Present perfect tense

SUB + HAVE/HAS + V3 + OBJ

Subject Verb form Questioning
I , We, You, They Have + V3 Have + you/we/they + V3 + obj?
He, she, it Has + V3 Has + he/she/it + V3 + obj?

Functions/Used In:
1. To show completed actions in the immediate past but have some connection to the present.
Ex: Their cousins have just arrived.
2. To show an action that began in the past and is continuing up to the present
Ex: I have known the Sharma family.
3. To represent past actions when the time is not definite.
Ex: I have never been to Agra.
Best Movie I have ever seen.
I have watched ten times so far.
I have sent only one letter till now.
Adverbs can also be used with the present perfect tense : never, ever, so far, till now, yet, already, today, this week, this month, just, often, since, once, before etc.,
Present perfect continuous tense
SUB + HAVE BEEN/HAS BEEN + V4 + OBJ
Subject Verb form Questioning
I , We, You, They Have been + V4 Have + you/I/we/they + been + V4 + object?
He, she, it Has been + V4 Has + he/she/it + been + V4 + object?
Functions/Used In:
1. The present perfect continuous tense is used for an action that began at some time and still continuing up.
Ex: It has been raining.
2. To describe the action that has been happening for a long time or may be just ended.
Ex: I have been studying for two hours now.
Past Time
Simple past tense
SUB+WAS/WERE+V2+OBJ
Subject Verb form Questioning
I, he, she, it was + V2 Was + she/he/it/you + V1 + obj?
You, we, they were + V2 Did/was + you/we/they + V1 + obj?
Functions/Used In:
1. To talk about the actions completed in the past once or over a period of time.
Ex: she studied all night.
2. To talk about a past state.
Ex: Leena hated going to school
3. To talk about the actions that happened often in the past.
Ex: He spent his all money in construction of his house.
4. While narrating a story or events.
Ex: It was on Sunday……
5. For describing past habits
Ex: He always smoked twice a day.
Past continuous tense
SUB + WAS/WERE + V4 + OBJ
Subject Verb form Questioning
I, he, she, it was + V4 Was + she/he/it/you + V4 + obj?
You, we, they were + V4 Did/was + you/we/they + V4 + obj?
Functions/Used In:
1. To talk about the actions that were stopped because of interruption or continued to happen before and after another event.
Ex: We are having tea when my father came.
2. To talk about parallel actions that took place in the past.
Ex: When I was reading my sister was playing.
3. To set a atmosphere or setting a story
Ex: I was raining when I was started…..
4. Also used in describing the habitual actions in the past with always, often etc.
Ex: he always grumbling
Past perfect tense
SUB + HAD + V3 + OBJ
Subject Verb form Questioning
I, he, she, it Had + V3 Had + you/we/they/he/she/it + V3 + obj?
You, we, they
Functions/Used In:
1. To talk about something that happened before something in the past.
Ex: I had the book before watching the movie.
2. To describe the action completed before a certain time in the past.
Ex: He had met a consultant two months ago.
 3. In indirect speech, present perfect tense and simple past become past perfect.
Ex: He said ‘I have met her before.’ He said that he had met her before
4. In conditional sentences
Ex: If Sumi had known you were coming, she would not have gone out.

Past perfect continuous

SUB+HAD BEEN+V4+OBJ
Subject Verb form Questioning
I, he, she, it Had + been + V4 Had + you/we/they/he/she/it +been+ V4 + obj?
You, we, they
1. To describe the action that began at some time in the past and is still continuing up to the time mentioned or ended before it.
Ex: At that time he had been writing a novel for two months.
2. To refer to an action or event that caused some thing in the past.
Ex: Ian failed his exam last year because he had not been studying.

Some More Examples

1. The Earth moves around the sun.
2. My friends saw the prime minister yesterday.
3. I have sent only one letter up to now.
4. She is looking worried about something.
5. It started to rain while we were playing tennis.
6. He was driving fast when the accident happened
7. He fell asleep while he was driving.
8. I am sure I saw him at the party at last night
9. He have a mill in this town
10. He has been working here for last five years.
11. He thanked me for what I had done.
12. I hear a strange noise
13. I have known him for a long time.
14. I have been studying English for five years.
15. Do not disturb me. I am doing my homework.
16. Abdul wants to become a doctor.
17. The soup tastes good.
18. He watches TV most evenings.
19. He went out five minutes ago.
20. While he lived in Hyderabad, he was going to cinema once a week.
21. The baby has been crying all morning.
22. I saw Rahim at the zoo.
23. I have not seen Kumar this week.
24. This paper appears twice a week.
25. Ashok fell off the ladder when he was mending the roof.

