimize heat losses
 Protection against radiation - hot
environment
 Safety to avoid accidental contact
 To avoid impermissible thermal stress
during cooling down due to the reduced
wall temperature gradient that leads to
asymmetric distortions.
 Spray insulation and then blanket with
mineral wool is used.
 The insulation should be kept very tight to
the casing I piping.
 The thickness of the insulation is such that
the outer insulation surface temperature
should not be more than 20 degC above
ambient.
 The top layer should be painted with oil
resistant paint so that no oil or other liquid
will penetrate the insulation.
 This is very important for the fire
protection safety.
 Turning Gear/Barring Gear
 The function of the turning gear is to rotate the shaft system at sufficient
speed before start-up and after shutdown in order to avoid irregular
heating up or cooling down and also to avoid any distortion of the turbine
rotors. Without turning, hogging or sagging of turbine rotor can occur.
Types:
▪ Hydraulic
▪ Electrical
▪ Hand
 The hydraulic turning gear is situated at the front end of the HP turbine
front bearing pedestal.

Mechanical
The turbo- generator is equipped with a mechanical barring gear, which
enables the combined shaft system to be rotated manually in the event of a
failure of the normal hydraulic turning gear.
Turning Gear Device

Turning gear system is mounted on the side of

pedestal between LP2 turbine and Generator.
 Coupling
Spacer Ring
(Spacer Ring of LP2-GEN Coupling has spur gear
teeth machined for turning)

Spacer Ring

SAMPLE SAMPLE
HIP-LP1 Coupling LP2-GEN Coupling
 Turning Gear Device
A turning gear (also known as a barring gear) is a device placed on the the rotor of a
turbine. The turnging gear rotates the shaft or rotor and associated machinery (such
as reduction gears and main turbines)at slow speed to ensure uniform cool-down.

Rotating Speed Approx. 3rpm

Engagement Automatic

Disengagement Automatic

Drive Motor AC 22 kW
1,000rpm

AC motor driven turning gear is provided. Rotating speed at turning gear operation is
approximately 3 rpm. It is located between LP2-Gen.
GE Steam Turbine -1.5 RPM
L&T MHI Turbine Generator Private Limited. All Rights Reserved.
Design Features of Super-Critical Steam Turbines

94
 MHI TURBINE TYPE
SHREE SINGAJI THERMAL POWER PROJECT STAGE –II (2 × 660 MW)
 LAST STAGE BLADE SIZES

30IN 35.4IN 40.5IN 48IN 54IN Titanium 49IN 54IN

3000rpm 1500rpm
97
98
 HP-IP TURBINE THRUST BALANCE

HP BLADE THRUST = HP IP DUMMY THRUST

IP BLADE THRUST = LP DUMMY THRUST
 HP BLADING

660MW SET RATEAU STAGE + 9 REACTION STAGES

700/800MW SET RATEAU STAGE + 10 REACTION STAGES

660MW –Malwa-II 13 REACTION STAGES (No Impulse stage)

660MW –NTPC 16 REACTION STAGES (No Impulse stage)
 IP TURBINE BLADING

8 REACTION STAGES

660MW –NTPC 12 REACTION STAGES

 HIP Turbine

Steam Pass of HIP Turbine

To LP1 & LP2 Turbine IP HP
Steam Steam

HP Exhaust
(#7 Extraction)

#5 #6 IP HP #8
Extraction ExtractionSteam Steam Extraction
THERMAL SHIELD

IP Turbine Inlet

Since HRH temp. is high (593 deg. C) , it is

necessary to prevent this steam from
touching with outer casing surface (2Cr
Casting) directly.
Therefore , thermal shield is installed here
(colored yellow parts).
And, to prevent the temp. rising due to the
heat dissipation from thermal shield , the
cooling steam is supplied from HP exhaust
(about 350 deg.C).
 Sectional View of HP Turbine (NTPC Project)

Main Parts
- HIP Outer Casing
- HIP Inner Casing
- HP No.1 Blade ring
- HP No.2 Blade ring
- HP Dummy Ring

Main Parts
- HIP Rotor
- HIP Outer gland
- HIP No.1 Inner gland
- HP No.2 Inner gland
 Sectional View of HP Turbine (NTPC Project)

