BIIT Series

Lab Manual
Distributed
Database Systems
A simplified practical work book of Distributed Database management System
course for Computer Science, Information Technology and Software
Engineering students

Student Name:______________________________________

Registration No:___________________________________

Section / Semester: _________________________________

Submission Date: _____________________________________

Student Signature: __________________________________

Marks Obtained: _______________________________________

Maximum Marks: _____________________________________

Examiner Name/Sig: ___________________________________

Dr. Munir Ahmed

Mr. Nauman Iqbal
Mr. Muhammad Ahsan
Lab Manual Distributed Database Management System: First Edition
Author(s):Dr. Munir Ahmad, Mr. Nauman Iqbal, Mr. Muhammad Ahsan
Publication Date: 23/2/2018
A publication of BIIT Series
Copyrights © Reserved By Authors

Learning Objectives: By the end of the lab work, students should have following skills;

Sr. Learning Objective LAB No.

Revision of Basic SQL Queries 1

1
UNION / INTERSECTION / SET DIFFERENCE 2
2
Cartesian Product 3
3
JOINS 4
4
Variable Declaration / Condition Statement / Loops / 5
5 Stored Procedure Basics
Stored Procedure with Arguments 6
6
Stored Procedure Output Arguments 7
7
Transactions in SQL 8
8
Triggers – After 9
9
Triggers – Instead of 10
10 Temporary Tables – inserted / deleted
Case Study Triggers 11
11
Basic Cursors / Cursor Examples 12
12
Database Connectivity JAVA / C# 13
13
Database Connectivity Android 14
14
Database Connectivity iOS 15
15
Lab Project Evaluation 16
16
LAB # 01
This lab is dedicated to revise all queries taught in database management course. Revision and evaluation
of students will be done.

Query List:
List of all queries of Database Management System course are given below

1- Select Statement
a. Columns
b. AS
c. Arithmetic operators ( + , - , *, / )
d. Convert
e. Top
f. Percent
g. Distinct
2- Where Statement
a. AND / OR
b. IN
c. BETWEEN
d. NOT
e. LIKE / [ ] / ^
3- ORDER by
4- Aggregate Functions
a. SUM
b. COUNT
c. MAX
d. MIN
e. AVG
5- Group By
6- Having
7- Sub Query
8- Create
a. Database
b. Table
9- Add Constraints
a. PRIMARY KEY
b. FOREIGN KEY
c. CHECK
d. DEFAULT
10- INSERT / UPDATE / DELETE
11- ALTER
a. Add Column / Drop Column
b. Add Constraint / Drop Constraint
c. Change Data-Type Column
Query Examples:
Assume given table.
Employee( eid, eName, eAge, eCity, eStreet, eHouseno, eSalary, eBonus, eDepart)
Project ( pid, pName, pBonus, pDuration, eid)
1- SELECT
SELECT * FROM Employee

Above Query will display all rows and columns of Employee Table

SELECT eid, eName, eAge FROM Employee

Above Query will display all rows and eid, ename and eage columns from Employee table.

SELECT ECITY + ‘ ‘ + ESTREET + ‘ ‘ + EHOUSE AS [ADDRESS] FROM Employee

- Display address of employee by merging 3 columns “ ecity, street and ehouse”. Column name will be
“ADDRESS”
SELECT Esalary + eBonus AS [Total Salary] FROM Employee
- Displays full salary of all employee by adding eSalary column and eBonus column of table and column
name will be “Total Salary”.
SELECT eName + ‘salary is ‘ + convert(varchar,eSalary) FROM Employee
- Displays name of employee concatenating “salary is “ and salary of employee. Convert function will
convert int data-type to varchar of all values from salary column.
NOTE: different datatype columns cannot concatenate.
SELECT T0P 3 * FROM Employee
- Displays top 3 records from employee table

SELECT TOP 50 PERCENT * FROM Employee

- Displays top 50 % records of employee table.

SELECT DISTINCT eName FROM Employee

- Displays all distinct names from employee table. (name will not repeat)

2- WHERE
SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE EID = 101
- Displays all data of those employees whose id is 101

SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE ESALARY > 10000 AND ECITY = ‘ISB’
- Displays all those employees who live in ‘isb’ and their salary is above 10000

SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE ECITY =’RWP’ OR ECITY= ‘LHR’

- Displays all those employees who live in rwp or lhr

SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE CITY IN (‘RWP’,’LHR’)

 - Displays all those employees who live in rwp or lhr

SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE AGE BETWEEN 18 AND 30

- Displays all those employees whose age is between 18 and 30

SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE NAME LIKE ‘a%’

- Displays all those employees whose name starts with ‘a’

SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE NAME NOT LIKE ‘a%’

- Displays all those employees whose name does not starts with ‘a’

SELECT * FROM Employee

3- ORDER BY

SELECT * FROM Employee ORDER BY ENAME

- Displays data of all employee in ascending order w.r.t employee’s name

SELECT * FROM Employee ORDER BY ENAME DESC

- Displays data of all employee in descending order w.r.t employee’s name

4- AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Employee
- Display total number of rows in employee table. Column name will appear as ‘No Column’

SELECT MAX(eAge) FROM Employee

- Displays maximum age from all employees

SELECT MIN(eAge) FROM Employee

- Display age of youngest employee

SELECT SUM(eSalary) FROM Employee

- Displays sum of salaries of all employees

SELECT AVG(eBonus) FROM Employee

5- GROUP BY / HAVING
SELECT eCity, COUNT(*) FROM Employee GROUP BY eCity
- Displays total number of employees of each city.

SELECT eDepart, SUM(eSalary) FROM Employee GROUP BY eDepart

- Displays sum of all salaries given to employees of each department.
SELECT eDepart, SUM(eSalary) FROM Employee GROUP BY eDepart
HAVING SUM(eSalary) > 10000
- Displays only those departments whose sum of salaries is above 10000.

6- SUB QUERY
SELECT eName FROM Employee where eid IN (SELECT EID FROM PROJECT)
- Displays names of all those employees who have been assigned any project.

SELECT * FROM Employee where eid IN ( SELECT eid FROM PROJECT WHERE pBonus>
50000)
- Displays data of all those employees who are assigned any project and project bonus is more than 50000.

SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE eAge IN ( SELECT MIN(eAge) FROM Employee)

- Displays data of youngest employees.

7- CREATE DATABASE / TABLE with Constraints

CREATE DATABASE DDBS2018
- Will create a database named ‘DDBS2018’

CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE

(
Eid INT PRIMARY KEY,
ENAME VARCHAR(20), EAGE INT CHECK (EAGE BETWEEN 18 AND 60),
ECITY VARCHAR(30), ESTREET VARCHAR(5), EHOUSE VARCHAR(5),
ESALARY INT CHECK (ESALARY > 10000), EBONUS INT,
EDEPART VARCHAR(15) CHECK (EDAPART IN (‘HR’, ‘CS’ , ‘IT’)) DEFAULT ‘HR’
)
Will create Employee table as described above. With following constraints
- Eid as primary key
- Eage between 18 and 60
- Salary above 10000
- Departments must be ‘HR’ or ‘CS’ or ‘IT’ and default department is ‘HR’
CREATE TABLE PROJECT
(
PID INT , PNAME VARCHAR(20), PBONUS INT, PDURATION INT,
EID INT FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES EMPLOYEE(EID),
PRIMARY KEY (PID, EID)
)
Above query will create project table with following constraints.
- Pid and eid combining to form composite key
- Eid is foreign key from Employee table
 8- INSERT / UPDATE / DELETE
INSERT INTO PROJECT VALUES (1, ‘PF’, 15000, 10, 1)
- Insert a record in project table

INSERT INTO PROJECT (PID, EID, PNAME) VALUES (2,1,’DBS’)

- Insert a record in project table only in mentioned columns, (pid, eid, pname). ‘NULL’ value will be stored
in rest of the columns.
UPDATE EMPLOYEE
SET ENAME = ‘ADIL’
WHERE EID = 101
- Will update employee name to ‘adil’ whose eid is 101

DELETE EMPLOYEE
- Delete all data of employee. ( it will not delete table, only data of table)

DELETE EMPLOYEE WHERE ECITY = ‘ISB’

- Delete all rows in which city is ‘ISB’

9- ALTER
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE
ADD ERANK VARCHAR(20)
- Add new column to employee table of “eRank”

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE

DROP COLUMN ERANK
- Drop column of ‘eRank’ from employee table.

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE

ALTER COLUMN EBONUS FLOAT
- Change data type of column eBonus from INT to FLOAT

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE

ALTER COLUMN EID NOT NULL

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE

ADD CONSTRAINT PK_EID PRIMARY KEY (EID)
- Above query will add new constraint of primary key to column EID (assuming that user forgot to add
primary key at the time of creation of table).
- We have to make column NULLABLE first.
ALTER TABLE PROJECT
ADD CONSTRAINT FK_EID FOREIGN KEY (EID) REFERENCES EMPLOYEE(EID)
- Above query will add new constraint of foreign key to column eid of PROJECT table (assuming that user
forgot to add foreign key at the time of creation)
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE
ADD CONSTRAINT CHK_AGE CHECK (EAGE BETWEEN 18 AND 60)
- Above query will add new CHECK constraint to Employee table on age column (assuming that user did not
add any check constraint on eAge column at time of creation)
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE
ADD CONSTRAINT df_depart DEFAULT ‘HR’ FOR eDepart
- Above query will create default constraint for eDepart column

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE

DROP CONSTRAINT ANY NAME

EXAMPLE
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE
DROP CONSTRAINT CHK
- Above query is to drop any type of constraint.

TASK 1.1

Employee ( Eid, Ename,EAge, ECity, E_Street, E_House#, E_Basic_Salary, E_Bonus,E_Rank,

E_Department)
- Eid is Primary key.
- E_Rank can be “Manager, Developer, Admin”
- E_Department can be “HR, CS, IT, Labour”
- Employee Age between 18 and 60.
- Default value for department is “CS”.

Project( p_id, pName, p_bonus,duration_in_months, Eid)

- Pid and Eid combine makes Primary key.

NOTE: Eid in project is foreign key from Employee.

Write SQL Queries for the following statements.
1- Display whole address of employee along with name, columns names must be “Emp Name” and
“Address”.

2- Display 30% top records of Employees.

3- Display names of all those employees whose address is “house number 44, street no 25, Rwp”.

4- Display data of employees who lives in “isb or rwp or khi or lhr”. (do not use or keyword)

5- Display those employees whose age is more than 18 and less than 33. (do not use relational
operators “ > or <”.

6- Display all those employees whose name starts with “S” and does not contain “I” in it.

7- Display all cities of employee. (city name must not repeat)

8- Display All employees of “isb”. Employees must be displayed from younger to older. Younger
first and older later.

9- Display name of employee and total salary of employee. (total salary is sum of basic salary and
bonus)

10- Display total number of employees.

11- Display total number of employees working in each department.

12- Display Total expenditures of company. (total expenditures = basic salary + bonus of employee +
all project bonus)

13- Display names of projects in which ‘Ahmar’ is working.

14- Display total project bonus of ‘Danish’.

15- Display total expenditures of only those departments whose total expenditures are more than 1
Million. (total expenditures = sum of basic salary of all employees of that department)

16- Create Employee table.

17- Create Project table.

18- Insert a record in employee table, ( you must not enter edepartment and ebonus).
 19- change basic salary of all employees, add increment of 5% to all.

20- Delete only those employees whose salary is above 1Million.

21- Change data type employee bonus to “float”.

22- Assume that you forgot to add primary key in Employee table, write a code that add a primary
key in employee table.

23- Drop primary key constraint you created in above query.

24- Add a new column ‘e_father_name’ in employee table.

25- Drop E_age column from employee table.

LAB # 2

UNION

The SQL UNION operator is used to combine the result sets of 2 or more SELECT statements. It removes
duplicate rows between the various SELECT statements.
Each SELECT statement within the UNION must have the same number of fields in the result sets with
similar data types.

Syntax
The syntax for the UNION operator in SQL is:

SELECT expression1, expression2, ... expression_n

FROM tables
[WHERE conditions]
UNION
SELECT expression1, expression2, ... expression_n
FROM tables
[WHERE conditions];

Parameters or Arguments
expression1, expression2, expression_n
The columns or calculations that you wish to retrieve.
TABLES:
The tables that you wish to retrieve records from. There must be at least one table listed in the FROM
clause.
WHERE conditions:
Optional. The conditions that must be met for the records to be selected.

