Chapter-1

Material Data and Load Combination

During the analysis and/or design of the building, the following material properties for concrete
and reinforcement are used.
1.1. Concrete
• Concrete grade of C-20/25 (fck = 20MPa)
• Partial safety factor, γc =1.5 [EBCS – 2,EN 1990:2014 table 2.1N]
• Coefficient taking account of long term effects in the compressive strength and of
unfavorable effects resulting from way of loading, αcc
αcc =0.85 [EBCS – 2,EN 1990:2014 Art. 3.1.6]
• Coefficient taking account of long term effects in the tensile strength and of unfavorable
effects resulting from way of loading, αct
αct =0.85 [EBCS – 2,EN 1990:2014 Art. 3.1.6]
• Mean compressive strength, fcm
fcm =28 [EBCS – 2,EN 1990:2014 table 3.1]
• Mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete
fctm =2.2 [EBCS – 2,EN 1990:2014 table 3.1]
• Characteristic tensile strength, fctk,0.05
fctk,0.05 =1.5 [EBCS – 2,EN 1990:2014 table 3.1]
• Design compressive strength
fcd  cc fck [EBCS - 2, EN 1990 - 2014 Eqn. 3.15]
 
c
• Design tensile strength, fctd
fctd  ct fctk ,0.05 [EBCS - 2, EN 1990 - 2014 Eqn. 3.16]
 
c
• Modulus of Elasticity, Ecm
Ecm =30 GPA [EBCS – 2,EN 1990:2014 table 3.1]
1.2. Rebar
• Concrete grade of S-400 (fyk = 400MPa)
• Partial safety factor, γs=1.15
1.3. Load combination
 Service Load Combination, Pd,Service= 1*DL+1*LL
 Ultimate Load Combination,Pd,Ultimate=1.35*DL+1.5*LL
 Chapter-2
Slab analysis and design

2.1. First Floor Slab Solid slab layout and panel name.

Fig2.1: First Floor Slab Layout.

 2.2. Depth of slab calculation
To determine the slab depth, the following two equation are considered from EBCS EN:
1992
𝑙 𝜌0 𝜌0 3
= 𝑘 ∗ [11 + 1.5 ∗ √𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ ( ) + 3.2 ∗ √𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ ( − 1)2 )] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌
𝑑 𝜌 𝜌
≤ 𝜌0 [𝐸𝐵𝐶𝑆 𝐸𝑁: 1992,2014 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 7.16𝑎]
𝑙 𝜌0 1 𝜌′
= 𝑘 ∗ [11 + 1.5 ∗ √𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ ′
+ ∗ √𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ √ ] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 >
𝑑 𝜌−𝜌 12 𝜌

𝜌0 [𝐸𝐵𝐶𝑆 𝐸𝑁: 1992,2014 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 7.16b]

The value of k in above equations is:

End span k=1.3 [EBCS EN: 1992:2014 Table 7.4N]
Interior span k= 1.5 [EBCS EN: 1992:2014 Table 7.4N]

ρ0 is given by:

√𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝜌0 =
1000

With fck = 20Mpa and S-400 rebar the above expression could be evaluated to give the
following values:
√20
𝜌0 = ∗ 100% = 0.447
1000

With ρ=0.5 %, which is, ρ> ρo

For end Span:

𝑙 0.447 1 0
= 1.3 ∗ [11 + 1.5 ∗ √20 ∗ + ∗ √20 ∗ √ ]
𝑑 0.5 12 0.447
𝑙
= 22.58 ----for end span
𝑑

𝑙
= 26.05 -------For interior span.
𝑑

𝑙
= 6.95 -------For Cantilever.
𝑑
Since the proposed reinforcement, S-400, is less than 500 Mpa, we need to apply correction
factor for the above result:

After correction, l/d is:

𝑙 500
= 22.58 ∗ ( ) = 28.225 ----for end span
𝑑 400

𝑙 500
= 26.05 ∗ ( ) = 32.563 ----For interior span.
𝑑 400

𝑙 500
= 8.688 ∗ ( ) = 8.688-------For Cantilever.
𝑑 400
Using the above values, the depth for each panel is determined and tabulated as follows.

Lx(Smaller d(ρ=0.5%
Panel Dimension) Ly Ly/Lx Type Type )
S2 2.78 5.03 1.81 TWO WAY End 98.5
S3 2.78 3 1.08 TWO WAY End 98.5
S4 3 5.03 1.68 TWO WAY End 106.29
S4 3.28 4.7 1.44 TWO WAY End 116.21
S5 2.64 3.28 1.25 TWO WAY End 93.54
S6 3.13 4.7 1.51 TWO WAY End 110.9
S1 1.36 1.73 1.28 TWO WAY End 156.54
C1 1.07 4.22 3.95 ONE WAY Cantilever 123.16
S9 2.64 3.12 1.19 TWO WAY End 93.54
S7 1.55 3.28 2.12 ONE WAY End 54.92
dPanel 156.54
dCantileve
r 123.16

Table2.1: Depth of slab calculation.

Since the maximum effective depth from table is 156.54mm for four edge supported slab
and 123.16 mm for cantilever slab, the overall depth for both cases would be:
D = d + cover +φ/ 2

Where cover is given by:

Cover = Cnom = cmin +Δcdev

Cmin = max {Cminb; Cmin,dur+ΔCdur,Υ-ΔCdur,st- ΔCdur,add;10mm}

Cminb = φ=12mm

Cmin,dur= 25mm, with exposure class of XC3

Cdur,Υ=0mm ,EBCS EN:1990:2014 Recommendation

Cdur,st = 0mm ,EBCS EN:1990:2014 Recommendation

Cdur,add=0mm ,EBCS EN:1990:2014 Recommendation

Δcdev=10mm, EBCS EN: 1990:2014 Recommendation

Therefore: Cmin= max {12mm, 25mm+0-0-0; 10mm} =25mm

Cnom=cmin+ Δcdev = 25mm + 10mm = 35mm.

D (panel) = 156.54+35+12/2 = 197.54mm, Take D=200mm

D(Cantilever) = 123.16+35+12/2 = 164.13mm, Take D=170mm

2.3. Load Calculation
Overall Purpose of the building is Residential.
Therefore: Live Load = 2KN/m2
Loading
Finishing Unit
Panel Material Thickness Weight Load(KN/m2)
S2,S3,S5 PVC Tiles 0.008 16 0.128
Cement
Screed 0.03 23 0.69
RCC Slab 0.2 25 5
Plastering 0.02 23 0.46
Partition - 1.5 1.5 ∑DL 7.778
S6,S9 Terrazzo Tiles 0.02 23 0.46
Cement
Screed 0.03 23 0.69
RCC Slab 0.2 25 5
Plastering 0.02 23 0.46
Partition - 1.5 1.5 ∑DL 8.11
S4,S1 Ceramic 0.03 23 0.69
2 cm Mortar
bedding 0.03 23 0.69
RCC Slab 0.2 25 5
Plastering 0.02 23 0.46
Partition - 1.5 1.5 ∑DL 8.34
S7 PVC Tiles 0.008 16 0.128
Cement
Screed 0.03 23 0.69
RCC Slab 0.2 25 5
Plastering 0.02 23 0.46
Partition - 1.5 1.5 ∑DL 7.778

C1 Terrazzo Tiles 0.02 23 0.46

Cement
Screed 0.03 23 0.69
 RCC Slab 0.17 25 4.25
Plastering 0.02 23 0.46
Partition - 1.5 1.5 ∑DL 7.36

Table: Different loading on different panels of first floor

Pd = 1.35*DL + 1.5*LL

S2,S3,S5 Pd (Panel) = 13.51

S6,S9 13.95
S4,S1 14.26
S7 13.51
C1 12.94
Table: Design Loads(Pd) on each Panels.
2.4. Moment on Slab:

 Sample calculation for S1:

First Calculate the Multiplying coefficients for slab x and y direction field and support
Moment.

Where:
Mix= αix*Pd*Lx2(the shortest dimension of the given Panel).
Miy= αiy*Pd*Lx2(the shortest dimension of the given Panel).

Where the subscript i is:

Fig: Derivation of coefficients for span and support moment calculation.
All Panels Unbalanced Moment is calculated and shown in Excel below.

Fig: Unbalanced span and support moment on the first floor.

Fig : All Panel After all Field and support Moments Balanced:
Cross Method to balance the Support Moment done in excel and shown below.
Moment Adjustment
Between S1 and S2 Between S1 and S3
Sum of Sum of
Moment 6.52 Moment 5.1
ΔMxs 2.98 ΔMys 2.7
0.2*Mlarge 0.95 0.2*Mlarge 0.78
Use MD Use MD
K1 0.74 K1 0.58
K2 0.2 K2 0.34
S1 S2 S1 S2
I Moment 1.77 -4.75 I Moment 1.2 -3.9
Lx 1.36 5.03 Lx 1.73 3
DF 0.787234 0.212766 DF 0.6304348 0.369565
BAL 2.345957 0.6340426 BAL 1.7021739 0.997826
∑ 4.12 -4.12 ∑ 2.90 -2.90
Field Moment balancing on both Direction are calculated Using Table A-2 of EBCS -1995 and
done in excel and shown below.

Fig: field Moment balancing coefficient table.

