CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Local Literature

Jugo(2017)This is a type of plant known as “goosegrass” or

“dog’s tail” or “wire grass” in English. It grows abundantly in

hot climates and is known for being an antihistamine. Scientific

name: Eleusineindica (Linn.) Gaertn.News of the medicinal

properties of this grass became widespread in mid-2017 with at

least one woman showing convincing proof that her ovarian cyst

disappeared after weeks of drinking water in which parágis was

boiled. Doctors say it could have been a coincidence because

cysts are known to disappear on their own.Regardless, herbalists

in the Philippines swear that there are no harmful side effects

to drinking parágis extract (so might as well), although they do

not recommend doing so while undergoing chemotherapy. Always

consult with your doctor. Carabaos and goats eat parágis without

ill effects.

Eslit (2018)The weed is particularly abundant in warm

countries, like in the regions of Asia and Africa. Although

there is evidence of some of its varieties growing somewhere in

Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, South and Central

America. Paragis is an erect, tufted, and glabrous grass with

long and tapered leaves. It can grow between 10 centimeters and

1 meter in height. Personally, I used to hate this grass growing

in our backyard garden. It’s simply an eyesore among our

vegetables and crops. Besides, it’s quick to reproduce due to

its numerous spikelets on top that contain several seeds. There

have been several propositions regarding paragis’ scientific

name, one of the accepted ones is Eleusineindica. It’s commonly

called goosegrass or wire grass in English. But the weed is also

known by many different names, depending on the local dialects

or country where it grows. Studies further reveal that the weed

offers a lot of health benefits to mankind. Many users also

testified to its efficacy in preventing or treating numerous

diseases. In the Philippines, many rural folks use paragis to

relieve some discomforts. Aside from Filipinos, local peoples of

Malaysia, Indonesia, Africa, and other countries have also been

using paragis to cure certain health conditions. Unless

specified otherwise, paragis is prepared as a tea. Users boil a

bunch of the weed in one liter of water for 10-15 minutes. They

drink it hot, lukewarm, or cold, depending on personal choice.

Allan (2018)“And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass,

the herb yielding seed, [and] the fruit tree yielding fruit

after his kind, whose seed [is] in itself, upon the earth: and

it was so.” (Genesis 1:11)

THIS week, my sister came to the farm to get “paragis” and I did

not know what it was. So we asked the locals to show us. “Ayna!

Ro-ot met gayam” it’s just a grass. Accordingly, it has many

benefits like lowers blood pressure, sugar levels, mitigates

kidney problems, ovarian cysts and myoma, parasitism and even

cancer. It is commonly known as goose grass, dog grass or wild

grass or some other names. So we gathered some along the

roadside and in the road itself, pulling the grass and cleaning

the dried ones. When we got home, we boiled a couple and used it

for tea. We try it for a week and see if it will affect our

blood chemistry. The lemon grass leaves and the oil are

medicinal. Scientific study showed that it is used for digestive

tract disorder or stomach problems, high blood pressure,

convulsions and exhaustion; cough, cold and fever; rheumatisms

and also as an astringent. And yet we are reminded that health

is a lifestyle, a food intake balance and a lot of physical

activities that would make the cells jump and remain healthy.

The ancient knowledge of the paragis, the chamomile, the lemon

grass, the sun flower and the rest has to be rediscovered if we

are to combat the ills that come with the toxic lifestyle that

we have in this generation. Our olden traditions need to be

revisited and maybe the world will become better for us.
 Dr. Stuart (2018), Paragis. Health is the first institute

to specialise in the research, growth and extraction of the

powerful health contributor of the Paragis

plant.Paragis.Healthare pleased to announce that our exclusive

application to the Philippines Food and Drug Administration

(FDA) as to our Organic Paragis tea, has been approved. We are

now, as the only company in the Philippines, able to sell and

export our organic tea. We will continue our work as to making

Paragis in concentrated form in tablets, pallets, capsules,

powders and extracts, according to requirement and approval

from the Philippines FDA.Prior to getting the FDA approval, we

have researched many areas of Philippines and taken many samples

through the years, with comparative tasting tests carried out,

in addition, to laboratory analysis of the chemical breakdown of

this miracle grass.Statistical analysis of the results showed

significant difference between the samples and the growing

areas.The flavour and characteristics of Paragis will change

depending on the soil, altitude and climate where it’s grown.We

truly have witnessed the wonders of Paragis through the years

with hundreds of testimonials of cures for so many illnesses.