Note:
- There must be same number of expressions in both SELECT statements.
- The corresponding expressions must have the same data type in the SELECT statements. For
example: expression1 must be the same data type in both the first and second SELECT statement.

Example - Single Field With Same Name

Let's look at how to use the SQL UNION operator that returns one field. In this simple
example, the field in both SELECT statements will have the same name and data type.
For example:

SELECT supplier_id
FROM suppliers
UNION
SELECT supplier_id
FROM orders
ORDER BY supplier_id;

In this SQL UNION operator example, if a supplier_id appeared in both

the suppliers and orders table, it would appear once in your result set. The UNION operator
removes duplicates. If you do not wish to remove duplicates, try using the UNION ALL operator.
Now, let's explore this example further will some data.

If you had the suppliers table populated with the following records:

supplier_id supplier_name

1000 Microsoft

2000 Oracle

3000 Apple

4000 Samsung

And the orders table populated with the following records:

order_id order_date supplier_id

1 2015-08-01 2000

2 2015-08-01 6000

3 2015-08-02 7000
order_id order_date supplier_id

4 2015-08-03 8000

And you executed the following UNION statement:

SELECT supplier_id FROM suppliers

UNION
SELECT supplier_id FROM orders ORDER BY supplier_id;

You would get the following results:

supplier_id

1000

2000

3000

4000

6000

7000

8000

As you can see in this example, the UNION has taken all supplier_id values from both
the suppliers table as well as the orders table and returned a combined result set. Because the
UNION operator removed duplicates between the result sets, the supplier_id of 2000 only
appears once, even though it is found in both the suppliersand orders table. If you do not wish
to remove duplicates, try using the UNION ALL operator instead.

Example - Different Field Names

It is not necessary that the corresponding columns in each SELECT statement have the
same name, but they do need to be the same corresponding data types.
When you don't have the same column names between the SELECT statements, it gets a bit
tricky, especially when you want to order the results of the query using the ORDER BY clause.
Let's look at how to use the UNION operator with different column names and order the query
results.

For example:

SELECT supplier_id, supplier_nameFROM suppliersWHERE supplier_id> 2000

UNION
SELECT company_id, company_nameFROM companiesWHERE company_id> 1000
ORDER BY 1;

In this SQL UNION example, since the column names are different between the two
SELECT statements, it is more advantageous to reference the columns in the ORDER BY
clause by their position in the result set. In this example, we've sorted the results by supplier_id /
company_id in ascending order, as denoted by the ORDER BY 1. The supplier_id / company_id
fields are in position #1 in the result set.
Now, let's explore this example further with data.
If you had the suppliers table populated with the following records:

supplier_id supplier_name

1000 Microsoft

2000 Oracle

3000 Apple
supplier_id supplier_name

4000 Samsung

And the companies table populated with the following records:

company_id company_name

1000 Microsoft

3000 Apple

7000 Sony

8000 IBM

And you executed the following UNION statement:

SELECT supplier_id, supplier_nameFROM suppliersWHERE supplier_id> 2000

UNION
SELECT company_id, company_nameFROM companiesWHERE company_id> 1000
ORDER BY 1;

You would get the following results:

supplier_id supplier_name

3000 Apple

4000 Samsung

7000 Sony

8000 IBM

First, notice that the record with supplier_id of 3000 only appears once in the result set because
the UNION query removed duplicate entries.
Second, notice that the column headings in the result set are
called supplier_id and supplier_name. This is because these were the column names used in
the first SELECT statement in the UNION.
If you had wanted to, you could have aliased the columns as follows:

SELECT supplier_id AS ID_Value, supplier_name AS Name_Value

FROM suppliers

WHERE supplier_id> 2000

UNION

SELECT company_id AS ID_Value, company_name AS Name_Value

FROM companies

WHERE company_id> 1000

ORDER BY 1;

Now the column headings in the result will be aliased as ID_Value for the first column
and Name_Value for the second column.

ID_Value Name_Value

3000 Apple

4000 Samsung

7000 Sony

8000 IBM

INTERSECTION:

The SQL INTERSECT operator is used to return the results of 2 or more SELECT statements. However, it only
returns the rows selected by all queries or data sets. If a record exists in one query and not in the other, it will be
omitted from the INTERSECT results.
Explanation: The INTERSECT query will return the records in the blue shaded area. These are the
records that exist in both Dataset1 and Dataset2.
Each SQL statement within the SQL INTERSECT must have the same number of fields in the result sets
with similar data types.
NOTE: All rules are same for UNION and INTERSECTION except output.

Examples

Supplier table has following records

supplier_id supplier_name

1000 Microsoft

2000 Oracle

3000 Apple

4000 Samsung

And the orders table populated with the following records:

order_id order_date supplier_id

1 2015-08-01 2000

2 2015-08-01 6000

3 2015-08-02 7000
order_id order_date supplier_id

4 2015-08-03 8000

And you executed the following UNION statement:

SELECT supplier_id FROM suppliers

INTESECT
SELECT supplier_id FROM orders;

You would get the following results:

supplier_id

2000

Example 2:
If you had the suppliers table populated with the following records:

supplier_id supplier_name

1000 Microsoft

2000 Oracle

3000 Apple

4000 Samsung

And the companies table populated with the following records:

company_id company_name

1000 Microsoft
company_id company_name

3000 Apple

4000 Sony

8000 Samsung

And you executed the following UNION statement:

SELECT supplier_id, supplier_name FROM suppliers

INTERSECT
SELECT company_id, company_name FROM companies

You would get the following results:

supplier_id supplier_name

3000 Apple

1000 Microsoft

SET DIFFERENCE:

The SQL EXCEPT operator is used to return all rows in the first SELECT statement that are not returned
by the second SELECT statement. Each SELECT statement will define a dataset. The EXCEPT operator
will retrieve all records from the first dataset and then remove from the results all records from the second
dataset.

Except Query
Explanation: The EXCEPT query will return the records in the blue shaded area. These are the records
that exist in Dataset1 and not in Dataset2.
Each SELECT statement within the EXCEPT query must have the same number of fields in the result sets
with similar data types.