Finally we calculated the area of steel required to support the hogging (Support) moment
and Sagging (Span) moment in each panel and on each direction as shown below.
Shear Transfer to the supporting beams:

Design Load Transfer

𝑉𝑣𝑥𝑐 = 𝛽𝑣𝑥𝑐 *𝐿𝑥 *𝑃𝑑 𝑉𝑣𝑦𝑐 = 𝛽𝑣𝑦𝑐 *𝐿𝑥 *𝑃𝑑
𝑉𝑣𝑥𝑑 = 𝛽𝑣𝑥𝑑 *𝐿𝑥 *𝑃𝑑 𝑉𝑣𝑦𝑑 = 𝛽𝑣𝑦𝑑 *𝐿𝑥 *𝑃𝑑

Panel Nd Ly/Lx 4-Nd Edge 1 Edge 2 Edge 3 Edge 4

S1 2 1.2721 2 0 1 1 0
X- Y- X- Y-
direction direction direction direction
1 1 1 1
0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66
Sum ßvx Sum ßvy
0.815 0.66
ßv 0.489 0.264 0.326 0.396
Vs 9.483 5.120 6.322 7.680

S2 2 1.8094 2 0 0 1 1
Y- X- Y- X-
direction direction direction direction
1 1 1 1
0.66 0.66 0.66 0.52 0.52 0.52
Sum ßvx Sum ßvy
1.046 0.52
ßv 0.418 0.208 0.628 0.312
Vs 15.714 7.812 23.571 11.718
S3 1 1.0792 3 0 1 1 1
Y- X- Y- X-
direction direction direction direction
0 1 1 1
0.66 0.66 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72
 Sum ßvx Sum ßvy
0.667 0.72
ßv 0.267 0.360 0.400 0.360
Vs 10.020 13.521 15.031 13.521
S4 1 1.6767 3 1 0 1 1
Y- X- Y- X-
direction direction direction direction
1 0 1 1
0.66 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
Sum ßvx Sum ßvy
0.976 0.6
ßv 0.488 0.240 0.488 0.360
Vs 20.877 10.267 20.877 15.401
S5 1 1.4329 3 1 1 1 0
Y- X- Y- X-
direction direction direction direction
1 0 1 1
0.66 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
Sum ßvx Sum ßvy
0.915 0.6
ßv 0.458 0.360 0.458 0.240
Vs 20.273 15.953 20.273 10.635
S6 1 1.9879 3 1 0 1 1
X- Y- X- Y-
direction direction direction direction
0 1 1 1
0.66 0.66 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72
Sum ßvx Sum ßvy
0.972 0.72
ßv 0.389 0.360 0.583 0.360
Vs 8.667 8.025 13.000 8.025
S7 1 1.5065 3 1 1 1 0
Y- X- Y- X-
 direction direction direction direction
1 0 1 1
0.66 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
Sum ßvx Sum ßvy
0.936 0.6
ßv 0.468 0.360 0.468 0.240
Vs 19.727 15.174 19.727 10.116
S8 2 1.1819 2 1 0 0 1
X- Y- X- Y-
direction direction direction direction
1 1 1 1
0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66
Sum ßvx Sum ßvy
0.775 0.66
ßv 0.310 0.396 0.465 0.264
Vs 10.590 13.528 15.885 9.019
C1 - Vs 1.07 - - 2.946

Table: Shear Transfer to beam supporting each Panel on First floor.

For the Terrace roof slab desing, it is done on excel and attached with this project.
 2.5. Ribbed Slab Design of 2nd Floor

Introduction
Ribbed slabs proved economic for spans of more than 5 m with light or moderate live loads,
such as hospitals, offices or residential buildings. They are not suitable for structures
having heavy live loads such as warehouses or parking garages. The joists span one way
between beams.
The main advantage of using hollow blocks is the reduction in weight by removing the
part of the concrete below the neutral axis. Additional advantages are:
 Ease of construction.
 Hollow blocks make it possible to have smooth ceiling which is often required for
architectural considerations.
 Provides good sound and temperature insulation properties.
Arrangement of Ribs
The designer has to make up his mind regarding the option he prefers. Some designers opt to
run the ribs in a direction that leads to smaller moments and shears in the supporting beams
which means much more reinforcement in the ribs. Other designers opt to run the ribs in
the shorter direction which leads to much more reinforcement in the supporting beams.
The latter option leads to more economical design.
Since running the ribs in the shorter direction leads to economy, we will run the ribs in the
shorter direction. Other than running the ribs in the shorter direction, continuous spans are
more preferable than single spans, since they lead to moment redistribution.
Ribbed Slab Layout

2.5.1. Ribbed slab Section

The common block with dimensions 24 cm depth, 40 cm width and 20 cm breadth is
used. And the following typical section, shown in the figure below is proposed.

Figure: Ribbed slab section and T-beam dimension.

Dimensions of a Typical HCB block used for ribbed slab.
 Topping: 6 cm
 Rib Width: 8 cm
 Rib depth (without flange): 20 cm
Section check against EBCS EN: 1990, 2014 Article 5.3.1, Sub Article 6
 Rib spacing shall not exceed 1.5m.
 The depth of rib below the flange doesn’t exceed 4 times its width.
 The depth of the flange is at least 1/10 of the clear distance between ribs or 50 mm,
whichever is greater.
• Since rib spacing is 0.4 m < 1.5m, the first rule is fulfilled.
• Depth below flange (20 cm) < 4*8(24 cm), the second rule is fulfilled.
• The flange depth (6 cm)>max ((1/10) *32cm=3.2 cm, 5 cm), the third rule is satisfied.
Therefore, the proposed section is ok.

2.5.2. Depth from deflection check

From EBCS EN 1990:2014, Table 7.4N, the span to effective depth ratio for end and
interior span are:
𝑙
= 18, 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝑑
𝑙
= 20 , 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝑑
From the slab layout, the maximum span for both interior and end span is 5.08m,
therefore the necessary effective depth becomes:
d = 5080/ 18=282.2mm, End Span
d = 5080/ 20= 254mm, Interior Span

Therefore, a minimum of 282.2mm effective depth should be provided. Since the provided
effective depth is adequate further deflection check is required.
2.5.3. Load Calculation Dead
Load Calculation

Material unit
Thicknes Width wt. load
s
TOPPING 0.06 0.4 25 0.6
RIB/JOIST 0.2 0.08 25 0.4
PLASTERING 0.02 0.4 23 0.184
FLOOR FINISH 0.02 0.4 23 0.184
MORTAR BED 0.03 0.4 23 0.276
PARTITION 0.4 1.5 0.6
WALL
BLOCKS 12 0.576
TOTAL DEAD LOAD 2.82
Table: Dead Load on Ribbed Slab
Live Load
Since the floor serves as residence, the live load used for design is 2 KN/m2. And for
ribbed slab load within 0.4 m wide strip is considered and the following calculation
is done.
Q = 0.4m*2 KN/m2 = 0.8 KN / m

Design load

Pd = 1.35*Gk+1.5*Qk=1.35*2.84+1.5*0.8=5.KN/m

Live Load from EBCS EN Table 6.1 and 6.2

For Shop 5KN/m2 5
For Restaurant 3KN/m2 3
For Residential 2KN/m2 2
LL Qk/0.4m 1.2 PD 5.6 For Shop
For
LL Qk/0.4m 0.8 Pd 5.0
Residetial
LL Qk/0.4m 2 PD 6.8 For Café
1.35GK 3.8
Table: design load on the rib beam.
2.5.4. Flexure design
Each of the three ribs would be analyzed here after to determine the design moment and aft
wards their flexural design is performed.
Rib 2 Analysis
For the moment at a section, using the Müller Breslau Principle, the moment resistance at the
point of interest is removed by introducing a hinge at the section. Then a positive moment
that introduces a relative unit rotation is applied at the section. The deflected shape of the
beam under these conditions will qualitatively represent the influence line for the moment at
the section.
 Fig:Rib2

Fig: Pattern for Max Sagging Moment for SPAN Moment 12

Fig: Loading pattern for Max Sagging Moment for SPAN Moment 12
Balancing Moment using Moment Distribution.
15

10 10.45
7.77
5
Series1
0 0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
-3.47
-5

-10
-11.57

-15

Fig: Shear Force Diagram using Excel.

Fig: SFD from ETABS result.

 12
10 2.78, 9.7
8
6
4
2 Series1
0 0, 0 7.86, 0.0
0.693, -1.21
-2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-4
-6
-8 5.819, -7.89
-10

Fig: Bending Moment Diagram using Excel.

Fig: BMD From ETABS result.

The rest of Patterns for Max SPAN MOMENT 24 and SUPPORT 2 are done using
ETABS Result.

Fig: Pattern for Max Sagging Moment for SPAN Moment 24

Fig: Loading pattern for Max Sagging Moment for SPAN Moment 24
Fig: SFD for Pattern 2.

Fig: BMD for Pattern 2.

Fig: Pattern for Max Hogging Moment for SUPPORT Moment 2

Fig: Loading pattern for Max Hogging Moment for SUPPORT Moment 2

Fig: SFD for Pattern 3.

Fig: BMD for Pattern 3.

From The above result-The Moment Envelope is:

MSPAN_12=1.21KN.m
MSPAN_24=10.7KN.m
MSUPPORT_2=12.13KN.m
MSUPPORT_1=0 KN.m (Pin Support)
MSUPPORT_3=0 KN.m (Pin Support)

Fig: Moment envelop diagram for Rib Pattern 2.

2.5.5. Reinforcement Calculation FOR SPAN 12
The rest of the support and span reinforcement calculation for Rib2 is calculated in Excel and
tabulated as follows:

Rib Pattern 3 Design

Fig: Loading Pattern for Maximum sagging (Span ) Moment for span 13

Fig : Actual Loading pattern

Analysis of Rib 3
Fig:SFD using Excel.

Fig:SFD using ETABS

Fig:BMD using Excel

Fig: BMD using ETABS.

Fig: Reaction caused by loading on the support(Beam)

The rest of Patterns for Max SPAN MOMENT 33’ and SUPPORT 3 are done
using ETABS Result.

SPAN 33’

Fig: Loading Pattern for Maximum sagging moment for SPAN 33’
Fig: Actual Loading pattern

Fig:SFD

Fig:BMD
Fig: Reaction caused by loading on the support(Beam)

SUPPORT 3

Fig: Loading Pattern for maximum hogging(SUPPORT MOMENT) for SUPPORT

3.
Fig: Actual Loading.

Fig:SFD

Fig:BMD
Fig : Reaction caused by loading on the support(Beam)

From The above result-The Moment Envelope is:

MSPAN_13=9KN.m
MSPAN_33’=4.2KN.m
MSUPPORT_3=11.2KN.m
MSUPPORT_1=0 KN.m (Pin Support)
MSUPPORT_3’=0 KN.m (Pin Support)
REINFORCEMENT CALCULATION FOR RIB 3 LOADING
Shear Reinforcement Calculation for RIB 3.

Reaction transferred from rib beam to main supporting beam.