This led us to find the best strains of this remarkable grass –

God’s gift to mankind.We are extremely proud after thousands of

hours of extensive and detailed research; we have ultimately

found the area to grow the purest strain of this miracle of

nature, among the more than 7000 islands of the Philippines. A

place far away from cities, people, and any form of pollution,

in a tranquil place of nature – a paradise.

Dr. Bunch (2018), with its scientific name eluisineindica,

this plant is also known as the Dog’s tail, Wire grass, Crab

grass, Fowl-foot grass, Goosegrass, and Yard grass, in English,

This species is known to be xerophyte and can be found allmover

warm countries, It usually grows in waste places, along roads or

river banks, and seetled areas in the country abundantly.

Paragis has diuretic, athelmininthic, disphoretic, and febrifuge

properties. It is alsobelieved to help cure conditions such as

dysentery, hypertension, sprains, dislocations, asthma,

abdominal muscle strain, ladder disorders, liver complaints,

black jaundice, malaria, hemoptysis, convulsions, and more. In

Malaya, Paragis leaf juice is given to childbirth to expel the

placenta.

Foreign Literature

Shawn Steed Et Al,Goosegrass is a common annual turf and

horticultural weed found throughout Florida. It grows well in

compact, wet soil and competes successfully with warm-season and

cool-season turf grasses especially with thin, open disturbed

turf. It is considered an aggressively intrusive weed due to its

vigorous growth and abundant seed production (Holm et al. 1979).

Seeds germinate at or near the surface of moist soils with

temperatures above 65°F (Chauhan and Johnson 2008) and are not

affected by a pH range from 5–10. Seed germination completely

ceases if seeds are buried deeper than 3 inches (7.6 cm)

(Chauhan and Johnson 2008; Odero et al. 2015). Persistence is

due to abundant seed production and tolerance to close mowing.

Goosegrass can grow up to 3 feet tall (1 m) (Uva et al. 1997)

and spreads by reseeding itself. Goosegrass can be controlled by

a variety of postemergence herbicides, but the best choice will

depend upon the ornamental species, the site in which the

application will be made, and the use pattern needed. For

example, several graminicides are available, including clethodim

(Envoy® Plus), fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (Acclaim® Extra), fluazifop-

pbutyl (Fusilade® II), and sethodydim (Segment®). These

herbicides can be applied over-the-top of many different

ornamental plants but will only control grassy weeds (not

broadleaf weeds or sedges). The use of crop oil concentrates or

surfactants is typically recommended when applying graminicides

in order to increase weed control; however, these products may

also increase the chance of crop phytotoxicity with some

ornamental species. Closely read label instructions for each

individual herbicide in order to achieve the best control

possible while minimizing the chance of crop damage. When

goosegrass is still small, contact action herbicides such as

diquat (Reward) or pelargonic acid (Scythe) may be used, but

only as a directed application. Larger goosegrass may be

controlled by glufosinate (Finale) or glyphosate (RoundUp,

etc.). Various populations of goosegrass around the world have

become resistant to the postemergent herbicides glyphosate,

glufosinate, paraquat, sethoxydim (and other Group 1 or ACCase

inhibitors), and imazapyr (Heap 2016). A Florida population of

paraquat-resistant goosegrass was found in the Manatee County

area (Buker et al. 2002). It is important to rotate through

different herbicide modes of action from season to season or

year to year in order to avoid the development of herbicide

resistant weed populations. A partial list of postemergence

herbicides labeled for use in and around ornamentals that

provide control of goosegrass. Efficacy of postemergence

herbicides is strongly influenced by weed size, growth stage,

and environmental factors. Read and follow all herbicide label

guidelines in order to achieve the best results.