Simple future tense

SUB + WILL/SHALL + V1 + OBJECT
Subject Verb form Questioning
I, he, she, it Shall/Will + V1 Will + you/he/she/it/we/they+V1+obj?
You, we, they
Functions/Used in:
1. The simple future tense is used to talk about things which will be done in near future. It expresses the future as fact.
Ex: I will be twenty on next Sunday.
2. We also used to talk about what we think or predict something.
Ex: I think India will win the match.
3. We can use this tense when we decide to do something at the time of speaking.
Ex: it is raining. I will take an umbrella.
Going to used in
1. We use going to form when we have decided to do something before talking about it.
Ex: I am going to tour by next week.
2. We also use the going to form to talk about what seems likely or certain, when there is something in the present which tells us about the near future.
Ex: it is going to rain; look at those clouds.
Be about used in
3. This form used for the immediate future.
Ex: Let’s get into the train. It’s going to leave
Future continuous tense
SUB + WILL BE + V4 + OBJ
Subject Verb form Questioning
I, he, she, it Will BE + V4 Will + you/he/she/it/we/they+be+V4+obj?
You, we, they
Functions/Used in:
1. We use future continuous tense to talk about actions which will be in progress at a time in the future
Ex: This time tomorrow I will be sitting on the beach in Singapore.
 2. We also use this tense to talk about actions in the future which are already planned or which are expected to happen in the normal course of things.
Ex: I will be staying here till next Sunday.

Future continuous tense

SUB+WILL HAVE/SHALL HAVE+V3+OBJ
Subject Verb form Questioning
I, he, she, it Will have/shall have + V3 Will + he/she/you/we/they +have+ V3 + obj?
You, we, they
Functions/Used in:
1. We use future perfect tense for an action that will be completed by a particular time in future.
Ex: in ten years, his son will have completed his studies.
Future perfect continuous
SUB+WILL HAVE BEEN/SHALL HAVE BEEN+V4+OBJ
Subject Verb form Questioning
I, he, she, it Will have been/shall have been + V4 Will + he/she/you/we/they +have been+ V4 + obj?
You, we, they
Functions/Used in:
1. We use future perfect continuous tense to talk about an ongoing action that will be continuing or just completed at the time mentioned.
Ex: When I graduate I will have been studying in this school for ten years.

Modals
The verbs be (am, is, was etc), have and do, when used with ordinary verbs to make sentences passive forms, questions and negatives, are called auxiliaries.
Ex: Do you make cakes?
I do not make cakes.
The verbs can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must and ought are called modal verbs or modals.
They are used before ordinary verbs and to express meanings such as permissions, possibility, certainty, and necessity.
Modals often included in the group of auxiliaries. In some grammars they are called modal auxiliaries.