1. Rib 1

RXN RXN/0.4
V1 5.87 KN 14.675 KN/m
V2 27.61 KN 69.025 KN/m
V4 10.19 KN 25.475 KN/m
 2. Rib 2
RXN RXN/0.4
V1 3.49 KN 8.725 KN/m
V2 26.4 KN 66 KN/m
V4 10.39 KN 25.975 KN/m

3. Rib 3
RXN RXN/0.4
V1 9.47 KN 23.675 KN/m
V2 26.05 KN 65.125 KN/m
V4 3.34 KN 8.35 KN/m

4. Rib 4
RXN RXN/0.4
V1 10.05 KN 25.125 KN/m
V2 25.41 KN 63.525 KN/m
V4 5 KN 12.5 KN/m
5. Rib 5 and 6
No reaction transferred since there is no supporting beam for this rib slabs.
 Chapter-3
Stair Design
In multi-story buildings, ramps, elevators, escalators, and stairs are often employed
to facilitate vertical circulation. Circulation refers to the movement of people and
goods between interior spaces in buildings and to entrances and exits. Stairs are
important building elements that are used to provide vertical circulation and access
across different floor levels in a building. It is also recommended that when an
access height exceeds 600mm, a staircase should be provided. In modern
architecture, stairs are designed to be aesthetically pleasing, and this contributes
immensely to the interior beauty of a house. There are different types of stairs with
different configurations. For stairs, the recommended slope for comfort is 27°, but
for practical purposes, this can sometimes be extended to 35°.

3.1. Types of stairs

Generally, stairs are usually of the following types:
 Straight
 Circular
 curved or spiral or
 a combination of the above mentioned types.
1. Straight stairs are stairs along which there is no curvature or change in
direction on any flight between two successive floors or levels. There are
several possible arrangements of straight stairs. For example, they may be
arranged in a straight run with a single flight between floors, or a series of
flights without change in direction. Also, straight stairs may permit a change
in direction at an immediate landing. When the stairs require a complete
reversal of direction, they are called parallel stairs or half landing stairs
(turning through 180°). When successive flights are at an angle to each
other, (usually 90°), they are called angle stairs or quarter turn stairs. In
addition, straight stairs may be classified as scissors stairs when they
comprise a pair of straight runs in opposite directions and are placed on
opposite sides of a wall.
2. Circular stairs when viewed from above appear to follow a circle with a
single center of curvature and large radius.
3. Curved stairs when viewed from above appear to follow a curve with two
or more centers of curvature, such as an ellipse.
4. Spiral stairs are similar to circular stairs except that the radius of curvature
is small and the stairs may be supported by a column.
3.2. Structural Design of stairs
These theoretical procedures employed in the structural analysis of stairs is the
concept of an idealized line structure and, when detailing the reinforcement for the
resulting stairs, additional bars should be included to limit the formation of cracks
at the points of high stress concentration that inevitably occur. The 'three
dimensional' nature of the actual structure and the stiffening effect of the
triangular tread areas, both of which are usually ignored when analyzing the
structure, will result in actual stress distributions that differ from those calculated,
and this must be remembered when detailing (Reynolds et al, 2008). The typical
nature of internal stresses induced in a simply supported straight flight stair and
reinforcement pattern is as shown in Figure below.

Fig: Structural behavior of a reinforced concrete straight flight staircase.

The bending moments should be calculated from the ultimate load due to the total
weight of the stairs and imposed load, measured on plan, combined with the
horizontal span. Stresses produced by the longitudinal thrust are small and
generally neglected in the design of simple systems.
Fig: Elaborate reinforcement pattern in stair case
Fig: Plan view of the stair to be designed.

3.3. Design of Stair

3.3.1. Stair sec-1-1 designs.
A section of a staircase is as shown below. The width of the staircase is 1160mm.
We are expected to carry out a full structural analysis and design of the staircase
according to EC2 using the following data;
 Density of concrete = 25 KN/m3;
 fck = 20 N/mm2; fyk = 400 N/mm2;
 Concrete cover = 25mm;
 Imposed load on staircase (qk) = 2 KN/m2 (category A)
 Riser height= 150mm
 Thread width= 300mm
Fig: Sec-1-1 of the stair.

Fig: Structural idealization of the staircase

 Geometry Data
Initial
Thickness of the waist 180 Value
Depth of the Riser 150 0.15 inclined length 335.41
Width of the Thread 300 0.3

Load actions on the stairs

Load on waist of the stair(by taking 1m width on the
lateral direction)
Dead load on flight(Waist) area
cosθ 0.89
θ 26.57
1. Concrete self weight(Waist area)=depth*Unit Weight 4.5 KN/m (normal to the inclination)
2. Stepped area=0.5*riser height*unit weight of concrete 1.875 KN/m (global horizontal direction) 4.02
Total Height of
Number of Risers 8 risers 1200 mm
Total Length of
Number of treads 7 treads 2100 mm
Total Inclined
3. Finishes Length 2418.68 mm
Marble 27 KN/m3
Cement Screed 23 KN/m3

3.1.On Thread
3.1.1. Weight of finishing (Marble) 0.54 KN/m

3.1.2. Weight of the cement screed (3cm thickness) 0.69 KN/m

 3.2. On the Riser
3.2.1. Weight of finishing (Marble) 0.27 KN/m
3.2.2. Weight of the cement screed (3cm thickness) 0.23 KN/m
KN/m2
1.73 KN/m
Total dead load on flight(KN/m) 7.63
Variable load on staircase
(qk)(KN/m) 2
The load on the flight area at 13.30 KN/m
ultimate limit state

Dead load on Landing area

1. Concrete self weight(Landing area) 4.5 KN/m

2. Finishes
Ceramic 23 KN/m3
Cement Screed 23 KN/m3
Weight of finishing (Ceramic) 0.46 KN/m
Weight of the cement screed (3cm thickness) 0.46 KN/m

Total load on the Landing area = 5.42 KN/m

Variable load on staircase (qk)(KN/m) 2.00 KN/m

Total load on the Landing area at ultimate limit state = 10.32 KN/m
We intend to apply all gravity loads purely in the global y-direction; therefore we convert the load at the waist of
the stair from local to global direction by considering the angle of inclination of the flight area to the horizontal.

Remark
To get the line load of riser in global axis (Y-axis) , follow the following steps.
1. Change volume load to point load by multiplying the unit weight of material used (for concrete 25KN/m3)
by width, depth and thickness of the riser (width taken with 1m).
2. Divide this point load by thread width to change the point load to line load.

Fig: The staircase with applied ultimate limit state load

Fig: Bending moment diagram due to externally applied load

Med(From ETABS) 14.56 KNm

LOCATION SUPPORT
d 149
fck 20 fcd 11.33
fyk 400
k 0.058 No Compression reinforcement
z 140.9615634
Ast 296.81 mm2/m the provided reinforcement is adequate.
φ 10
as 78.5 264.4772
S(Spacing) Provide 260 c/c 10 Ast(Procvided) 302 mm2/m
 fctm 2.21 N/mm2 Traversal reinforcement
Ast,min 214.08 mm2/m Provide 360 c/c 10
0.0013 × b × d 193.7 mm2/m

Med(From ETABS) 11.03 KNm

LOCATION SPAN
d 149
fck 20 fcd 11.33
fyk 400
k 0.044 No Compression reinforcement
z 141.55
Ast 223.92 mm2/m the provided reinforcement is adequate.
φ 10
as 78.5 350.57687
S(Spacing) Provide 350 c/c 10 Ast(Procvided) 225 mm2/m
fctm 2.21 N/mm2 Traversal reinforcement
Ast,min 214.08 mm2/m Provide 360 c/c 10
0.0013 × b × d 193.7 mm2/m

Now lastly check whether the provided initial depth is adequate or not with the actually provided reinforcement
on the support or Span whichever is maximum.
 Check for deflection
K 1 For simply supported beams and slabs
ρ 0.0020
ρ0 0.0045
L/d 1
11
14.80
12.57
L/d 38.37
σs 246.81 N/mm2
Modification
Factor(βs)(310/σs) 1.256
Allowable L/d 48.190
Taking the distance between 5.08 m
supports as the effective span
Actual L/d 34.09 Deflection is satisfied

3.3.2. Stair sec-2-2 designs.

Fig: Sec-2-2 of the stair.

 Med(From ETABS) 6.14 KNm
LOCATION SPAN
d 149
fck 20 fcd 11.33
fyk 400
k 0.024 No Compression reinforcement
z 141.55
the provided reinforcement is
Ast 214.08 mm2/m adequate.
φ 10
as 78.5 366.68694
S(Spacing) Provide 360 c/c 10 Ast(Procvided) 219 mm2/m
fctm 2.21 N/mm2 Traversal reinforcement
Ast,min 214.08 mm2/m Provide 360 c/c 10
0.0013 × b × d 193.7 mm2/m

Check for deflection

K 1 For simply supported beams and slabs
ρ 0.0015
ρ0 0.0045
L/d 1
11
20.41
 60.99
L/d 92.40
σs 242.43 N/mm2
Modification
Factor(βs)(310/σs) 1.279
Allowable L/d 118.153
Taking the distance between
center line of landing 1 to the 1.99 m
center line slab 2 as the
effective span for sec_2-2.
Actual L/d 13.36 Deflection is satisfied
 Chapter 4
Methods of structural analysis
When the number of unknown reactions or the number of internal forces exceeds
the number of equilibrium equations available for the purpose of analysis, the
structure is called as a statically indeterminate structure. Most of the structures
designed today are statically indeterminate. This indeterminacy may develop as a
result of added supports or extra members, or by the general form of the
structure.

While analyzing any indeterminate structure, it is essential to satisfy equilibrium,

compatibility, and force-displacement requisites for the structure. When the
reactive forces hold the structure at rest, equilibrium is satisfied and compatibility
is said to be satisfied when various segments of a structure fit together without
intentional breaks or overlaps.

4.1. Kani’s method-

This method was first developed by Prof. Gasper Kani of Germany in the year
1947. The method is named after him. This is an indirect extension of slope
deflection method. This is an efficient method due to simplicity of moment
distribution. The method offers an iterative scheme for applying slope deflection
method of structural analysis. Whereas the moment distribution method reduces
the number of linear simultaneous equations and such equations needed are
equal to the number of translator displacements, the number of equations
needed is zero in case of the Kani’s method.