NOTE: All rules of SET DIFFERENCE and UNION are same except OUTPUT.

Examples:

Supplier table has following records

supplier_id supplier_name

1000 Microsoft

2000 Oracle

3000 Apple

4000 Samsung

And the orders table populated with the following records:

order_id order_date supplier_id

1 2015-08-01 2000

2 2015-08-01 3000

3 2015-08-02 7000

4 2015-08-03 8000

And you executed the following UNION statement:

SELECT supplier_id FROM suppliers
EXCEPT
SELECT supplier_id FROM orders;

You would get the following results:

supplier_id

1000

4000

Example 2:
If you had the suppliers table populated with the following records:

supplier_id supplier_name

1000 Microsoft

2000 Oracle

3000 Apple

4000 Samsung

And the companies table populated with the following records:

company_id company_name

1000 Microsoft
company_id company_name

3000 Apple

4000 Sony

8000 Samsung

And you executed the following UNION statement:

SELECT supplier_id, supplier_name FROM suppliers

EXCEPT
SELECT company_id, company_name FROM companies

You would get the following results:

supplier_id supplier_name

2000 Oracle

4000 Samsung

TASK 2.1
Assume that you have following database relations.
BIIT_Student( CNIC, sName, sAge, sCity, Semester)
NUST_Student( CNIC, sName, sAge, sCity, Semester, phoneNo)
UAAR_Student( CNIC, sName, sAge,CGPA, sCity, Semester)

Write SQL query for the following statements.

NOTE: you must only use UNION / INTERSECTION / SET DIFFERENCE to achieve desired results.

1- Display all CNIC numbers of BIIT students and NUST students. CNIC number must not repeat.
2- Display distinct student names from all above three tables.

3- Display all those students who are studying in BIIT and UAAR at the same time.

4- Display names of those student who are only studying in BIIT but not in NUST.

5- Display all data of students of BIIT who are also enrolled in UAAR and NUST at the same time.

6- Display list of all cities from all tables. ( city name must not repeat)

7- Display name of cities which exists in all three tables.

8- Display total number of students of BIIT who are only enrolled in BIIT.

9- Display total number of students who are enrolled in all three universities.

10- Display all those students of NUST who are also enrolled in BIIT but not in UAAR.
LAB # 3

Objectives:
This lab manual will teach students about Cartesian Product.

OUTPUT of Cartesian product of two tables is written as

- Number of rows of both tables are multiplied
- Number of columns of both tables are added.
Example:
If number of rows and columns in TABLE1 are 5 and 3 respectively. And number of rows and
columns in TABLE 2 are 5 and 4 respectively. Then TABLE1 cross product TABLE2 will have 25 rows
and 7 columns in output.
First row of TABLE1 will be written with all rows of TABLE 2.
Second row of TABLE1 will be written with all rows of TABLE 2 and so on.

Assume following tables.

Employee

Project:

Result of following query is given:

SELECT * from Employee , Project ;
Example 2:
SELECT * from Employee e, Project p where e.ename = ‘ali’
Example 3:
SELECT e.eName, p.pName, p.pBon from Employee e, Project p
where e.eid = p.eid

(above query is displaying names of all those employees who have been assigned any
project).

Conclusion:
Cartesian product is used whenever data from multiple tables is required to be viewed.

TASK 3.1

Consider Following Tables.

Student( regNo, sName, sCity, sCGPA, sAge)
Course( cCode, cName, credit_hours)
Enrollment (regNo, cCode, semester, Grade)
Write SQL queries for the following statements.
NOTE: you must use “CARTESIAN PRODUCT” query only.
1- Display names of all those students who have “A” grades.

2- Display student name and ccode of all those students who have ‘F’ grade in 5th semester.

3- Display data of all those students who have enrolled at least 10 courses.

4- Display grade of ‘Ali’ in course ‘CS101’.

5- Display all Grades of ‘Irshad’ in 7th semester.

6- Display names of all courses and grades of ‘Amir’.

7- Display list of courses which are taught in 7th semester. (course name must not repeat)

8- Display list of all students by name and course name they have enrolled.

9- Display total number of ‘F’ grade by ‘Amir’.

10- Display all those students who have not enrolled any course yet.
LAB # 4

JOINS

A JOIN clause is used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a related
column between them.
JOIN condition is written by “ON” keyword. However where can be used but not for
joining purpose.

Here are the different types of the JOINs in SQL:

• (INNER) JOIN: Returns records that have matching values in both tables
• LEFT (OUTER) JOIN: Return all records from the left table, and the matched
records from the right table
• RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN: Return all records from the right table, and the
matched records from the left table
• FULL (OUTER) JOIN: Return all records when there is a match in either left or
right table

Assume following tables.

Employee

Project:

INNER JOIN
It displays only those records of both tables where condition is true.
SELECT * from Employee e INNER JOIN Project p ON e.eid = p.eid

OUTPUT:

LEFT JOIN
It displays all records of left table and those records of right tables where condition is true.
SELECT * from Employee e LEFT JOIN Project p ON e.eid = p.eid
OUTPUT:

RIGHT JOIN:

It displays all records of RIGHT table and those records of LEFT tables where condition is true.
SELECT * from Employee e RIGHT JOIN Project p ON e.eid = p.eid

OUTPUT:

FULL OUTER JOIN

It displays all records of BOTH tables.

SELECT * from Employee e FULL OUTER JOIN Project p ON e.eid = p.eid

OUTPUT:
Example Query:
selecte.ename,p.pname,p.PBONfromemployeee
innerjoinprojectpone.eid=p.eid
wheree.ecity='isb'
orderbye.ename

OUTPUT:

TASK 4.1

Consider Following Tables.

Student( regNo, sName, sCity, sCGPA, sAge)
Course( cCode, cName, credit_hours)
Enrollment (regNo, cCode, semester, Grade)

Write SQL queries for the following statements.

NOTE: you must use “JOINS” query only.

1- Display names of all those students who have “A” grades.

2- Display student name and ccode of all those students who have ‘F’ grade in 5th semester.

3- Display data of all those students who have enrolled at least 10 courses.