CedrickBrown (2017)Eleusineindica, the Indian goosegrass,

yard-grass, goosegrass, wiregrass, or crowfoot grass, is a

species of grass in the family Poaceae. It is a small annual

grass distributed throughout the It is an important weed of

cultivated crops, lawns, and golf courses. It thrives in

disturbed areas with compacted soils in full sun. Both tillage

and herbicides are used in its control. This low-growing grass

is capable of setting seed even when closely mown. Some

populations have evolved resistance to certain herbicides,

including glyphosate, warmer areas of the world to about 50

degrees latitude.

Linda McWlliams,Paragis or is a sort of grass that more

often than not develops on empty parts and roadsides.The leaves

resemble normal grass that are long and decreased. Paragis

develop over it, as the blossom that gives the seeds of the

plant. The entire parts of the Paragis can be made out of

specific sorts of chemicals and substances that might be of

advantage to your health: The leaves of the Paragis contain

silicon monoxide, calcium oxide, and chlorine. The Paragis plant

likewise contains protein.

Randall (2012)E. indica is a tufted annual grass, prostrate

and spreading, or erect to about 40 cm, depending on density of

vegetation but not usually rooting at the nodes. The root system

is very well developed and strong and the name jongosgras, used

in South Africa, implies that it takes a young ox to uproot it.

On germination, the first leaf, about 1 cm long, tapers very

suddenly to a point and may be pressed quite flat on the soil.

Later leaves are flat to V-shaped, up to 8 mm wide, 15 cm long

and come to a longer, acute, boat-shaped tip. They are glabrous

and usually quite bright, fresh green in colour. The ligule is a

very short membraneous rim up to 1 mm long, sparsely fringed

with short hairs. The sheaths and stem bases are distinctly

flattened. The inflorescence consists of 3-8 racemes, each 5-10

cm long, about 5 mm wide, arranged more-or-less digitately,

though one raceme may be inserted about 1 cm below the others.

The narrow rachis, about 1 mm wide, has two dense rows of almost

glabrous spikelets, each 2.5-3 mm long, 3-5 flowered, the lower

and upper glumes about 1.5 and 3 mm long, respectively, and the

lemmas very similar in both texture and size to the upper glume.

All have a slightly scabrid keel and are acute but not awned.

The reddish-brown to black seeds are oblong, about 1 mm long,

conspicuously ridged.

Bhagirath S. Chauhan Et.al (2017)Goosegrass is considered

one of the most important grassy weeds of rice, particularly in

rain-fed environments. Experiments were conducted in laboratory,

screenhouse, and field to study the germination ecology of

goosegrass seeds. In the laboratory, germination was greater at

higher alternating temperatures (30/20 and 35/25 C) than at the

lowest alternating temperatures (25/15 C). An after-ripening

period of at least 3 mo was required to improve the germination

of goosegrass. Germination was tolerant of salt stress but

sensitive to a high degree of water stress. A pH range of 5 to

10 did not influence seed germination (92 to 95%). In the

screenhouse study, seedling emergence of goosegrass was greatest

(82%) for seeds placed on the soil surface, but decreased

exponentially after that, no seedlings emerged at a burial depth

of 8 cm. Seedling emergence and seedling dry matter declined

markedly with the addition of crop residue to the soil surface

at rates equivalent to 4 to 6 ton (t) ha−1. In the field,

seedling emergence of goosegrass was greater under zero-till

(ZT; 16 to 18%) than under minimum tillage (MINT; 8 to 11%).

Because seedling emergence was greater from surface-sown seeds

and emergence was favored by ZT, this species is likely to

become a problematic weed in ZT systems. The information gained

from this study could be used in developing effective weed

management strategies.