4.2. RULES FOR CALCULATING ROTATION CONTRIBUTIONS-

4.2.1. Case-1: Without side sway
Definition: “Restrained moment at a joint is the algebraic sum of F.E.M’s of
different members meeting at that joint.”
1. Sum of the restrained moment of a joint and all rotation contributions of the
far ends of members meeting at that joint is multiplied by respective rotation
factors to get the required near end rotation contribution. For the first cycle
when far end contributions are not known, they may be taken as zero (1st
approximation).
2. By repeated application of this calculation procedure and proceeding from
joint to joint in an arbitrary sequence but in a specific direction, all rotation
 contributions are known. The process is usually stopped when end moment
values converge.
4.2.2. Case 2: With side sway (Joint translations)
In this case in addition to rotation contribution, linear displacement contributions
(Sway contributions) of columns of a particular story are calculated after every
cycle as follows: For the first cycle,

 Linear displacement contribution (LDC) = LDF of a particular column of a

story × of a column (story moment + contributions at the ends of columns of
that story)
 Linear displacement factor (LDF) for columns of a story = −3/2
 Linear displacement factor of a column = −3/2(k/ Σk)
Where k =stiffness of the column being considered and
Σk = sum of stiffness of all columns of that story

SIGN CONVENTION ON MOMENTS: −

 Counter-clockwise moments are positive and
 Clockwise rotations are positive.
For first cycle with side sway,

Near end contribution of various = Rotation contribution factor × members

meeting at that joint (Restrained moment + far end contributions)
Linear displacement contributions are calculated after the end of each cycle for the
columns only.
For second and subsequent cycles,
Near end contributions (NEC) of various members meeting at a joint = Rotation
contribution factor (REC) × (Restrained moment + far end contributions+ Linear
displacement contribution of columns of different story meeting at that joint).
4.3. Rules for the Calculation of final end moments (side sway cases)

For beams, End moment = FEM + 2 *near end contribution + Far end contributions.
For columns, End moment = FEM + 2 *near end contribution + Far end contribution + linear displacement
contribution of that column for the last cycle.

For a frame to be Non-sway, the following conditions must be fulfilled.

1. If the column of the frame are symmetrical about some common axis.
2. Loading should be symmetrical about some common axis.
3. The support conditions should be symmetrical.
If any of the above conditions are not satisfied, then the frame is classified as SWAY-FRAME.

4.4. Advantages of Kani’s method:

 All the computations are carried out in a single line diagram of the structure.
 The effects of joint rotations and sway are considered in each cycle of iteration. Henceforth, no need to
derive and solve the simultaneous equations. This method thus becomes very effective and easy to use
especially in case of multistory building frames.
 The method is self-correcting, that is, the error, if any, in a cycle is corrected automatically in the subsequent
cycles. The checking is easier as only the last cycle is required to be checked.
 The convergence is generally fast. It leads to the solutions in just a few cycles of iterations.
Since our Frame system of the building has different reentrant and asymmetric loading, so we use Sway method
of kani method for analysis of each frame of the building using the above approach in excel sheet and shown
below.
Fig4.1: AXIS-1 Frame Analysis output using Kani method
 Near Linear
Far end
Member Joint Member FEM End Near end Displacement Far end Final
member
Type member contribution Contribution contribution end
moment
Column A AB 0 BA 0.00 BA -0.01 1.13 1.1186
Column BA 0.00 BA 1.13 AB -0.01 0 2.25
-
Beam B BI 12.04 BI 3.57 IB 0.00 -0.36 -5.27
Column BC 0.00 BC 0.83 CB -0.20 1.15 2.62
Column J JI 0 JI 0 IJ -0.11 -0.01 -0.12
Column IJ 0 IJ -0.11 JI -0.01 0 -0.23
-
Beam I IN 13.22 IN -0.35 NI 0 -0.38 -14.29
Column IH 0 IH -0.08 HI -0.20 -0.19 -0.55
Beam IB 12.04 IB -0.36 BI 0 3.57 14.88
Column O ON 0.00 ON 0.00 NO -0.01 -0.12 -0.13
Column NO 0.00 NO -0.12 ON -0.01 0.00 -0.25
-
Beam N NS 11.06 NS -0.42 SN 0.00 -0.12 -12.01
Column NM 0.00 NM -0.09 MN -0.20 0.30 -0.07
Beam NI 13.22 NI -0.38 IN 0.00 -0.35 12.11
Column ST 0.00 ST -0.03 TS -0.01 0 -0.08
Beam S SX -9.43 SX -0.13 XS 0 0.77 -8.91
Column SR 0.00 SR -0.03 RS -0.20 -1.37 -1.62
Beam SN 11.06 SN -0.12 NS 0 -0.42 10.41
Column T TS 0.00 TS 0.00 ST -0.011 -0.034 -0.045
Column XY 0.00 XY 0.21 YX -0.01 0.00 0.41
Column X XW 0.00 XW 0.00 WX 0.00 0.00 0.00
Beam XS 9.43 XS 0.77 SX 0 -0.13 10.85
Beam X3 -8.96 X3 0.90 3X 0 -3.90 -11.06
Column Y YX 0 YX 0 XY -0.01 0.21 0.20
Beam 3X 8.96 3X -3.90 X3 0 0.90 2.06
Column 3 34 0 34 -1.03 43 -0.01 0 -2.067
Column 32 0 32 0.00 23 0.00 0.00 0.00
Column 4 43 0 43 0 34 -0.01 -1.03 -1.04
Column CB 0 CB 1.15 BC -0.20 0.83 2.94
-
Beam C CH 20.14 CH 6.14 HC 0 -1.03 -8.88
Column CD 0 CD 1.30 DC -0.22 3.10 5.49
Column HI 0 HI -0.19 IH -0.20 -0.08 -0.66
-
Beam H HM 22.54 HM -0.98 MH 0 1.53 -22.97
Column HG 0 HG -0.22 GH -0.22 -0.34 -1.00
Beam HC 20.14 HC -1.03 CH 0 6.14 24.23
Column MN 0.00 MN 0.30 NM -0.20 -0.09 0.32
-
Beam M MR 20.83 MR 1.68 RM 0.00 -7.64 -25.12
Column ML 0.00 ML 0.34 LM -0.29 -0.68 -0.29
Beam MH 22.54 MH 1.53 HM 0.00 -0.98 24.62
Column RS 0.00 RS -1.37 SR -0.20 -0.03 -2.96
Beam R RW 0.00 RW 0.00 WR 0 0.00 0.00
Column RQ 0.00 RQ -1.55 QR -0.22 -1.37 -4.70
Beam RM 20.83 RM -7.64 MR 0 1.68 7.24
Column WX 0.00 WX 0.00 XW 0.00 0.00 0.00
Column W WV 0.00 WV 0.00 VW 0.00 0.00 0.00
Beam WR 0.00 WR 0.00 RW 0.00 0.00 0.00
Beam W2 0.00 W2 0.00 2W 0 0.00 0.00
Beam 2W 0.00 2W 0.00 W2 0 0.00 0.00
Column 2 21 0 21 0.00 12 0.00 0.00 0.00
Column 23 0 23 0.00 32 0.00 0.00 0.00
Column DC 0 DC 3.10 CD -0.22 1.30 7.29
-
Beam D DG 33.93 DG 10.28 GD 0 -1.13 -14.50
Column DE 0 DE 3.10 ED 0.56 0.78 7.54
Column GH 0 GH -0.34 HG -0.22 -0.22 -1.12
-
Beam G GL 35.96 GL -1.08 LG 0.00 -2.15 -40.27
Column GF 0 GF -0.34 FG -0.56 -0.06 -1.30
Beam GD 33.93 GD -1.13 DG 0.00 10.28 41.94
Column LM 0.00 LM -0.68 ML -0.29 0.34 -1.31
-
Beam L LQ 18.87 LQ -2.35 QL 0 -4.73 -28.30
Column LK 0.00 LK -0.68 KL -0.56 0.07 -1.84
Beam LG 35.96 LG -2.15 GL 0 -1.08 30.58
Column QR 0.00 QR -1.37 RQ -0.22 -1.55 -4.51
Beam Q QV 0.00 QV 0.00 VQ 0 0.00 0.00
Column QP 0.00 QP -1.37 PQ -0.56 -0.02 -3.31
Beam QL 18.87 QL -4.73 LQ 0 -2.35 7.05
Column VW 0.00 VW 0.00 WV 0.00 0.00 0.00
Column V VU 0.00 VU 0.00 UV 0.00 0.00 0.00
Beam VQ 0.00 VQ 0.00 QV 0 0.00 0.00
Beam V1 0.00 V1 0.00 1V 0 0.00 0.00
Column 1Z 0 1Z 0.00 Z1 0.00 0.00 0.00
Beam 1 1V 0.00 1V 0.00 V1 0 0.00 0.00
Column 12 0 12 0.00 21 0.00 0.00 0.00
Column ED 0 ED 0.78 DE 0.56 3.10 5.21
Beam E EF -8.56 EF 2.04 FE 0.00 -0.16 -4.64
Column FG 0 FG -0.06 GF -0.56 -0.34 -1.02
Beam F FK -9.72 FK -0.15 KF 0 0.18 -9.84
Beam FE 8.56 FE -0.16 EF 0 2.04 10.29
Column KL 0.00 KL 0.07 LK -0.56 -0.68 -1.09
Beam K KP -9.74 KP 0.20 PK 0.00 -0.04 -9.39
Beam KF 9.72 KF 0.18 FK 0.00 -0.15 9.94
Column PQ 0.00 PQ -0.02 QP -0.56 -1.37 -1.96
Beam P PU -5.60 PU -0.05 UP 0.00 -2.77 -8.46
Beam PK 9.74 PK -0.04 KP 0.00 0.20 9.85
Column UV 0.00 UV 0.00 VU 0.00 0.00 0.00
Beam U UP 5.60 UP -2.77 PU 0.00 -0.05 0.00
Beam UZ 0.00 UZ 0.00 ZU 0 0.00 0.00
Beam ZU 0.00 ZU 0.00 UZ 0 0.00 0.00
Column Z Z1 0 Z1 0.00 1Z 0.00 0.00 0.00
Table4.1 : Final End moment for Axis 1.
Fig 4.2 : AXIS-C Frame Analysis output using Kani method
 Member Far end
Joint Member FEM
Type Near member Linear
End Near end Displacement Far end Final
member contribution Contribution contribution end
moment
Column A AB 0 BA 0.00 BA 0.03 0.88 0.9180
Column BA 0.00 BA 0.88 AB 0.03 0 1.80
Beam B BI -9.50 BI 2.66 IB 0.00 -1.67 -5.84
Column BC 0.00 BC 0.65 CB 0.23 1.72 3.24
Column J JI 0 JI 0 IJ -0.45 0.03 -0.42
Column IJ 0 IJ -0.45 JI 0.03 0 -0.87
Beam I IN -4.58 IN -2.40 NI 0 3.06 -6.32
Column IH 0 IH -0.33 HI 0.23 -1.00 -1.43
Beam IB 9.50 IB -1.67 BI 0 2.66 8.82
Column O ON 0.00 ON 0.00 NO 0.03 0.58 0.61
Column NO 0.00 NO 0.58 ON 0.03 0.00 1.19
-
Beam N NS 11.81 NS 1.90 SN 0.00 -3.63 -11.63
Column NM 0.00 NM 0.42 MN 0.23 1.38 2.46
Beam NI 4.58 NI 3.06 IN 0.00 -2.40 8.29
Column ST 0.00 ST -1.10 TS 0.03 0 -2.16
Beam S SX 0.00 SX 0.00 XS 0 0.00 0.00
Column SR 0.00 SR -0.81 RS 0.23 -2.64 -4.03
Beam SN 11.81 SN -3.63 NS 0 1.90 6.45
Column T TS 0.00 TS 0.00 ST 0.035 -1.100 -1.065
Column XY 0.00 XY 0.00 YX 0.00 0.00 0.00
Column X XW 0.00 XW 0.00 WX 0.00 0.00 0.00
Beam XS 0.00 XS 0.00 SX 0 0.00 0.00
Beam X3 0.00 X3 0.00 3X 0 0.00 0.00
Column Y YX 0 YX 0 XY 0.00 0.00 0.00
Beam 3X 0.00 3X 0.00 X3 0 0.00 0.00
Column 3 34 0 34 0.00 43 0.00 0 0.000
Column 32 0 32 0.00 23 0.00 0.00 0.00
Column 4 43 0 43 0 34 0.00 0.00 0.00
Column CB 0 CB 1.72 BC 0.23 0.65 4.31
-
Beam C CH 23.39 CH 10.31 HC 0 -5.99 -8.76
Column CD 0 CD 1.94 DC 0.25 0.64 4.78
Column HI 0 HI -1.00 IH 0.23 -0.33 -2.10
-
Beam H HM 11.27 HM -8.63 MH 0 11.93 -16.60
Column HG 0 HG -1.13 GH 0.25 -0.35 -2.36
Beam HC 23.39 HC -5.99 CH 0 10.31 21.72
Column MN 0.00 MN 1.38 NM 0.23 0.42 3.41
-
Beam M MR 33.97 MR 7.43 RM 0.00 -14.25 -33.37
Column ML 0.00 ML 1.56 LM 0.33 0.47 3.92
Beam MH 11.27 MH 11.93 HM 0.00 -8.63 26.51
Column RS 0.00 RS -2.64 SR 0.23 -0.81 -5.86
Beam R RW 0.00 RW 0.00 WR 0 0.00 0.00
Column RQ 0.00 RQ -3.00 QR 0.25 -0.80 -6.54
Beam RM 33.97 RM -14.25 MR 0 7.43 12.90
Column WX 0.00 WX 0.00 XW 0.00 0.00 0.00
Column W WV 0.00 WV 0.00 VW 0.00 0.00 0.00
Beam WR 0.00 WR 0.00 RW 0.00 0.00 0.00
Beam W2 0.00 W2 0.00 2W 0 0.00 0.00
Beam 2W 0.00 2W 0.00 W2 0 0.00 0.00
Column 2 21 0 21 0.00 12 0.00 0.00 0.00
Column 23 0 23 0.00 32 0.00 0.00 0.00
Column DC 0 DC 0.64 CD 0.25 1.94 3.48
Beam D DG -9.28 DG 1.44 GD 0 -0.79 -7.19
Column DE 0 DE 0.64 ED -0.09 2.82 4.02
Column GH 0 GH -0.35 HG 0.25 -1.13 -1.59
Beam G GL -4.47 GL -1.14 LG 0.00 1.51 -5.24
Column GF 0 GF -0.35 FG 0.09 -1.47 -2.08
Beam GD 9.28 GD -0.79 DG 0.00 1.44 9.14
Column LM 0.00 LM 0.47 ML 0.33 1.56 2.83
-
Beam L LQ 11.54 LQ 0.94 QL 0 -1.60 -11.27
Column LK 0.00 LK 0.47 KL 0.09 1.53 2.55
Beam LG 4.47 LG 1.51 GL 0 -1.14 6.35
Column QR 0.00 QR -0.80 RQ 0.25 -3.00 -4.35
Beam Q QV 0.00 QV 0.00 VQ 0 0.00 0.00
Column QP 0.00 QP -0.80 PQ 0.09 -3.08 -4.59
Beam QL 11.54 QL -1.60 LQ 0 0.94 9.27
Column VW 0.00 VW 0.00 WV 0.00 0.00 0.00
Column V VU 0.00 VU 0.00 UV 0.00 0.00 0.00
Beam VQ 0.00 VQ 0.00 QV 0 0.00 0.00
Beam V1 0.00 V1 0.00 1V 0 0.00 0.00
Column 1Z 0 1Z 0.00 Z1 0.00 0.00 0.00
Beam 1 1V 0.00 1V 0.00 V1 0 0.00 0.00
Column 12 0 12 0.00 21 0.00 0.00 0.00
Column ED 0 ED 2.82 DE -0.09 0.64 6.20
-
Beam E EF 18.78 EF 8.36 FE 0.00 -4.35 -6.40
Column FG 0 FG -1.47 GF 0.09 -0.35 -3.20
Beam F FK -9.05 FK -6.27 KF 0 6.51 -15.07
Beam FE 18.78 FE -4.35 EF 0 8.36 18.44
Column KL 0.00 KL 1.53 LK 0.09 0.47 3.61
-
Beam K KP 19.27 KP 4.05 PK 0.00 -8.18 -19.35
Beam KF 9.05 KF 6.51 FK 0.00 -6.27 15.80
Column PQ 0.00 PQ -3.08 QP 0.09 -0.80 -6.87
Beam P PU 0.00 PU 0.00 UP 0.00 0.00 0.00
Beam PK 19.27 PK -8.18 KP 0.00 4.05 6.96
Column UV 0.00 UV 0.00 VU 0.00 0.00 0.00
Beam U UP 0.00 UP 0.00 PU 0.00 0.00 0.00
Beam UZ 0.00 UZ 0.00 ZU 0 0.00 0.00
Beam ZU 0.00 ZU 0.00 UZ 0 0.00 0.00
Column Z Z1 0 Z1 0.00 1Z 0.00 0.00 0.00