4- Display grade of ‘Ali’ in course ‘CS101’.

5- Display all courses of ‘Amir’ along with grade, also display names of courses which are not yet
enrolled by ‘Amir’.

6- Display course names along with number of enrolled student in it. If no one has yet enrolled that
particular course, it must display ‘0’ in number of enrollment column.

7- Display list of courses which are taught in 7th semester. (course name must not repeat)

8- Display list of all students by name and course name they have enrolled.

9- Display names of students and names of courses they have enrolled. Also display student’s name
that have not enrolled any course yet.

10- Display all those students who have not enrolled any course yet.
LAB # 5

Objectives:
- Variable Declaration / Usage / Assignment in SQL
- Condition Statements
- LOOP in SQL
- Stored Procedure

Following is the example of variable declaration with condition statement and loops.

How to Declare a Variable

DECLARE @VNAME DATATYPE

----- variable is declared by “declare” keyword in SQL. Afterwards variable name and then data type is
mentioned.
NOTE: variable name must start with “@” symbol.
For example:
DECLARE @name varchar(20)
In above line of code, @name is name of variable and varchar(20) is data type of variable.

How to Assign Value to Variable

SET @VARIABLE_NAME = VALUE

For example:
DECLARE @NAME VARCHAR(20) , @AGE INT
SET @NAME = ‘SHAH NAWAZ’
SET @AGE = 34
PRINT @NAME
PRINT @AGE

OUTPUT:
SHAH NAWAZ
34
“Print statement displays data by default in new line”.

Following is the Example of Using condition statement and LOOP in SQL:

DECLARE @COUNT INT

SET @COUNT = 1
PRINT‘ALL EVEN NUMBERS FROM 2 TO 20 ARE LISTED BELOW’
WHILE (@COUNT <= 20)
BEGIN
IF(@COUNT % 2 = 0)
BEGIN
PRINT @COUNT
END
SET @COUNT = @COUNT + 1
END

OUTPUT:

STORED PROCEDURE:
- Stored procedures are just like functions in programming.
- Used to store query to save time of writing query again and again.
- It reduces chances of errors.
- Once created, stored procedures remains in database until dropped.

General Syntax to Create Stored Procedures:

CREATE PROC procedure_name

( @arguments if any)
AS
SQL statement 1
SQL statement 2
SQL statement ‘N’

How to Call a Stored Procedure:

EXEC procedure_name

Example 1:
CREATEPROCPRINT_NAME
AS
PRINT'MY COUNTRY NAME IS PAKISTAN'

-- EXECUTING PROCEDURE
EXECPRINT_NAME

OUTPUT:

Example 2:
CREATEPROCISB_EMPLOYEES
AS
BEGIN
SELECT*FROMEMPLOYEEWHEREECITY='ISB'
END

-- EXECUTING PROCEDURE
EXECISB_EMPLOYEES

NOTE: begin / end keywords are used to define BODY of procedure / condition statement / loops. It
is optional to define body of procedure.

OUTPUT:
TASK #5.1

Write SQL queries for the following statements.

1- Write SQL code which declares two variables for name and address. Store your name and
address in respective variables. Display name and address in a single line using print
statement.

2- Display table of 10 in given format using loop.

10 x 1 = 10
10 x 2 = 20
.
.
.
10 x 10 = 100

3- Write a code which declares a variable and stores age of youngest employee from
“Employee” table. And display name of youngest employee 5 times his age.
 4- Assume that in “Employee” table, Emp_idare assigned from 1 to onward. ie first employee’s
eid is 1, second employee’s eid is 2 and so on. Write a code that displays name of eldest
employee without using aggregate function of “max”. You can use count function once.

LAB# 6

Objectives:
- Stored procedures with arguments

General Syntax:
CREATE PROC NAME_PROC
(@ARGUMENT1 DATATYPE,
@ARGUMENT2 DATATYPE,
@ARGUMENT_ N DATATYPE)
AS
BEGIN
SQL STATEMENT 1
SQL STATEMENT 2
SQL STATEMENT N
END

Example 1:

CREATEPROCNAMES
(
@CITYVARCHAR(20)
)
AS
BEGIN
SELECT*FROMEMPLOYEEWHEREECITY=@CITY
END

-- EXECUTING PROCEDURE
EXECNAMES'RWP'
OUTPUT:

-- EXECUTING PROCEDURE
EXECNAMES'LHR'
OUTPUT:

Example 2:
CREATEPROCINS_EMP
(
@EIDINT,@ENAMEVARCHAR(20),
@CITYVARCHAR(20),@BONUSINT
)
AS
BEGIN
INSERTINTOEMPLOYEEVALUES (@EID,@ENAME,@CITY,@BONUS)
SELECT*FROMEMPLOYEEWHEREEID=@EID
END

-- EXECUTING PROCEDURE
EXECINS_EMP12,'AYESHA','RWP',25000

OUTPUT:

Details:
On calling of stored procedure “INS_EMP”, it stored values in “employee” table and then displayed
values inserted by user.

Example 3:
CREATEPROCINS_EMP_CHK_PRIMARY
(
@EIDINT,@ENAMEVARCHAR(20),
@CITYVARCHAR(20),@BONUSINT
)
AS
BEGIN
DECLARE@COUNTINT;
SET@COUNT=(SELECTCOUNT(*)FROMEMPLOYEEWHEREEID=@EID)
IF(@COUNT=0)
INSERTINTOEMPLOYEEVALUES (@EID,@ENAME,@CITY,@BONUS)
ELSE
PRINT'PRIMARY KEY VIOLATION'
SELECT*FROMEMPLOYEEWHEREEID=@EID
END

-- EXECUTING PROCEDURE
EXECINS_EMP12,'AYESHA','RWP',25000

- Example 3 procedure will check for primary key constraint as well. If eid already exists,
procedure will print ‘PRIMARY KEY VIOLATION’

TASK 6.1

Write SQL queries for the following statements.

1- Write a stored procedure which takes an integer value as argument from user and displays its
table up to 10 in given format.
For example: if user send 7 as an argument then,
7x1=7
7 x 2 = 14
……
7 x 10 = 70
 2- Write a stored procedure which takes two arguments from user, display table of first argument
from 1 to value of second argument.

Consider Following Tables.