HP Inner casing
HP No.1 Blade
HP Outer casing ring
HP No.2 Blade
ring
HP Dummy ring
HP No.1 Inner
gland

HP Outer gland

HP Rotor HP No.2 Inner

gland
 Sectional View of IP Turbine (NTPC Project)
Main Parts
- IP Outer Casing
- IP No.1 Blade ring
- IP No.2 Blade ring
- IP No.1 Dummy ring
- IP No.2 Dummy ring
- IP Thermal shield
- IP Rotor
- IP Outer Gland
- IP Inner Gland
 Sectional View of IP Turbine (NTPC Project)
IP Thermal shield

IP No.2 Dummy ring

IP Outer casing

IP No.1 Dummy ring

IP No.2 Blade IP Inner gland

ring

IP Outer gland

IP Rotor

IP No.1 Blade
ring
Rotor surface around IP inlet is cooled by the HP exhaust
steam
ROTOR COOLING
ARRANGEMENT COOLING
STEAM
FROM HP
EXHAUST

Cooling
Steam Path
HIP Turbine Casing : Casing Support

TOP VIEW
Support Paw

HP-IP Turbine
Casing

HP Pedestal
HP-IP turbine is put on the pedestal by support paw
LP Turbine Casing with Pedestal
HIP Turbine Casing : Casing Support

SIDE VIEW
Support
LP
Turbine
Paw HP
Pedestal
Casing Cover HP-IP
Casing
Move Move
freely HP-IP freely
Casing Base
Base Base
Plate Plate

Foundation Centering Foundation

Beam
Centerline of HP-IP turbine is fixed by centering beam
And , since pedestal moves freely on the base plate , casing can
be move freely in the axial direction with pedestal.
HIP Turbine Casing : Casing Support

SIDE VIEW

HP-IP Casing
Cover

Move Move
freely HP-IP freely
Casing Base
Base Base
Plate Plate

Foundation Centering Foundation

Beam
Centerline of HP-IP turbine is fixed by centering beam
And , since pedestal moves freely on the base plate , casing can
be move freely in the axial direction with pedestal.
HIP Turbine Casing : Casing Support

SIDE VIEW

HP-IP Casing
Cover

Move Move
freely HP-IP freely
Casing Base
Base Base
Plate Plate

Foundation Centering Foundation

Beam
Centerline of HP-IP turbine is fixed by centering beam
And , since pedestal moves freely on the base plate , casing can
be move freely in the axial direction with pedestal.
HIP Turbine Casing : Casing Support
CUT VIEW OF LP TURBINE
HP BLADE RING
DETAIL OF LP1 REACTION BLADING
SEAL STRIP

OUTER RING

STATIONARY BLADE
Inner cylinder
INNER CYLINDER
INNER RING
Steam STEAM
Chamber
CHAMBER Guide Ring
PACKING STRIP INNER CYLINDER
ROTATING BLADE

Flow Guide EXHAUST

FLOW GUIDE
STATIONARY BLADE
BASE

STEAM
ROTOR IN ROTATING BLADE

STELLITE STRIP
STATIONARY BLADE

STUB ROTATING BLADE

SHROUD

CAULKING STRIP

ROTATING BLADE
ROOT

LOCKING PIECE STATIONARY BLADE

SHROUD

LOCKING SHAFT
STRIP GLAND SEAL STRIP TOTAL 7 STAGES / ONE FLOW LP ROTOR

DOWEL

SEAL STRIP ASSEMBLIES BALANCING HOLE

Steam Deflector
INNER FLOW GUIDE

MPD-3-0368
 DETAIL OF LP2 REACTION BLADING

Inner cylinder
Steam chamber

Flow Guide

Blade Ring

Deflector
INTEGRAL SHROUD BLADE (ISB)

Integral
Shroud

Snubber Larger damping is generated

by the contact at the shrouds
Straight and snubbers, which is caused
by the twist-back deformation
Side-Entry due to centrifugal force.
Reduction
in Vibration Stress
 EROSION PREVENTION

Blade Inlet
Stellite Strips

Steam Flow Steam Flow

Silver Solder

Stationary Blade

U : Rotating Blade Velocity

Cs : Steam Absolute Velocity

Stellite Cw : Drain Absolute Velocity

Strips Ws : Steam Relative Velocity
Drain Ww : Drain Relative Velocity

Rotating Blade
 Anchor Block

Axial Anchor Block Arrangement For Casing

LP-2 LP-1 HIP

Gen. Axial Anchor Gov.