Table 4.2 : Final End moment for Axis C.

 CHAPTER 5
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COLUMN

OBJECTIVE
 To design the reinforcements of the different columns laid thought out the height of the
building.

5.1. Analysis and design calculation for column

Fig 5.1 : kani method analysis result for FRAME C

TABLE 5.1 : ANALYSIS RESULT FOR COLUMN ON AXIS C2.

5.2. Material Data:

Concrete –C25
EC=30000Mpa
fck = 20MPa
fyk= 400MPa
Es= 200000Mpa

The steps involved in designing the column are as follows:

Fig 5.2 : Design Procedure for checking slenderness of a given design column.

5.3. Structural design: Check Slenderness about 2-2 and 3-3 axis
For braced member (which is our case, because it is intersected by four beams on
both ends)
 AXIS C2 COLUMNS
 SECOND FLOOR
 h=3m
1. First we have to determine whether the column being designed is Slender
or stocky (short) column. In order to check this , we check it using the
above procedure:

𝑘1 𝑘 2
𝑙𝑜𝑧 = 0.5 ∗ 𝑙 ∗ √(1 + ) ∗ (1 + 0.45+𝑘 )--------pg,67 Eq5.15 ES EN1992:2014
0.45+𝑘1 2

 Where; lclear=3000-350=2650mm(for the second floor)

 k1, k2 = relative flexibilities of rotational restraints at ends 1 and 2
respectively
Fig 5.3 : Column on axis C2 on second floor.

𝐼𝑐
𝑙𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑘1 =
𝐼𝐵11 𝐼
) + (2 ∗ 𝐵12 )
(2 ∗
𝐿𝐵11 𝐿𝐵12
𝐼𝑐
𝑙𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑘2 =
𝐼 𝐼
(2 ∗ 𝐵21 ) + (2 ∗ 𝐵22 )
𝐿𝐵21 𝐿𝐵22
Where: I is moment of inertia of the member (Column or beam)
1. On in-plane (2-2) axis
𝑏∗ℎ3
𝐼𝐵12 = 𝐼𝐵11 = = (250*350*350*350)/12= 8.93*108mm4
12

𝑏∗ℎ3
𝐼𝐵21 = 𝐼𝐵22 = = (300*300*300*300)/12= 6.75*108mm4
12

𝑏∗ℎ3
𝐼𝑐 = = (250*250*250*250)/12=3.26*108mm4
12
𝐼𝑐
𝑙𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑘1 = 𝐼 𝐼 = (3.26*108/2650)/ ((2*(8.93*108)/2780)+ (2*(8.93*108)/1930))=0.078
(2∗ 𝐵11 )+(2∗ 𝐵12 )
𝐿𝐵11 𝐿𝐵12
𝐼𝑐
𝑙𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑘2 = 𝐼𝐵21 𝐼 = (3.26*108/2650)/((2*(6.75*108)/2780)+ (2*(6.75*108)/1930))=0.104
(2∗ )+(2∗ 𝐵22 )
𝐿𝐵21 𝐿𝐵22
𝑙𝑜𝑧 = 0.5 ∗ 𝑙 ∗
1 𝑘 2 𝑘 0.078 0.104
√(1 + 0.45+𝑘 ) ∗ (1 + 0.45+𝑘 )=0.5*2650*√(1 + 0.45+0.078) ∗ (1 + 0.45+0.104=2024.90mm(Effec
1 2
tive buckling length)
2. On orthogonal (3-3) axis

𝑏∗ℎ3
𝐼𝐵11 = = (250*350*350*350)/12= 8.93*108mm4
12

𝑏∗ℎ3
𝐼𝐵21 = = (500*300*300*300)/12= 1.13*109mm4
12

𝑏∗ℎ3
𝐼𝑐 = = (250*250*250*250)/12=3.26*108mm4
12

𝐼𝑐
𝑙𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑘1 = 𝐼 𝐼 =(3.26*108/2650)/((2*(8.93*108)/2780)+0)=0.206
(2∗ 𝐵11 )+(2∗ 𝐵12 )
𝐿𝐵11 𝐿𝐵12
𝐼𝑐
𝑙𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑘2 = 𝐼𝐵21 𝐼 = (3.26*108/2650)/ ((2*(1.13*109)/2780)+ 0)=0.164
(2∗ )+(2∗ 𝐵22 )
𝐿𝐵21 𝐿𝐵22

𝑙𝑜𝑧 = 0.5 ∗ 𝑙 ∗
1 𝑘 2 𝑘 0.206 0.164
√(1 + 0.45+𝑘 ) ∗ (1 + 0.45+𝑘 )=0.5*2650*√(1 + 0.45+0.206) ∗ (1 + 0.45+0.164=2128.74mm
1 2
(Effective buckling length)