BE
The auxiliary be is used
1. In the formation of the continuous tense ; as,
Ex: He is working. I was writing.
2. In the formation of the passive ; as,
Ex: The gate was opened.
Be followed by the infinitive is used
1. To indicate a plan, arrangement, or agreement ; as,
Ex: I am to see him tomorrow.
We are to be married next month.
2. To denote command ; as,
You are to write your name at the top of each page.
Be is used in the past tense with the perfect infinitive to indicate an arrangement that was made but not carried out ; as,
Ex: They were to have been married last month but had to postpone the marriage until June.
HAVE
1. The auxiliary have is used in the formation of the present tense; as,
He has worked.
2. Have to is used with the infinitive to indicate obligation; as,
I have to be there by five o’ clock.
3. The past form had to is used to express obligation in the past.
I had to be there by five o’ clock.
4. In negatives and questions, have to and had to are used with do, does, did; as,
They have to go. They do not have to go. Do they have to go?
He has to go. He does not have to go. Does he have to go?
He had to go? He did not have to go. Did he have to go?
Do
The auxiliary do is used
1. To form the negative and interrogative of the simple present and simple past tenses of ordinary verbs; as,
He does not work.
2. To avoid repetition of the previously ordinary verb; as,
Do you know him?
3. Do is used to emphasize the affirmative nature of a statement; as,
You do look pale.
4. In the imperative, do makes a request or invitation more persuasive; as,
Do be quiet.
Can, Could, May, Might
1. Can is used to express ability or capacity; as,
I can swim across the river.
He can work this sum.
 Can you lift this box?
2. Can, May and Could are used to express permission. May is rather formal.
Ex: You can go now.
3. We often use (not) allowed to to show if we have permission for something or not.
We are allowed to go to the library in our break time.
4. May is used to express possibility or probability in affirmative sentences. Can is used in the corresponding interrogative and negative sentences.
It may rain tomorrow.
Can it rain tomorrow?
5. May is also used to express a wish.
May god bless you.
6. Could and might are used as the past equivalents of can and may ; as,
He said I might/could go.
7. In the above example expresses only the ability to do the act but not the performance of act. Able to shows the performance of act; as,
Ex: when the boat was upset, we were able to swim to the bank.
Not, when the boat was upset, we could swim to the bank. Possibility
8. In present times could, might are used as less possibility than can and may; as, Will – 100%
Ex: I could attend the party. Less positive than I can attend the party. Must-90%
9. Might is also used to express a degree of dissatisfaction or reproach; as, May-80%
Ex: You might pay a little more attention to your appearance. Might-70%
10. Can is used in present and future time and could is used in present, future and past time. Could-60%
11. Could is used for asking polite requests.
Could you take her to the medical room ma’am?
Shall, Should, Will, Would
1. Shall is used in the first person (I, we) and will in all persons to express pure future.
2. Shall is used for asking permissions or suggestions and is used to ask the will of the person addressed; as,
Ex: Shall I go?
Shall I drink water?
3. Will is used to express
Volition; as,
I will carry your books.
Characteristic habit; as,
He will talk about nothing but films.
Assumption or probability; as,
This will be the book you want, I suppose.
4. Will you indicates an invitation or a request. Would is more polite than will.
Will you have a tea?
Would you lend me a scooter?
5. Should and would are used as past equivalents of shall and will as,
I expected that I should get a first class.
He said he would be twenty five next birthday.
6. Should is used in all persons to express duty or obligation or suggestion or It is a good thing to do; as,
We should obey the laws.
7. In clauses of condition, should is used to express a supposition that may not be true.
If it should rain, they will not come.
Must and ought to
1. Must is used to express the necessity or obligation. It shows to do compulsory, some sort of rule; as,
You must improve your spelling.
2. Must has not past form so if we were to say, use had to in past time and have to in present time; as,
Ex: Yesterday we had to get up early.
3. Must is often used when the obligation comes from the speaker. When obligation comes from somewhere else, have to is often used.
You must be on a diet.
I have to be on a diet.
4. Must also express logical certainty.
She must have left already.
5. Ought to express moral obligation or desirability
We ought to love our parents.
6. Ought to also express probability.
Prices ought to come down.
Examples
1. I do not think I can be able to go.
2. He will not pay unless he is compelled.
3. You should be punctual.
4. I wish you would tell me earlier.
5. Shall I assist you?
6. You must to pay your debts.
7. He said I might use his telephone at any time.
8. Would you please help me with this?
9. If you would see him, give him my regards.
10. He need not ask for a rise, for fearing of losing his job.
11. I did not need to see him, so I sent a letter.
12. Could you show me the way to the station?
 13. To save my life, I ran fast, and was able to reach safely.
14. I used to be an atheist but now I believe in god.
15. You won’t light a match; the room is full of gas.
16. The prime minister is to make a statement tomorrow.
17. You did not need to wait for me; I could have found the way all right.
18. I was afraid that if I asked him again he may refuse.
19. She dare sit outside her garden gate.
20. Would you like another cup of coffee?
21. I wish he would not play his violin?
22. I was to have left on Thursday. But, I didn’t.
23. He used to play cricket before his marriage.
24. Shall I carry the box into the house for you?
25. He will come, I have to be surprised.
Conditionals
1. First conditional sentences are used to talk about the present or future.
Conditionals of this type tell us that something will happen if a certain condition is fulfilled. It may or may not be fulfilled.
Ex: If the boy is present today, he will be in this class.
If you are looking for GT, she is sleeping in the hammock.
If you are tired, you could go to bed.
If clause Main clause
Simple present will/shall/can/may + plain infinitive
2. We use second conditionals to talk about imaginary conditions for the present and future. Most commonly, in these sentences.
If clause Main clause
Simple past would/should/could/might + plain infinitive
Present
If I were a bird, I would fly over a rainbow every day.
If he had the money, he’d give to you.
Future
If I were to become the prime minister of the country, I would try to end poverty.
If I were to go Mars, I’d pitch a tent there.
If I were to meet a tiger, I would never be scared.
3. The third conditional sentences are used to talk about the past; how if the condition had been met, the result would have been different. But it can never
happen now because the main clause of sentence already happened.
If clause Main clause
Past perfect would/could/should/might + perfect infinitive.
If I had not been sick, I would have met him.
If had not been so lazy, he would have gat better marks.
If you had studied hard, you would have gotten first rank.