Student( regNo, sName, sCity, sCGPA, sAge)
Course( cCode, cName, credit_hours)
Enrollment (regNo, cCode, semester, Grade)

3- Write a stored procedure which insert values in Student table and make sure following constraints
must not violate. (do not apply constraint using SQL server management studio)
a. regNo must not repeat
b. sCGPA must be between 0.0 and 4.0
c. sAge must be between 18 and 25
4- Write a stored procedure which inserts values in Enrollment table and make sure following
constraint must not violate.
a. regNo and cCode combines form primary key. Primary key rule must not violate.
b. regNo and cCode are also foreign keys from Student and Course tables respectively,
make sure foreign key constraint must not violate. Only those values must be entered
which exists in parent tables.

5- Write a Stored procedure which takes regno from user as an argument and displays name of
student and grades of student in each course he/she has enrolled.
LAB # 7
Objectives:
- Learning stored procedures with output parameters

OUTPUT Parameter in Stored Procedure:

If you specify the OUTPUT keyword for a parameter in the procedure definition, the stored
procedure can return the current value of the parameter to the calling program when the stored procedure
exits. To save the value of the parameter in a variable that can be used in the calling program, the calling
program must use the OUTPUT keyword when executing the stored procedure.
- OUTPUT parameter returns its value to the calling variable before exiting.
- User must write OUTPUT at the time of defining argument and at the time of calling to user
returned value.

Example 1:
CREATEPROCRET_VAL
(
@VINTOUTPUT
)
AS
BEGIN
SET@V=50
END

-- EXECUTING PROCEDURE
DECLARE@VALINT
SET@VAL=1
PRINT@VAL
EXECRET_VAL@VALOUTPUT
PRINT@VAL

OUTPUT:

Details:
In above stored procedure, an argument is defined as OUTPUT. And its value is set to 50. During calling
of procedure, a variable is declared and assigned value = 1 and printed. After calling, value of same
variable is printed which is “50”.

Example 2:
CREATEPROCGET_SUM
(@VAL1INT,@VAL2INT,@SUMINTOUTPUT)
AS
BEGIN
SET@SUM=@VAL1+@VAL2
END
----------------------------------------
CREATEPROCGET_SQUARE
(@VALINT,@SQINTOUTPUT)
AS
BEGIN
SET@SQ=@VAL*@VAL
END
---------------------------------------

DECLARE@SUMINT,@SQUAREINT
EXECGET_SUM4,5,@SUMOUTPUT
EXECGET_SQUARE@SUM,@SQUAREOUTPUT
PRINT'SUM = ';PRINT@SUM
PRINT'SQUARE = ';PRINT@SQUARE

OUTPUT:
Details:
In above two stored procedures “GET_SUM” and “GET_SQUARE”, output parameters are used to return
values after calculations.
“GET_SUM” stored procedure takes three arguments, one of them is output parameters which will return
sum of first two.
“GET_SQUARE” stored procedure takes two arguments and return square of first value.

TASK # 7.1
Write SQL queries for the given statements.
Consider following Database Schema.
Student( regNo, sName, sCity, sCGPA, sAge)
Course( cCode, cName, credit_hours)
Enrollment (regNo, cCode, semester,quality_points,Grade)

1- Write a stored procedure which takes 3 arguments from user and return maximum of them.
Display maximum value at calling place.
2- Write a stored procedure which returns age and name of student whose registration number is
‘101’.

3- Write following stored procedures

a. Return_Quality_Points
b. Return_Total_Credit_hours
c. Update_CGPA
- Return_Quality_Points procedure will take regNo of student and return total quality points
achieved by him/her.
- Return_Total_Credit_hours procedure will take regNo of student and return total credit hours
enrolled by him/her.
- Update_CGPA will take regNO, total quality points, total credit hours, calculate CGPA and
update in student table against student’s data.
4- Write following stored procedures
a. Return_Limit_Courses
b. Insert_Student_Enrollment
- Return_Limit_Courses will take regNo and semester no as argument and return “yes” or “no”.
Procedure will return “yes”, if total credit hours enrolled in that current semester are less 18.
Otherwise return “no”.
- Insert_Student_Enrollment will take enrollment data from user and returned value from above
procedure as well. If value returned is “yes”, than data must be inserted in enrollment table,
otherwise print ‘credit hours exceeded’.
LAB #8
Objectives:
- Learn about Transactions
- How to implement transactions in SQL

Transaction:
“sequence of operations performed as a single logical unit of work”.
A transaction has four key properties that are abbreviated ACID. ACID is an acronym for Atomic,
Consistent, Isolated and Durability.

Syntax:
BEGINTRAN
-- SQL STATEMENT 1
-- SQL STATEMENT 2
-- SQL STATEMENT 3
-- SQL STATEMENT N
COMMIT/ROLLBACK
Example 1:
BEGINTRAN

updateemployee
setebonus=50000
whereeid=101

updateemployee
setebonus=23000
whereeid=102

COMMIT

Details:
In above example, begin tran will start a transaction. First update query will update bonus of
employee 101. Second update query will update bonus of employee 102. Here if user thinks that there is
an error or he/she wants to revert all changes performed in transaction. He/she will right “ROLLBACK”
statement instead of “COMMIT”. ROLLBACK will revert all the changes made by both update queries.
On other hand, COMMIT statement will make changes permanent.

Example 2:
BEGINTRAN
INSERTINTOEMPLOYEE
(EID,ENAME,EAGE,EBSAL)VALUES (1,'AMMAD',32,23000)

DECLARE@EINT
SET@E=@@ERROR

UPDATEEMPLOYEE
SETEBON=EBONUS+2000

IF@E<>0
ROLLBACK
ELSE
COMMIT

Details:
In above example, user wants to perform two changes in database.
1- Insert
2- Update
For a transaction, both queries must execute, if one of fail then transaction must “ROLLBACK” so that
database remains unchanged. Insert query can return error in case of “PRIMARY KEY VIOLATION”. In
case insert query returns an error, the global variable of @@ERROR will have value other then “ZERO”.
In Above example, after executing insert statement, value of variable @@ERROR is stored in variable
@E so that it can be used later. If @E has value other than “ZERO”, it means that value is not inserted. In
this case update query must also not execute. If @E has value other than “ZERO”, “ROLLBACK”
statement will execute and remove all changes performed by system.