 Cross-Section of the Design Column = Ac = 250*250= 62500mm2

 i (radius of gyration) = (ic/Ac )0.5= ((326,000,000)/(62,500))0.5 = 72.17mm
 λZ_2-2(Slenderness ratio) = loz/i = 2024.90/72.17 = 28.06
 λZ_2-2(Slenderness ratio) = loz/i =2128.74 /72.17 = 29.05
 Axial Load(NED) 111.24
Top -3.20
M2-2
Bottom -2.08

Top 10.09
M3-3
Bottom 13.91
M02(2-2)(Max and Positive) 3.20
M01(2-2) 2.08
M02(3-3)(Max and Positive) 13.91
M01(3-3) 10.09

Limiting slenderness ratio, λlim

20∗𝐴∗𝐵∗𝐶
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 = --------------------------------pg, 65Eq5.13N ES EN1992:2014
𝑛0.5

Where
 λlim is the slenderness limiting ratio:
 A= 1/(1+0.2*ϕef)(ϕef is not known , A= 0.7 may be used )
 B= 1+2*ω (if ω is now known, B= 1.1 may be used)
 C = 1.7-rm
Where
 rm2-2 = M01/M02 = -2.08/-3.2= 0.65
 rm3-3 = M01/M02 = 10.09/(13.91) = 0.73
Therefore C(2-2) = 1.7-(0.65)= 1.05
C(3-3) = 1.7-(0.73)= 0.97
n = Ned/(Ac*fcd) = (111.24*1000)/(62500*11.33) = 0.157
M01, M02 are the first order end moments, M02 ≥ M01
20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 1.05
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 2−2 = = 40.75
0.1570.5
20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 0.97
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 3−3 = = 37.87
0.1570.5
Since λcalculated (28.06) < λlim(2-2) (40.75) and λcalculated (29.05) < λlim(3-3)= 37.87 , thus the column
is classified as short column and proceed to determine the design moment and the
corresponding area of steel reinforcement.
5.3.1. Design moment MED2-2 and MED3-3 about M 2-2 and M 3-3 direction respectively.
Calculate different types of eccentricities on the column
 Eccentricity due to accident, allowance for imperfection
 ea(2-2)=max{h/30,20}= max{250/30,20/1000}=0.02
 ea(3-3)=max{h/30,20}= max{250/30,20/1000}=0.02
  ee is equivalent constant first – order eccentricity of the design axial load
 e2 is the second order eccentricity.
 ee=max{0.6*e02(2-2)+0.4*eo1(2-2),0.4*e02(2-2)}
Where, e02 being positive and greater in magnitude.
e01 is positive, if the column bents in single curvature and negative, if the column
bends in double curvature.
e01(2-2)=M01(2-2)/Nsd=2.08/111.24=0.019
e01(3-3)=M01(3-3)/Nsd=10.09/111.24=0.091

e02(2-2)=M02(2-2)/Nsd=3.2/111.24= 0.0288
e02(3-3)=M02(3-3)/Nsd=13.91/111.24= 0.1250

ee(2-2)=max {0.6*e02(2-2)+0.4*eo1(2-2),0.4*e02(2-
2)}=max{0.6*0.0288+0.4*0.019,0.4*0.0288}=0.0248

ee(3-3)=max {0.6*e02(2-2)+0.4*eo1(2-2),0.4*e02(2-
2)}=max{0.6*0.125+0.4*0.091,0.4*0.125}=0.1113

e2(2-2)(eccentricity due to slenderness)= e2(3-3)(eccentricity due to

slenderness)=0(Since the column is classified as short column).

Therefore total eccentricity is : -

etot(2-2)= ea(2-2)+ ee(2-2)+ e2(2-2) = 0.02+0.0248+0= 0.0448
etot(3-3)= ea(3-3)+ ee(3-3)+ e2(3-3) = 0.02+0.1113+0= 0.1313

Therefore, the design Moment will include all this eccentricities and is calculated
as follows:

Msd(2-2) =Nsd*etot(2-2)=111.24*0.0448=4.98KNm

Msd(3-3) =Nsd*etot(2-2) =111.24*0.1313=14.61KNm

Vsd=Nsd/(Ac*fcd)=(111.24*1000000)/(250*250*11.33)= 0.16

μsd,2-2,h(Since the column is square, one of the direction can be used as h –

direction)=Msd,2-2,h/Ac*fcd*h =(4.98*1000000)/(250*250*250*11.33)=0.03
μsd,3-3,b=Msd,3-3,b/Ac*fcd*h =(14.61*1000000)/(250*250*250*11.33)=0.08

Assume b'/b=h'/h=0.1,read ω from design biaxial chart No.17

(0.03, 0.08)

ω=0,
Ast,min=max{0.1*NED*1000/fyd,0.002*b*d}=max{(0.1*111.24*1000)/347.83,0.002*
250*250}=125mm

Or using 0.01*b*d= 625mm

Therefore, Ast,Provided= 625mm2

Ast,tot/4 =625/4 = 157mm2 , provide 157mm2 per each face of the column.

Using φ of 14 as main bar,

as = (3.14*20*20)/4 = 153.86mm2

No of bars= Ast,Provided per face/as =157/153.86 = 1.02

Total number of bars = 4*1.02 = 4.08

Therefore provide 6 φ 14 on the C2 second floor column.

5.3.2. Shear reinforcement for columns
 Shear reinforcements are lateral reinforcements that keep in check the
shearing effects of loads applied to the column
 The diameter of ties shall not be less than 6mm or one quarter of diameter of
longitudinal reinforcement:
Øbar> {6mm, 1/4*Ø}
Use Ø8 bars for lateral reinforcement.
 The center to center spacing of the lateral reinforcement shall not exceed:
{12XØmin of longitudinal bars provided =12×14=168mm, dimension of column
bmin =250mm, 300mm}
Thus the provide Ø8 C/C 170mm.
The rest of the columns on C2 axis is done in excel and shown below.
5. For the first floor
6. For ground floor
7. For basement level(assuming the foundation will be laid below 2.5 m from FF)
 CHAPTER 6
Analysis and design of beam.

Beams are flexural members which are used to transfer the loads from slab to columns. Basically beams should be
designed for flexure (moment). Furthermore it is essential to check and design the beam sections for torsion and
shear. Beams may be designed for flexural moment depending on the magnitude of the moment and the X-
sectional dimensions. On the other hand the beam can be singly reinforced, doubly reinforced T or F section.

6.1. GENERAL GUID LINE FOR POSITINING BEAMS IN OUR BUILDIG

We are positioning those beams using the following guidelines:-
 The beams shall, normally provided under the walls or below a heavy concentrated load to avoid these loads
directly coming on slab.
 The maximum and minimum span of slab which decided the spanning of beam is governed by loading and
limiting thickness. In the case of buildings, with live loads less than 5 KN /m2.
Support Cantilever Simply Supported Fixed/Continuous
Condition
Slab Type One way Two way One way Two way One way Two way
Max
recommendation 1.5m 2m 3.5m 4.5m 4.5m 6m
for span of slab
Table 6.1: Recommendation of span spacing for different support conditions and slab type.

 Avoid larger spacing of beam from deflection and cracking criteria. Because it is well known that the
deflection varies directly with the cube of the span and reversely with the cube of the depth i.e. L 3/D3
 consequently an increase in D is less than increase in span L which results in greater deflection for larger
span.
Therefore, span of beam which require the depth of beam greater than one meter should as far as possible be
avoided.
6.2. First Floor beam on axis C with 20% moment redistribution

Fig6.1: Analysis output for beam on axis C on first floor.

Fig 6.2: Moment (Span and Support) diagram for axis C on first floor.

6.2.1. Positive span moment between C1 & C2

To calculate the distance d1and d2 in which the center of main rebar located with reference to the extreme fiber of the concrete, use
the following approach for the top and bottom reinforcement.

 Main bar diameter of the beam(Assumed)= 20mm

 Shear reinforcement bar diameter(Used) = 8mm
 Concrete cover provided=30mm
Therefore, d1= d2= 30+8+ (20/2) =48mm
D (total depth of the beam) = 400mm (to be checked for deflection and moment capacity
latter).
 deff= 400-48= 352mm
 Msds=19.35KN.m
 μsds= (Msds*1000000)/(fcd*b*d*d)=(19.35*1000000)/(11.33*300*352*352)=0.04
 μsds,lim=0.205,since μsds(0.04)< μsds,lim(0.205),the beam is designed as singly reinforced
(Only reinforcement is provided on the tension side if the beam).
Now read Kx and Kz from chart for the corresponding μsds(0.04)
Kx= x/d = 0.066
Kz = z/d=0.976
 x= d* Kx = 352*0.066=23.23mm<depth of flange (Slab)(200mm), the neutral axis lies
within the flange , so the beam is designed as rectangular.

 z= d*Kz=352*0.976=343.55mm

 Msds,lim= μsds,lim*fcd*b*d*d=(0.205*11.33*300*352)/1000000=86.36KNm

 Ast,calculated=Msds*1000000/(z*fyd) =(19.35*1000000)/( 343.55*347.83)=161.93mm2

Ast,min= max{(0.26*fctm/fyk)*bw*d,0.0013*bw*d}=151.008mm2----Eq-9.1N-ES EN-1992:2014

 Ast,provided= max{Ast,calculated,Ast,min}=161.93 mm2

Using Ø14 as main longitudinal reinforcement:

 as= (3.14*14*14)/(4) = 153.86mm2
 Therefore, n (no of span bars provided) = 161.93/314.159 =1.05= 2

 Provide 2φ14 for span 12



Figure: - Spacing requirement between bars, min and max steel area to be provided for a given
concrete beam section, and max stirrup spacing requirement.
  Provided steel number , 2ϕ14

Spacing (between bars) = (300-(2*14)-(2*8)-60)/(1) = 196mm

Max of
1. Maximum aggregate size (20mm)
2. Maximum bar size used (16mm)
3. 20mm

Since the spacing calculated (196mm) is greater than all the above values, we arrange 2ϕ14 in
the span in one layer.