Local Studies

Philippine Medicinal Plants (2013),Paragis is an annual,

erect, tufted, adventitious, glabrous grass, 10 centimeters to 1

meter in height. Leaves are 10 to 30 centimeters long, sometimes

involute when dry, 3 to 7 millimeters wide, distichous, rather

flaccid, with flattened sheaths. Spikes are 3 to 6, all in a

terminal whorl, or one or two lower down, 2.5 to 10 centimeters

long, 3 to 5 millimeters thick. Spikelet are very numerous,

crowded, 3- to 5-flowered, 3 to 4 millimeters long, the first

glume 1-nerved and small, the second, 3-nerved, and the third

and succeeding ones ovate, acute. Grass is considered as herbage

which is suitable or used for grazing animals but never had been

used as a treatment for any kind of disease. Recently, a grass

called Paragis, went viral because of its endless health

benefits. We are blessed to have this in the Philippines and it

can also be seen in tropical countries. Many people testified

and prove the wonder of this grass in treating numerous

diseases. (KBL, 2017)

Paragis is humble weed that has recently gained popularity due

to its medicinal properties and availability. You’ll be glad to

know that a lot of studies have shown it’s anti-inflammatory,

antiplasmodial, antidiabetic, phytoremediative, pancreatic

lipase inhibitory, antioxidant, antileishmanial, antioxidant,

cytotoxic properties. It is considered diuretic, antihelminthic,

diaphoretic, and febrifuge. (Healthy Shades of Green-

2017).Goosegrass (also called wire grass or yard grass) is an

obnoxious weed with scientific name Eleusineindica (Linn.)

Gaertner. In the Philippines, it is commonly known as paragis,

apidan, bikad-bikad, bakis-bakisan, bugtusan, barangan,

gagabutan, dinapulak, kabit-kabit, palagtiki, parangis-sabungan,

sambali, and sabung-sabungan (this is due to the many dialects).

This plant, classified as a grass, is a trending topic after a

person posted on social media that after drinking the goosegrass

“tea”, her ailment miraculously was cured.

Beyond Deadline (2018),Paragis used to be almost everywhere

but not since its medical potential and benefits to those who

suffer from minor to severe illnesses were discovered.Paragis is

known by many names which include goose grass, wild grass,

carabao grass and dog’s tail. Paragis generally is a tropical

plant and can usually be found in river banks and along the

roads. It is actually a weed and was reportedly first used as an

alternative medicine in Africa.The Aetas of Zambales are known

to use Paragis to lower fever, against inflammation and a

natural antihistamine or anti-allergy treatment. Burnt leaves of

dried paragis can also be used as insect repellant.Nevertheless,

despite its alleged many uses and absence of toxicity history,

According to a number of testimonials, Paragis is a powerful

diuretic and can be used to cure cystitis, urinary infections,

gallstone, bladder, kidney stone, high blood pressure, spleen

dysentery, heart, lung and liver problems. It can also be used

in deworming. Moreover, Paragis leaves reportedly can be used

for sprains, dislocation of bones and lumbago or discomfort in

the lower back area. It is also allegedly best for coughs, flu,

asthma and the common colds. Because of Paragis’ alleged anti-

oxidant properties, it can lower the risk of growing cancer cell

in the body. It is also claimed that drinking paragis tea on a

daily basis can make ovarian cyst and myoma completely

disappear. For arthritis, pounded Paragis leaves are supposed to

be heated and mixed with scraped coconut before being applied to

the affected area. Instant relief from sprain can be reportedly

achieved if minced leaves are applied. For those with kidney

problems, drinking boiled paragis leaves daily is said to

be like taking a diuretic medicine as it makes the kidney to

expel excess water and salt in the body in urine form. The plant

concentrate or decoction, which can be obtained through heating

or boiling it, can also stop wound bleeding and lowers the risk

of high blood pressure. It can also allegedly fight diarrhea.

Paragis mixed with coconut oil is also said to be good against

dandruff and could prevent hair loss. Other illnesses that can

be allegedly cured by Paragis are malaria, jaundice, epilepsy,

infertility in women and hemoptysis, among others.

Healthy Hack (2017), Grass is considered as herbage which

is suitable or used for grazing animals but never been used as a

treatment for any kind of disease. Recently, a grass called

Paragis, went viral because of its endless health benefits. We

are blessed to have this in the Philippines and it can also be

seen in tropical countries. Many people testified and prove the

wonder of this grass in treating numerous diseases. In Africa,

Paragis is used as a natural way of treating different kinds of

illness. In Porac, Pampanga, the tribe of Aeta used it as an

insect repellent. Paragis is declared to have protein and its

leaves have silicon monoxide, calcium oxide, and chlorine

compounds. It is also known to have numerous properties such as

anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihistamine,

natural diuretic, and cytotoxic properties. Its steam, roots,

and leaves are used as herbal medicine by boiling it.