Side Point Side

For axial direction, position of LP1 turbine casing is maintained by

axial anchors, and each casing can expand freely in axial direction.
Anchor Block

Anchor Block Arrangement

・Transverse Anchor Block
LP2 Turbine LP1 Turbine HIP Turbine

Gen. Transverse Gov.

Side anchor Side

Ke
y

For transverse direction, position of each casing is maintained

by transverse anchors (and the key under the HP pedestal).
And, each casing can expand freely in transverse direction.
Main Power House Building – (TG Building)
Main Power House building is consists of steel structure with no. of floors.
It is designed to house one operating station and all major power plant equipment's like
Steam Turbine Generator Set, Feed water Heaters, Feed water Pumps, Condenser,
Deaerator etc.
Main Power House building is divided into bays and grids
Bay – 2 Nos.
A-B Bay
B-C Bay
Grid – 1to 13
TG Foundation
Sectional View Of TG Building

A B 124 C
Layout of TG Building

For 1x660 MW Unit

125
Major Equipments in TG Building Floor wise

126
 TG Cycle Equipments

HRH

CRH BUS DUCT

BOILER MAIN STEAM

GENERATOR
HP-IP LP TURBINES
TURB. EXT. TURBINE

HTR DRN. ~
TURB. EXT. TURB. EXT.
HEATERS
HP

DEAERATOR VACUUM
PUMPs
TURB. EXT.
TURB. EXT.

TURB. EXT.
CONDENSER

MOTOR
CEPs
COOLING
TOWER

LP HEATERS CPU

BFPs BOOSTER GSC CW PUMPs

DRIVE
TURBINES PUMP
127 / 85 AKS/ Steam Turbines/ 23.01.2013
➢ FOR 200 MW UNITS
• INITIAL STEAM PR- 150 Kg/Sq. (abs.)
• INITIAL STEAM TEMPERATURE - 537 Deg C
• REHEAT STEAM TEMPERATURE - 537 Deg C

➢ FOR 500 MW UNITS (SUB CRITICAL UNITS)

• INITIAL STEAM PR- 170 Kg/Sq. (abs.)
• INITIAL STEAM TEMPERATURE - 537 Deg C
• REHEAT STEAM TEMPERATURE - 537 Deg C

➢ FOR 660 MW UNITS (SUPER CRITICAL UNITS) For Ultra SC Unit

• INITIAL STEAM PR- 246 Kg/Sq. (abs.)
Pr -270 Bar
Temp-600 deg C
• INITIAL STEAM TEMPERATURE - 565 Deg C Reheat Temp- 610 degC
• REHEAT STEAM TEMPERATURE - 593 Deg C
 GAD OF STG BUILDING

Generator

Lube Oil System

Control
Oil
System
Gland Steam
Condenser
Steam Turbine

Condenser

Vacuum Pump
CEP
CCW
BIBIYANA-III, 400 MW CCPP expansion
Tank
 ST SECTIONAL DRAWING
Manhole
Steam Cover
Gland Chest
Packing
Turning Journal
Gear Bearing 1
Gland
Packing

Rotor

Combined
LP Steam
J&T Bearing Labyrinth
Seal Admission

Front Side400 MW CCPP

BIBIYANA-III, Rear Side
Siemens Models –SST-3000 Series

Two-cylinder design and axial

exhaust applicable for
combined cycle with the
latest gas turbine
technology.

131
Siemens Models –SST-3000 Series

132
Siemens Models –SST-5000 Series

Two-cylinder design and

radial two exhaust flow
applicable for combined
cycle with the latest gas
turbine technology.