6.2.2. Support Moment on C2

D (total depth of the beam) = 400mm (to be checked for deflection and moment capacity
latter).
 deff= 400-48= 352mm
 Msds=24.03KN.m
 μsds= (Msds*1000000)/(fcd*b*d*d)=(24.03*1000000)/(11.33*300*352*352)=0.06
 μsds,lim=0.205,since μsds(0.06)< μsds,lim(0.205),the beam is designed as singly reinforced
(Only reinforcement is provided on the tension side if the beam).
Now read Kx and Kz from chart for the corresponding μsds(0.04)
Kx= x/d = 0.086
Kz = z/d=0.967
 x= d* Kx = 352*0.086=30.27mm<depth of flange (Slab)(200mm), the neutral axis lies
within the flange , so the beam is designed as rectangular.

 z= d*Kz=352*0.967=340.38mm

 Msds,lim= μsds,lim*fcd*b*d*d=(0.205*11.33*300*352)/1000000=86.36KNm

 Ast,calculated=Msds*1000000/(z*fyd) =(24.03*1000000)/( 340.38*347.83)=202.97mm2

Ast,min= max{(0.26*fctm/fyk)*bw*d,0.0013*bw*d}=151.008mm2----Eq-9.1N-ES EN-1992:2014

 Ast,provided= max{Ast,calculated,Ast,min}=202.97 mm2

Using Ø14 as main longitudinal reinforcement:

 as= (3.14*14*14)/(4) = 153.86mm2
 Therefore, n (no of span bars provided) = 202.97/314.159 =1.32= 2

 Provide 2φ14 for support C2

  Provided steel number , 2ϕ14

Spacing (between bars) = (300-(2*14)-(2*8)-60)/(1) = 196mm

Max of
1. Maximum aggregate size (20mm)
2. Maximum bar size used (16mm)
3. 20mm

Since the spacing calculated (196mm) is greater than all the above values, we arrange 2ϕ14 in the span in one layer.

The rest of the first floor beam on this axis is done in excel and shown below in table.

Table 6.2: Longitudinal reinforcement of first floor beam on axis C done using Excel.
6.2.3. Shear Calculation of Second Floor beam on axis C

6.2.3.1. Concrete Shear Capacity Loading on First floor beam between C1 and C2

Fig 6.2 : Shear Force Diagram for first floor beam on axis C.

6.2.3.2. Definition of terms and calculation of shear constants for design.

1. VRd,c – is the design shear resistance of the member without shear resistance.
2. VRd,s:-is the design value of the shear force which can be sustained by the yielding shear
reinforcement.
3. VRd, max: - is the design value of the maximum shear force which can be sustained by the
member, limited by crushing of the compression strut.

 If VRd,s(Design Shear)> VRd, max, a failure condition is declared and the beam being
designed has to be revised( either change the material property or change the
dimension of the member or change both the material property and member
dimension).
 1
VRd,c = ([(𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 ∗ 𝑘) ∗ (100 ∗ 𝜌1 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 ] + 𝑘1 ∗ 𝜎𝑐𝑝 ) ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑑---Eq6.2a ES EN1992:2014

With a minimum of
VRd,c = (vmin + k1*σcp) bw*d -----(6.2.b)
2 1
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035 ∗ 𝑘3 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2
Where:
 fck is in Mpa=20Mpa
 CRd,c=0.18/Υc=0.18/1.5=0.12
 k = 1+ (200/d) ≤ 2,0,with d in mm
 k1=0.15(Recommended)
𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡)
 ρ1 =
𝑏𝑤 ∗𝑑
≤ 0.02 ,
 Ast is the area of the tensile reinforcement
 bw is the smallest width of the cross-section in the tensile area [mm]
 σcp = NEd/Ac < 0.2*fcd[MPa]=0 ( since Axial force stress is negligible for a beam member
compared to shear force stress)
 NEd is the axial force in the cross-section due to loading or prestressing in newtons
(NEd>0 for compression). The influence of imposed deformations on NE may be ignored.
 AC is the area of concrete cross section [mm2](cross-sectional area of the beam)
 VRd,c is in newtons.
𝛼 ∗𝑏𝑤 ∗𝑍∗𝑣∗𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑤𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 ------------Eq6.9 ES EN1992:2014
Where:
 𝛼𝑐𝑤 −
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑. =
1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
 𝑏𝑤 − 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
 z-moment arm=0.9*d
 v=0.6(for fck≤60Mpa)—strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear.
 fcd—design compressive strength of the concrete= 0.85*fck/1.5
 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 2.5 The recommended limits are given in Expression (6.7N). 1 ≤ cotθ ≤ 2.5
(6.7N of ES EN1992:2014).
1 1
 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = = = 0.4
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 2.5
Fig6.3: Shear strut failure mechanism

Fig 6.4 : Inclination of concrete strut in compression for vertically oriented shear
reinforcement(stirr up).,θ(Angle of inclination) varies from 21.80 to 450.

𝐴𝑠𝑤 ∗𝑧∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 ∗𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃

𝑆(𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔(𝑚𝑚)) = ----------Eq6.8 ES EN1992:2014
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠
With

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼)----- Eq9.6N ES EN1992:2014

Where:
 α is the inclination of the shear reinforcement to the longitudinal axis of the beam(in our
case it is 900 since the orientation of stirrup is straight vertically).
 VRd,s= is the design shear force obtained from analysis(Vcritical-VRd,c)
 Asw-area of single shear reinforcement used times 4(4*as).
We will calculate the shear reinforcement needed between C1 and C2 as follows:

1. Calculate VRd,c
 fck is in Mpa=20Mpa
 CRd,c=0.18/Υc=0.18/1.5=0.12
 k = 1+ (200/d) ≤ 2.0,with d in mm,1+(200/352)=1.75≤2
 bw(Width of beam)=300mm
 d=352mm
 Ast(@support 1 and 2 provided)=2*153.86=307.72mm2
 k1=0.15(Recommended)
𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡)
 ρ1 =
𝑏𝑤 ∗𝑑
≤ 0.02 ,=615.44/(300*352)= 0.00291<0.02,take
0.0029
 σcp = NEd/Ac < 0.2*fcd[MPa]=0 ( since Axial force stress is negligible for a beam
member compared to shear force stress).
 VRd,c=((0.12*1.75)*(100*0.0029*20)^(1/3))+(0.15*0))*300*352)/1000=39.99KN
.
With VRd,c,min:
 Vmin=0.035*1.752/3*201/2 = 0.2276
  VRd,c,min= ((0.2276+(0.15*0))*300*352)/1000= 24.04KN.
 Since VRd,c(39.99KN)>VRd,c,min(24.04KN)—Ok. Therefore ,take VRd,c=39.99KN
2. Calculate VRd,max:

 αcw= 1
 bw=300mm
 d=352mm
 z=0.9*d=0.9*352=316.8mm
 v=0.6
 fcd= 0.85*fck/1.5=(0.85*20)/1.5= 11.33Mpa
 cotθ=2.5 , since the angle of concrete strut assumed to be around 21.80
 tanθ=1/ cotθ=1/2.5=0.4
 VRd,max = (1*300*316.8*0.6*11.33)/((2.5+0.4)*1000)=222.85KN

6.2.3.3. Required shear reinforcement spacing calculation between C1 and C2 of first floor.

 Colum dimension on below and above this floor and axis = 300X300
 Distance ‘d’ from the face of the column = 0.3/2+0.352 =0.502m
Remember here that the critical section for beam shear is at‘d’ distance from the face of the column.
Using similarity of triangles, first we locate the position where the shear crosses the zero x-axis,
x1/1.23 = (44.83/1.23-0.502) ,solving for x1,we get, x1= 30.28 KN=Vcritcal,1
 Also for the right side shear
x2/1.55 = (56.13/1.55-0.502) , solving for x2 we get, x2= 41.97KN=Vcritical,2

Now we can calculate the design shear , since some amount of shear calculated above can be
resisted by the shear capacity(VRd,c=39.99KN) of the concrete material used.
  Therefore, VRd,s= Vcritical,1-VRd,c= 30.28KN-39.99KN=-9.71KN- this indicates the concrete shear capacity is enough for the left
side of the beam.
 For the right side, VRd,s= Vcritical,2-VRd,c = 41.97KN-39.99KN=1.98KN—thus needs shear reinforcement to resist this addition
shear force.
𝐴𝑠𝑤 ∗𝑧∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 ∗𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑆(𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔(𝑚𝑚)) = =
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠
With

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼)----- Eq9.6N ES EN1992:2014

 Asw(Area of 4 legged stirrup)= 4*(3.14*82)/4)=200.96mm2

 d=352mm
 z=0.9*d=0.9*352=316.8mm
 fyd=fck/1.15=400/1.15=347.83Mpa
 cotθ=2.5 , since the angle of concrete strut assumed to be around 21.80
 VRd,s=1.98KN
 S(Spacing)=(200.96*318.8*347.83*2.5)/(1.98*1000)=27,948.13mm
 With Smax=0.75*352*(1+cot900), = 264mm
 Therefore , provide 260mm c/c of dia φ8.
Where:
 α is the inclination of the shear reinforcement to the longitudinal axis of the beam(in our case it is 900 since the orientation of
stirrup is straight vertically).
 VRd,s= is the design shear force obtained from analysis(Vcritical-VRd,c)
 Asw-area of single shear reinforcement used times 4(4*as).

The rest of the beam on first floor of Axis C is done in excel and shown below.
Table6.3. : Shear reinforcement calculation for the first floor on Axis C done In excel.
6.2.4. Check weather the provided depth is effective for the first floor beams using deflection
formula.

dprovided=352mm.

 Deflection formula
To determine the beam depth, the following two equation are considered from
EBCS EN: 1992
𝑙 𝜌0 𝜌0 3
= 𝑘 ∗ [11 + 1.5 ∗ √𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ ( ) + 3.2 ∗ √𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ ( − 1)2 )] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌
𝑑 𝜌 𝜌
≤ 𝜌0 [𝐸𝐵𝐶𝑆 𝐸𝑁: 1992,2014 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 7.16𝑎]
𝑙 𝜌0 1 𝜌′
= 𝑘 ∗ [11 + 1.5 ∗ √𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ ′
+ ∗ √𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ √ ] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 >
𝑑 𝜌−𝜌 12 𝜌
𝜌0 [𝐸𝐵𝐶𝑆 𝐸𝑁: 1992,2014 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 7.16b]

The value of k in above equations is:

Interior span k= 1.5 [EBCS EN: 1992:2014 Table 7.4N],Using this formula we
calculated and the depth satisfies deflection criteria.