Task #8.1

Consider following database schema and write SQL query for each of the statement given below.

Student( regNo, sName, sCity, sCGPA, sAge)

Course( cCode, cName, credit_hours)
Enrollment (regNo, cCode, semester,quality_points,Grade)

1- Write a procedure which must insert values in Student table. After insertion, you must check
whether inserted value is stored more than once or not. If count of inserted value exists more than
once, system must ‘ROLLBACK’ and inserted value must be deleted by system.

2- Write a procedure which must perform following task

a. Insets 6 records in Enrollment table (each record for the course enrolled in current
semester).
b. If any of insert statement fails due to any constraint (primary key, foreign key, check), all
inserted data must be reverted by using “ROLLBACK”
LAB # 9
Objectives:
- Triggers
- AFTER Triggers with example

Triggers:
- Are like functions
- Called by system
o On change on database
▪ INSERT
▪ UPDATE
▪ DELETE
- User cannot call triggers
- Triggers do not have arguments

Types of Triggers:
1- AFTER (INSERT / UPDATE / DELETE)
2- INSTEAD OF (INSERT / UPDATE / DELETE)
AFTER TRIGGER:
- AFTER trigger is called by system after the action is performed.

GENERAL SYNTAX:
CREATE TRIGGER T_NAME
ON <TABLE NAME>
AFTER <EVENT>
AS
BEGIN
SQL STATEMENT 1
SQL STATEMENT 2
SQL STATEMENT N

END

Example 1:
CREATETRIGGERTNAMEONEMP
AFTERINSERT
AS
BEGIN
SELECT*FROMEMP
END

Details:
Above trigger will be called by system whenever data is inserted in “EMP” table of database. In body of
trigger a single select statement is written which will show table of employee.

Example 2:
CREATETRIGGERSH_UPDATEONEMP
AFTERUPDATE
AS
BEGIN
PRINT'DATA HAS BEEN UPDATED'
END

Details:
Above trigger will be executed whenever data is updated in “EMP” table. And “PRINT” statement will
execute after updating data.

Example 3:
CREATETRIGGERDELONEMP
AFTERDELETE
AS
BEGIN
SELECTCOUNT(*)AS'REMAING RECORDS'FROMEMP
END
Details:
Above trigger will be executed whenever data is deleted from “EMP” table. Trigger will display number
of remaining records in “EMP” table after delete.

TASK 9.1

Consider given database schema and write triggers for each statement.

Student( regNo, sName, sCity, sCGPA, sAge)

Course( cCode, cName, credit_hours)
Enrollment (regNo, cCode, semester,quality_points,Grade)

1- A trigger which display all data of student table whenever a record is inserted in Student
table.
 2- A trigger which deletes all data from course table whenever total number of records in
“Course” table reaches 10.

3- A trigger which displays all data of “Enrollment” table whenever a record is deleted from
“Enrollment” table.

4- A trigger which displays data of “Student” table on insertion of every 10th record.

5- A trigger that checks age of Student after insertion, delete all those employees whose age
is above 25.

LAB #10

Objectives:
- Instead of Trigger
- Temporary tables in Triggers

INSTEAD OF TRIGGERS:
- Skips original action ( INSERT / UPDATE DELETE), instead of execute queries which
are written inside the trigger.
- For example if an insert trigger is called, instead of inserting data in table, system will
call the trigger and execute queries written in trigger.

Example 1:
CREATETRIGGERINSERT_EMPLOYEEONEMP
INSTEADOFINSERT
AS
BEGIN
SELECT*FROMEMP
END

Details:
Above query will not allow user to insert data in “EMP”. System will display EMP table instead
of inserting data in table.

Example 2:
CREATETRIGGERDONT_DELETEONEMP
INSTEADOFDELETE
AS
BEGIN
PRINT'YOU CANNOT DELETE DATA'
END

Details:
Above query will never allow user to delete any data from “EMP” table ever. Instead of deleting
data from table, system will call the trigger which will display “YOU CANNOT DELETE
DATA”.

Temporary Tables in Triggers:

Temporary tables used in triggers and Database table for which trigger is called have same
design (same columns).

There are two temporary tables used in triggers.

1- INSERTED
2- DELETED

- The deleted table stores copies of the affected rows during DELETE and UPDATE
statements. During the execution of a DELETE or UPDATE statement, rows are deleted
from the trigger table and transferred to the deleted table. The deleted table and the
trigger table ordinarily have no rows in common.
- The inserted table stores copies of the affected rows during INSERT and UPDATE
statements. During an insert or update transaction, new rows are added to both the
inserted table and the trigger table. The rows in the inserted table are copies of the new
rows in the trigger table.
- An update transaction is similar to a delete operation followed by an insert operation; the
old rows are copied to the deleted table first, and then the new rows are copied to the
trigger table and to the inserted table.

Example 1:
CREATETRIGGERSHOW_INSERTED
ONEMPAFTERINSERT
AS
BEGIN
SELECT*FROMinserted
END

---- inserting data in emp table

INSERTINTOEMP(EID,ENAME,EAGE,EBSAL,ERANK)
VALUES (21,'HAMID',23,34000,'MGR')

OUTPUT:

Details:
Above trigger is created on “EMP” table, whenever data is inserted in “EMP” table,
“SHOW_INSERTED” trigger will be called by system. In body of trigger, all data of “inserted”
table is displayed. You can see OUTPUT of trigger. Effected rows copied to inserted table which
is shown in the output.

Example 2:
CREATETRIGGERSHOW_DELETED
ONEMPAFTERDELETE
AS
BEGIN
SELECT*FROMdeleted
END

DELETEEMPWHEREEID>100

OUTPUT:

Details:
You can see only those values are copied to deleted table which are effected by delete query.
Example 3:
CREATETRIGGERSHOW_UPDATED
ONEMPAFTERUPDATE
AS
BEGIN
SELECT*FROMinserted
SELECT*FROMdeleted
END

UPDATEEMP
SETECITY='ISB',ERANK='DEV'
WHEREEID=21

OUTPUT:

Details:
You can see, inserted table showing all values after update, which are inserted in the table and
deleted table showing all the values which are deleted from table. Basically delete table has all
the values before update and inserted table has all the values after update.