Piñol (2017), We really do not pay it no heed. We really

pay it no mind. We only know that it sprouts and is considered

as a weed by some people. What we do not know is that this kind

of grass actually has several medicinal qualities that are

amazing and might even hold much more potential. It is slowly

coming to the limelight as a miracle drug for so many illnesses,

it is going to be entertaining to find out what else it can do

and what other ailments it can be effective against. Even

Department of Agriculture Secretary Manny Piñol is advocating

its use – and that alone should tell you something. Paragis is a

weed that grows abundantly along riverbanks, roadways and other

settled areas throughout the country. It is an annual grass

which measures anywhere from 10 centimeters to a meter in height

with leaves that are from 10 to 30 centimeters long.Previous

researches have stated that the plant is considered as a

diuretic as well as an antihelminthic, anti-inflammatory and

antioxidant. The whole plant can be used for medicine – its

roots can be eaten raw, the leaves and stems can become the

basis for a decoction and the seeds can also be eaten and used

for other mixtures as well.It is a rather versatile plant which

other cultures have used as an answer to various

simple problems.Health benefits of paragis. Paragis is a

widespread weed that has the scientific name, Eleusineindica and

is commonly known as wire grass, goose grass or dog’s tail. It

may also be known as the ever popular carabao grass. The plant

is slowly gaining popularity after some people posted on social

media the purported uses and benefits of paragis tea. It also

showed what appears to be a serious ovarian cyst that the person

was able to pass from her body after drinking the decoction.

That in itself was amazing and it certainly piqued the curiosity

of so many people who have suddenly become interested in

everything about paragis.

Herbal Medicine Benefits and Top Medicinal Herbs (2011),

Paragis is an annual, erect, tufted, glabrous grass, 10

centimeters to 1 meter in height. Leaves are 10 to 30

centimeters long, sometimes involute when dry, 3 to 7

millimeters wide, distichous, rather flaccid, with flattened

sheaths. Spikes are 3 to 6, all in a terminal whorl, or one or

two lower down, 2.5 to 10 centimeters long, 3 to 5 millimeters

thick. Spikelets are very numerous, crowded, 3- to 5-flowered, 3

to 4 millimeters long, the first glume 1-nerved and small, the

second, 3-nerved, and the third and succeeding ones ovate,

acute. An abundant weed in waste places and along river banks,

roads, and settled areas throughout the Philippines.

Foreign Studies

Therapy Joker (2018),This underrated grass is a common

plant that we typically disregard. Hence, this resourceful herb

comes with a lot of medicinal uses. Goosegrass or GaliumAparine

is most prominent for its Velcro-like hooks that have obtained

it a number of illustrative names, like cleavers, stickweed,

catchweed, grip grass, stickily, and stickyjack with others.This

herb with a scientific name of Eleusineindica can be seen all

over the place, roadsides, lawns and stream banks, and is

considered as one of the finest homegrown purifying tonics.

Several studies have shown a bunch of health benefits of this

wire grass that can cure and prevent certain illnesses

Goosegrass is homegrown to regions of Africa, Asia and

Europe, and as well as in New Zealand, Australia and

Scandinavia. It is uncertain whether this herb has established

in North America or if it’s inhabitant, but either way, it can

now be seen in the United States, Canada, Mexico, South and

Central America.In Africa, Paragis is used as a natural way of

treating different kinds of illness. This grass is declared to

have protein and its leaves have silicon monoxide, calcium

oxide, and chlorine compounds. It is also known to have numerous

properties such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic,

antihistamine, natural diuretic, and cytotoxic properties. Its

stem, roots, and leaves are used as herbal medicine by boiling

it.