133
Siemens Models –SST-5000 Series

134
Siemens SST -800
Steam Turbine Specification-Sikalbaha Project
Type: SST -800 Siemens
Single Cylinder 2 Admission
 Rated output 85.009 MW MW
 Rated Speed 3,000 rpm
 Direction of rotation
(View from gov. end) Clockwise
Design steam condition:
▪ Steam pressure at main stop valve 78.77Bar (a)
 Steam Pressure at L.P Turbine: 5.16 Bar (a)
 Steam temperature at main stop valve 532 ℃
 Steam temperature at L.P stop valve: 215.8℃
 Steam Flow:
 HP: 66.289 Kg / Sec
 L.P: 13.272 Kg / Sec
 Condenser:79.56 / Sec
 Vacuum at condenser top: 0.1134 Bar (a)
Steam Turbine Specification-Bheramara Project
Steam Turbine -Supplier MHPS
Type Single cylinder, axial exhaust - condensing reheat steam turbine

Model SRT-35.4 AX
Output 140,400 kW
Number of sets 1
Speed of turbine 3,000 rpm
Exhaust pressure 10.66 kPa
Number of Turbine stages
HP 5
IP 6
LP 5

Rated inlet HP Steam 11.56 MPa (abs) × 538.0 ℃

Rated inlet IP Steam 3.87 MPa (abs) × 566.0 ℃
Rated inlet LP Steam 0.653 MPa (abs) × 248.0 ℃
137
 SIMPLE RANKINE CYCLE
• LOW INITIAL COST
HEAT GAIN IN THE
BOILER
• LOW CYCLE EFFICIENCY
• HIGH MOISTURE AT TURBINE OUTLET
• LIMITATION ON MAXIMUM PRESSURE
BFP
• LIMITATION ON CONDENSER PRESSURE

MODIFIED RANKINE CYCLE

• HIGHER CYCLE EFFICIENCY
• LOW MOISTURE AT TURBINE OUTLET
(LP TURBINE DESIGN EASIER)
• NO LIMITATION ON MAXIMUM PRESSURE
• NO LIMITATION ON CONDENSER PRESSURE
• HIGHER INITIAL COST
The heat rate is the amount of energy used by an electrical generator or

power plant to generate one kilowatthour (kWh) of electricity.

HR = Ms (H2- H1)+ Mrh (H4-H3)

P
HR- Turbine Heat Rate, Kcal/Kwh
Ms- Main steam flow (kg/Hr)
Mrh- Reheat Steam Flow (kg/Hr)
H1- Enthalpy of Feed water at Boiler inlet, Kcal/kg
H2- Enthalpy of Main Steam, Kcal/kg
H3- Enthalpy of CRH Steam, Kcal/kg
H4- Enthalpy of Hot Reheat Steam, Kcal/kg
P- Power Out put at Generator Terminal (MW)
SL. YEAR STEAM PARAMETER UNIT SIZE (MW) HEAT RATE
NO
(KCAL/KWHR)

1. 1947-50 28 ata , 400 deg C 10 - 15 -

2. 1951-60 60 ata, 482 deg C 30 - 57.5 2470

70 ata 496 deg C to 90 60 - 100

ata, 535 deg C
 2370
3. 1961-76
130 ata, 537/537 deg C 110 - 120 2170-2060

4. 1977-82 130 ata, 537/537 deg C 200 / 210(USSR) 2060

5. 1983 150 ata, 537/537 deg C 210 (Siemens) 1985

6. 1984-93 170 ata, 537/537 deg C 500 1980

7 1994 + 170 ata, 537/537 deg C 500 1945

8. 2001 246 ata. 537/566 deg C 660 1900

9 2016-17 270 bar, 600/600 degC 660 1780

10

11
TURBINE MATERIAL FOR 170/537/537 MATERIAL FOR
COMPONENTS 247/537/565
HP Turbine Casing GS-17 Cr Mo V 511 15Cr1Mo1V

IP Turbine Casing GS-22 Mo-4 15Cr1Mo1V / G-

X12CrMoVNbN 9-1
LP Casing R St 37-2N Ct-3

HP Shaft 28 Cr Mo Ni V 59 25Cr1Mo1V

IP Shaft 30 Cr Mo Ni V 511 25Cr1Mo1V

LP Shaft 26 Ni Cr Mo V 145 26CrNi3Mo2V

HPT first stage blades X22 Cr Mo V 121 18Cr11MoNiVNb

HPT other stages blades X 20 Cr Mo 13 15Cr11MoV

IPT blades X 22 Cr Mo V 121 18Cr11MoNiVNb

LPT blades X 20 Cr 13 20Cr13

 STEAM TURBINE
IN
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
Siemens Technology