TASK # 10.1

Consider given database schema and write triggers for each statement.

Student( regNo, sName, sCity, sCGPA, sAge)

Student_BACKUP( regNo, sName, sCity, sCGPA, sAge)
Course( cCode, cName, credit_hours)
Enrollment (regNo, cCode, semester,quality_points,Grade)
Enrollment_BACKUP(regNo, cCode, semester,quality_points,Grade)

1- Whenever a record is inserted in student table, system must check following constraints
in inserted value.
a. sAge between 18 and 25
b. sCGPA between 0.0 and 4.0
if any of constraints are violated, system must delete record inserted by user.
2- Write a mechanism which should not allow user to update Grade in Enrollment table.
Other columns of Enrollment table can be updated.

3- Write a mechanism which should copy those record to “Enrollment_BACKUP” whose

GRADE is ‘F’, whenever a record is inserted in Enrollment Table.

4- Write a mechanism which stores all deleted record to Student_BACKUP table whenever
a record is deleted from Student table.

5- Write a trigger which must make sure primary key is note violated in course table
whenever a record is inserted in course table.
LAB # 11

CASE STUDY TRIGGERS:

BIIT software house wants to maintain a database of its employees, projects assigned to
employees and accounts. Database schema is given below.
1- EMPLOYEE( eid, eName, eAge, eCity, eRank, eDep)
2- PROJECT ( pid, pName, pBonusAmout)
3- Project_Allocation ( eid, pid)
4- ACCOUNTS ( eid, Year, Month, Basic_Salary, Project_Bonus)
5- ACCOUNTS_BACKUP( eid, Year, Month, Basic_Salary, Project_Bonus)
6- LOG( srNo, table_name , Date, Time, event, no_of_rows_effected)

Perform following tasks

a- Whenever a record is inserted or updated from ACCOUNTS table, it must also be

inserted / updated in ACCOUNT_BACKUP table as well. Do not allow user to
 delete any record from ACCOUNTS or ACCOUNTS_BACKUP table. On
insertion in ACCOUNTS table, Project_Bonus will be calculated by system on the
basis of projects assigned to employee.
b- Make sure primary foreign keys must not violate in any table. You must use
triggers to apply any type of constraints. All keys are mentioned at the end.
c- LOG table will maintain every activity of Database. Whenever a record is inserted,
updated or deleted in database. All data regarding event will be stored in LOG
table.

LAB #12

Objectives:
- Learning about cursors in SQL

Cursor is a database object to retrieve data from a result set one row at a time, instead of the T-
SQL commands that operate on all the rows in the result set at one time. We use cursor when we
need to update records in a database table in singleton fashion means row by row.

Life Cycle of Cursor

1. Declare Cursor
A cursor is declared by defining the SQL statement that returns a result set.
2. Open
A Cursor is opened and populated by executing the SQL statement defined by the cursor.
3. Fetch
When cursor is opened, rows can be fetched from the cursor one by one or in a block to do data
manipulation.
4. Close
After data manipulation, we should close the cursor explicitly.
5. Deallocate
Finally, we need to delete the cursor definition and released all the system resources associated
with the cursor.

Syntax to Declare Cursor

Declare Cursor SQL Command is used to define the cursor with many options that impact the
scalability and loading behavior of the cursor. The basic syntax is given below
1. DECLARE cursor_name CURSOR
2. [LOCAL | GLOBAL] --define cursor scope
3. [FORWARD_ONLY | SCROLL] --define cursor movements (forward/backward)
4. [STATIC | KEYSET | DYNAMIC | FAST_FORWARD] --basic type of cursor
5. [READ_ONLY | SCROLL_LOCKS | OPTIMISTIC] --define locks
6. FOR select_statement --define SQL Select statement
7. FOR UPDATE [col1,col2,...coln] --define columns that need to be updated

Syntax to Open Cursor

A Cursor can be opened locally or globally. By default it is opened locally. The basic syntax
to open cursor is given below:
1. OPEN [GLOBAL] cursor_name --by default it is local

Syntax to Fetch Cursor

Fetch statement provides the many options to retrieve the rows from the cursor. NEXT is the
default option. The basic syntax to fetch cursor is given below:
1. FETCH [NEXT|PRIOR|FIRST|LAST|ABSOLUTE n|RELATIVE n]
2. FROM [GLOBAL] cursor_name
3. INTO @Variable_name[1,2,..n]
Syntax to Close Cursor
Close statement closed the cursor explicitly. The basic syntax to close cursor is given below:
1. CLOSE cursor_name --after closing it can be reopen
Syntax to Deallocate Cursor
Deallocate statement delete the cursor definition and free all the system resources associated
with the cursor. The basic syntax to close cursor is given below:
1. DEALLOCATE cursor_name --after deallocation it can't be reopen

Example:
Given is Table of Emp:
DECLARE@Idint
DECLARE@namevarchar(50)
DECLAREcur_empCURSOR
STATICFOR
SELECTeid,ENAMEfromEmp
OPENcur_emp
IF@@CURSOR_ROWS>0
BEGIN
FETCHNEXTFROMcur_empINTO@Id,@name
WHILE@@Fetch_status=0
BEGIN
PRINT'ID : '+convert(varchar(20),@Id)+', Name : '+@name
FETCHNEXTFROMcur_empINTO@Id,@name
END
END
CLOSEcur_emp
DEALLOCATEcur_emp

OUTPUT:
TASK 12.1
Consider the following schema and write SQL query for given statements.
Student( regNo, sName, sCity, sCGPA, sAge)
Course( cCode, cName, credit_hours)
Enrollment (regNo, cCode, semester,quality_points,Grade)

1- Display 2nd row of Student table using Cursors.

2- Display all records of Enrollment table which are placed at even rows.

3- Execute given query in SQL and do as directed.

o UPDATE STUDENT SET ECITY = ‘ISB’ WHERE EID>101
o Count how many records have been updated in above query using cursor.
 4- Write a mechanism which must not allow user to delete more than 1 records using cursor and
transaction.

LAB # 13
- PRESENTATIONS
LAB # 14
- LAB PROJECT

LAB # 15
- LAB PROJECT