International Journal of Drug Development and Research

(2010),The ethanolic leaf extract of Eleusineindica used as

antidiabetic and malarial remedy in Niger delta region of

Nigeria was evaluated for antiplasmodial activity in Plasmodium

berghei infected mice as well as hypoglycaemic and antidiabetic

activities in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The ethanolic leaf

extract (320 ? 960mg/kg) demonstrated significant (P<0.01 -

0.001) schizonticidal activity during early and established

infections with a significant mean survival time. The activity

was comparable to that of the standard drugs used (chloroquine

5mg/kg). Treatment of alloxan-induced diabetic rats with the

leaf extract caused a significant (P<0.01) reduction in fasting

Blood Glucose levels (BGL) of the alloxan-induced diabetic rats

both in acute study and prolonged treatment (2 weeks). The

activity of the extract during acute study was comparable to

that of the reference drug, glibenclamide, but was incomparable

to that of the standard drug during prolonged treatment. The

results suggest that the leaf extract possesses significant

(P<0.05 ? 0.001) antiplasmodial as well as hypoglycemic and

antidiabetic effects which can be employed in health care.

Abhinah Nature Conservation Conserve Nature to Serve

(2019), Goose grass (Eleusineindica) Complete detail – updated.

Description of Goose grass(Eleusineindica). Medicinal uses

of Goose grass (Eleusineindica). Mainly used as

fodder. Classification of Goose

grass (Eleusineindica). Decoction of the fresh plant used as a

diuretic and for dysentery, Also used for the treatment of

fever, Dandruff, Post-partum, Sprains and lumbago, Hemoptysis,

hypertension, hemoptysis, asthma, jaundice etc.Goose grass is

one of the popular grass species in India. It is a tufted annual

grass, prostrate and spreading, or erect to about 40 cm,

depending on density of vegetation but not usually rooting at

the nodes. Goose grass is a perennial fodder for local

fauna. The plant is also used for paper manufacture. The root

system is very well developed and strong and the name jongos

grass, used in South Africa, implies that it takes a young ox to

uproot it. On germination, the first leaf, about 1 cm long,

tapers very suddenly to a point and may be pressed quite flat on

the soil. Later leaves are flat to V-shaped, up to 8 mm wide, 15

cm long and come to alonger, acute, boat-shaped tip. Goose

grass is one of the popular grass species in India. Goose grass

is a perennial fodder for local fauna. It grows in moist as well

as marshy areas, puddles, shallow ponds, fields, river and

stream edges, ditches, canals etc. It is tolerant of heavy

disturbance like trampling, organic pollution and can grow along

sewage lines, gutters easily. It is a small annual grass

distributed throughout the warmer areas of the world. It is a

tufted annual grass, prostrate and spreading, or erect to about

40 cm, depending on density of vegetation but not usually

rooting at the nodes. The root system is very well developed and

strong and the name jongos grass, used in South Africa, implies

that it takes a young ox to uproot it. On germination, the first

leaf, about 1 cm long, tapers very suddenly to a point and may

be pressed quite flat on the soil. Later leaves are flat to V-

shaped, up to 8 mm wide, 15 cm long and come to a longer, acute,

boat-shaped tip.They are glabrous and usually quite bright,

fresh green in color. The ligule is a very short membranous rim

up to 1 mm long, sparsely fringed with short hairs. The sheaths

and stem bases are distinctly flattened. Tropical and

subtropical regions. Distributed almost throughout the tropical

world and extends significantly into the sub-tropics, especially

in North America, Europe and Africa. Mainly used as fodder. The

whole plant, but especially the root, is depurative, diuretic,

febrifuge, laxative and sudorific. It is also used in the

treatment of liver complaints. The plant is a component of the

‘basic remedy’ in Vietnamese traditional medicine, it is also

used in the treatment of influenza, hypertension, oliguria and

retention of urine. The plant can be used fresh or dried. The

stems are used to make mats, baskets etc. The plant is also used

for paper manufacture. Decoction of the fresh plant used as a

diuretic and for dysentery. Also used for the treatment of

fever, Dandruff, Post-partum, Sprains and lumbago, Hemoptysis,

hypertension, hemoptysis, asthma, jaundice etc.

Plants for a Future (2012),Eleusineindica isa ANNUAL

growing to 0.5 m (1ft 8in) at a fast rate.