Table 6.4 : Depth checking for deflection using excel

 Chapter 7
Design of foundation
7.1. INTRODUCTION
The lowest artificially built part of a structure which transmits the load of the structure to the
ground is called foundation. The foundation of a structure is always constructed below ground
level so as to increase the lateral stability of the structure. It includes the portion of the structure
below ground level and other artificial arrangements in the form of concrete block, grillage, raft,
piles etc. at its base so as to provide a firm and level surface for transmitting the load of the
structure on a large area of the soil lying underneath.
7.2. Types of Foundation and Their Selection
Foundation that are encountered in practice that can be classified into two categories, based on
embedment to width ratio.
These are; -
 Shallow foundation if D/B<1 and
 Deep foundation if D/B>1
Under shallow foundation the following are prevalent;
Wall or continuous foundation
Spread or isolated foundation
Combined footing
Mat or Raft foundation
Selection of Foundation Type
In selecting the foundation type the following points must be considered
a. Function of the structure
b. Loads it must carry
c. Subsurface conditions
d. Cost of foundation in comparison with the cost of the superstructure.
Design Approach
The design approach used is limit state design method .The following limit state shall be
considered.
Loss of overall stability
Bearing resistance failure
Combined failure in ground and in structure
Excessive settlement
When selecting design situation for shallow foundation it is especially important to access the
level of ground water table.
 7.3. Design of isolated footing on Axis C2 Basement column.
7.3.1. Materials used
 qall = 300kpa.(Allowable bearing capacity of the soil)
 fyk =400, fyd=fyk/1.15 =347.83Mpa
 C=fcu=25Mpa, fck=0.8*fcu=20.00, fcd= (0.85*fck)/1.5 =11.33Mpa
7.3.2. Design data
 Axial load=470.17KN
 Mx=-0.36KNm
 My=1.12KNm.
 Foundation column
 b=350mm
 d=350mm
7.3.3. Proportioning of the Footing (Determining Length and Width of the
footing )
𝑝𝑑 6 ∗ 𝑒𝑥 6 ∗ 𝑒𝑦
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = ∗ (1 ± ( )±( )
𝐴 𝐵 𝐿
My=Pd*ex
Mx=Pd*ey

ex(eccentrity along x-direction) = My/Pd= 1.12KNm/470.17KN=0.00238m

ey (eccentrity along x-direction) = Mx/Pd= 0.36KNm/470.17KN=0.000766m

Taking L=B (square footing), the above equation becomes:

𝑝𝑑 6 ∗ 𝑒𝑥 6 ∗ 𝑒𝑦
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = ∗ (1 ± ( )±( )
𝐴 𝐵 𝐵

300=470.17/B2 + (1± (6*0.00238)/B± (6*0.000766)/B)

Rearranging and solving for B by trial and error B=1.5m=L
Take B=L=1.5m
Check this dimension again for bearing:
300=470.17/1.52 * (1+(6*0.00238)/1.5+ (6*0.000766)/1.5)
=208.97* (1+0.00952+0.003064)
=211.6Kpa< 300Kpa (Safe Dimension!)
  Stress calculation at each corner point of the footing.

Fig 7.1: Stress distribution corner points under the footing.

Fig 7.2: Stress distribution magnitudes at corner points under the footing.
σa = 208.97*(1+0.00952+0.003064) = 211.6011kpa
σb = 208.97* (1+0.00952-0.003064) = 210.3107kpa
σc = 208.97* (1-0.00952+0.003064) = 207.6213kpa
σd = 208.97* (1-0.00952-0.003064) = 206.33kpa
Taking average stress, since the difference between adjacent pressures is small, we have:
σavg = (211.6011+210.3107+207.6213+206.33)/4 = 208.97kpa<300kpa (Okay!)
Therefore, the final plan dimension of the footing is:
 L=1.5m
 B=1.5m
 Summarized in below table:

Table7.1 : Summarized Plan dimension calculation of isolated footing located on AXIS-C2

7.3.2. Depth for punching shear
σallowable(Bearing capacity of soil)(Assumed) = 300kpa
 Assumed effective depth = 0.25m
 effective depth with cc=50mm= 250-50-16/2= 192mm=0.192m
 Foundation Column Dimension = b= 0.35m, h=0.35m
According to ES EN1992:2014 article 6.4.4(2), the punching resistance of column bases should be verified at
control perimeters within ‘2d’ from the periphery of the column.
For concentric loading the net applied force is:
  VEd, red = VED - ΔVED------------------------------------------- Eq6.48. ES EN1992:2014.
Where:
 VED is the column load
 ΔVED is the net upward force within the control perimeter considered.
 VED = VED, red/u*d -----------------------------------------Eq6.49. ES EN1992:2014.
 VRd,max =0.5*V*fcd ,where V= 0.6*(1-(fck/250)) –(6.6N)= 0.6*(1-(20/250)),
 VRd,max = 0.5*(0.6*(1-(20/250)))*11.33 = 3.127Mpa
 VED (Adjacent to the column the punching shear resistance) =
(β*ΔVED)/(U*d),Where, U is the punching perimeter at a=2d from the face
of the column.

Fig 7.3: Punching Perimeter area for the given isolated footing.
  The punching resistance of column bases should be verified at control
perimeters within 2d from the periphery of the column.
 Punching Perimeter formula= 2*PI*r (6.28*3.14*2d) +2*b (width of the
column) +2*h (depth of the column).
=(2*3.14*(2*0.192))+(2*0.35)+(2*0.35)=3.812m=3812mm
 Punching Area formula= (3.14*(2d)2(all the corner quarter circles add up to
be a full circle)+(2*(2dfooting*bcolumn))+(2*(2dcolumn*dfooting))+(bcolumn*dcolumn).=
=(3.14*((2*0.193)*(2*0.193)))+(2*(2*0.193*0.35))+(2*(2*0.193*0.35))+(0.
35*0.35)=1.313m=1313mm
 β=1.15(recommended value for interior column since C2 is interior column)
 VED= (β *ΔVED)/ (U*d) ≤ VRd,max =0.5*V*fcd-----Eq6.53. ES EN1992:2014-
(1.15*234.69)/(0.732)=0.370MPa = 370Mpa< VRd,max =
3.127Mpa=3127KPa(OK)
 The punching shear resistance, VRd,c, of lightweight concrete column bases
follows from:
 VRd,c= CRd,c*K*(100*ρ*fck)1/3*(2d/a) ≥Vmin*(2d/a)---Eq6.5. ES
EN1992:2014.
With:
 fck is in Mpa=20Mpa
 CRd,c=0.18/Υc=0.18/1.5=0.12
 k = 1+ √(200/d) ≤ 2.0,with d in mm,1+√(200/192)=2.02˃2,take k=2
 bw(Width of beam)=300mm
 d=192mm
 Vmin=0.035*k2/3*fck1/2*2d/a, since 2d=a ,2d/a=1 = 0.035*22/3*201/2=0.248Mpa
 k1=0.15(Recommended)
𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡)
 ρ1 = ≤ 0.02, but first we have to calculate the Area of steal
𝑏𝑤 ∗𝑑
required for the critical moment found on the face of the column.
First the area reaction of the soil( according to Newton Third law) , would be
equal and opposite to the stress caused by the applied load from foundation
column. It is calculated as:
qsoil,stress= Axial Loadcolumn/Area of the footing.=
470.17KN/(1.5*1.5)m2=208.96KN/m2=209KN/m2
Fig 7.4: the critical Moment at the face of the column of the designed isolated
footing.

To find the length from the face of the column to the edge of the footing, use the
following approach:
lface= 1.5-(1.5/2+0.35/2)=0.575m
Msds= qsoil,stress *lface*lface/2 *1.5m(traversal width taken)=
209KN/m2*0.575m*0.575m*1.5m=52KNm
 Calculate
μsds=(Msds*1000000)/(fcd*b*d*d)=(52*1000000)/(11.33*1500*193*193)
=52,000,000/633,046,755= 0.08, read Kz from chart, Kz=0.956
 Calculate the moment arm(Z)=d*Kz=193*0.956= 185mm
 Finally calculate the Area of steel required to resist the critical moment
𝑀 ∗1,000,000
using the formula:𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑠𝑑𝑠
𝑧∗𝑓𝑦𝑑
=(52*1,000,000)/(185*347.83)= 52,000,000/64348.55=808mm2
 Ast,min=(2.2*0.26/fyk)*b*d= ((2.2*0.26)/400)*1500*193=414mm2
 Ast,provided=max{Ast,calculated,Ast,min}.since
Ast,calculate(808mm2)>Ast,min(414mm2),Ast,Provided=808mm2.
  as(area of single rebar used)=(3.14*14*14)/4(since we used 14 φ
rebar)=153.86mm2

𝑏 (𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ)
 S=min {𝑎𝑠 ∗𝐴 ,}
𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑,
3∗𝐷(𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔)
400
 min{(153.86*1500)/808,3*250,400}=min{285.63,750,400}=285.63
 Therefore provide 280mm c/c φ 14 rebar.
 Total number of rebars used in the footing can be determined using the formula:
S(Spacing)=(L/B-[n*φ+(2*cc)])/(n-1)= rearranging and solving for n , we get the
following formula:
n=(L/B-2*cc+S)/(S+ φ)=(1500-(2*50)+280)/(280+14)=5.71=6
 Therefore, the total provided number of rebars for the longitudinal
reinforcement is, 6 numbers of rebars of diameter 14 in the longitudinal
reinforcement for this footing.
Lastly, we calculate the traverse direction and for shrinkage on the both direction
of the Top side of the footing using Ast,min as follows:

 Ast,min=(2.2*0.26/fyk)*b*d= ((2.2*0.26)/400)*1500*193=414mm2
 Ast,Provided=414mm2(for shrinkage and traverse reinforcement)
 as(area of single rebar used)=(3.14*10*10)/4(since we used 10 φ
rebar)=78.5mm2

𝑏 (𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ)
 S=min {𝑎𝑠 ∗𝐴 ,}
𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑,
3∗𝐷(𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔)
400
 min{(153.86*1500)/414*250,400}=min{284.41,750,400}=284.41
 Therefore provide 280mm c/c φ 10 rebar for shrinkage and traverse reinforcement.
 Total number of rebars used in the footing can be determined using the formula:
S(Spacing)=(L/B-[n*φ+(2*cc)])/(n-1)= rearranging and solving for n , we get the
following formula:
n=(L/B-2*cc+S)/(S+ φ)=(1500-(2*50)+280)/(280+14)=5.71=6
 Therefore, the total provided number of rebars for the longitudinal
reinforcement is, 6 numbers of rebars of diameter 10 in for shrinkage
and traverse reinforcement of this footing.