It is hardy to zone (UK) 9. It is in flower from July to August,

and the seeds ripen from August to October. The species is

monoecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but

both sexes can be found on the same plant) and is pollinated by

Wind. Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy

(clay) soils and prefers well-drained soil. Suitable pH: acid,

neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It cannot grow in the shade.

It prefers moist soil. Seed - cooked[55, 74, 106]. The seed is

rather small[159], it is sometimes used as a famine food[177].

Used as a millet, it can be cooked whole or ground into a flour

and used in making cakes, gruels etc[183]. Young seedlings - raw

or cooked and used as a side dish with rice[46, 61, 105, 177,

183]. Root - raw[177]. Plants For A Future can not take any

responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants.

Always seek advice from a professional before using a plant

medicinally. Plants For A Future can not take any responsibility

for any adverse effects from the use of plants. Always seek

advice from a professional before using a plant medicinally. The

stems are used to make mats, baskets etc[46, 61, 74]. The plant

is suitable for paper manufacture[74]. Succeeds in ordinary

garden soil in a sunny position[200]. This species is the

probable ancestor of E. coracana, a species that is cultivated

for its seed. A polymorphic species. Special Features: Invasive,

Naturalizing. Seed - sow early spring in a greenhouse and only

just cover the seed. Germination should take place within 2

weeks. Prick out the seedlings into individual pots as soon as

they are large enough to handle and plant them out in late

spring after the last expected frosts[162, 200]. The seed can

also be sown in mid to late spring in situ[200], though if the

summer is cool it might not ripen its seed[K].

Weeds of Autralia Biosecurity Queensland Edition (2016)

,This species is widespread throughout tropical and sub-tropical

regions of the world. Its exact origin is obscure, but it is

thought to have come from Africa and Asia. rowsfoot grass

(Eleusineindica) is widely naturalised in Queensland, New South

Wales, Victoria, the Northern Territory and Western Australia.

It is also naturalized in the southern parts of South Australia,

in the ACT, on several offshore islands (i.e. Lord Howe Island,

Norfolk Island, Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands) and is

sparingly naturalised in Tasmania. Though crowsfoot grass

(Eleusineindica) is primarily regarded as a weed of agricultural

areas and habitation, it is also seen as an environmental weed

in parts of Queensland and New South Wales. It is listed in the

top 200 environmental weeds in south-eastern Queensland and also

appears on environmental weed lists in the wider Sydney and Blue

Mountains region in New South Wales.This species generally

invades disturbed habitats in natural areas and the margins of

conservation areas. For example, it is present along roads and

powerline corridors that traverse the wet tropics world heritage

areas in northern Queensland. It is also a weed of marshes,

stream banks and coastal environs and has recently invaded the

Five Islands Nature Reserve, a group of five small islands

clustered off the coast of Port Kembla in south-eastern New

South Wales.This species generally invades disturbed habitats in

natural areas and the margins of conservation areas. For

example, it is present along roads and powerline corridors that

traverse the wet tropics world heritage areas in northern

Queensland. It is also a weed of marshes, stream banks and

coastal environs and has recently invaded the Five Islands

Nature Reserve, a group of five small islands clustered off the

coast of Port Kembla in south-eastern New South Wales.

Synthesis of Related Literature and Studies

According to the studies conducted some sources declared

that drinking tea improves the immunity and helps fight bacteria

and burns fat, calories and increases metabolis.

The related literature and studies gathered by the

researcher are relevant to the study as it deals to the

affectivity, benefits of Paragis Tea.

The literature of Jugo (2017); herbalists in the Philippines and

Dr. Stuart (2018); Philippines Food and Drug Administration (FDA),

Philippine Medicinal Plants (2013); Piñol ( 2017) Department of

Agriculture this are focuses on the health benefits and effectivity of

Paragis tea.

The studies of Abhinah Nature Conservation Conserve Nature to

Serve (2019), Weeds of Autralia Biosecurity Queensland Edition (2016),

Plants for a Future (2012), focus on proposing paragis Tea as a cure

on different illnesses like diabetes and cancer cells.