NPQS

C7-20 Paving for Estate Roads, Driveways and Footways

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CONTENTS
Page

1. GENERAL 1
1.1 Scope 1
1.2 Related Sections 1
1.3
National Productivity and Quality Specifications (NPQS)

C7-20 Paving for Estate Roads, Driveways and Footways

Standards
1
1.4 Trade Preambles 3

2. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 5
2.1 Contractor’s Proposals 5

3. MATERIALS 6
3.1 Asphaltic Concrete Paving 6
3.2 Rigid In-situ Concrete Pavements 9
3.3 Precast Concrete Flags, Clay and Concrete Blocks 11
3.4 Precast Concrete Kerbs 11

4. WORKMANSHIP 12
4.1 General 12
4.2 Asphaltic Concrete Pavings 12
4.3 Rigid Insitu Concrete Pavement 15
4.4 Precast Concrete Flags, Clay and Concrete Block Pavings 19
4.5 Precast Concrete Kerbs 20

5. VERIFICATION AND SUBMISSIONS 21

5.1 Submissions 21
5.2 Quality Control 21

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1. GENERAL

Read with the General Requirements section, and all other contract documents.

1.1 Scope
This section covers the requirements for the construction of paved finishes for estate
roads, driveways and footways within a building development. It covers three main
types of pavings, namely:
a. Asphaltic Concrete Pavings
b. Rigid insitu concrete slab
c. Precast concrete Flags and Clay or Concrete interlocking block pavings
For tiled finishes and grass blocks refer to architectural specifications.
The paving is to be laid on base and/or sub-base constructed in compliance with
section C7-10 and the design drawings. For requirements of sub-grade, sub-base or
base refer to section C7-10 “Construction of Estate Roads, Driveways and
Footways”,
This document specifies project specific data to be read in conjunction with section
C7-20 of NPQS. All modification and additions noted in this document take
precedence over clauses noted in NPQS. Clause references in this document tie with
those in C7-20 with the same clause title.

1.2 Related Sections

Read this work section in conjunction with the relevant requirements of the other work
sections as follows:
C7-10 Construction of Estate Roads, Driveways and Footways
C7-30 Road Ancillaries
C3-10 Concrete Construction Generally
C3-60 Precast Concrete Works

1.3 Standards
Unless otherwise agreed by the SO, ensure all of the Works comply with the relevant
requirements of the Standards and Codes listed below or referenced in the body of
the Specification. Alternative Standards and Codes may be proposed for approval by
the SO, provided it can be demonstrated that the alternative Standards and Codes
comply with the requirements of the standards specified. All Standards and Codes
quoted are the current version, unless specific year references are noted.
Singapore Standards
SS 2 Steel for the reinforcement of concrete
SS 31 Aggregates from natural source for concrete
SS 73 Methods of sampling and testing of mineral aggregates, sand and
fillers

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SS 78 Testing concrete
Part A1: Method of sampling fresh concrete on site
Part A2: Method for determination of slump
Part A8: Method for making test cubes from fresh concrete
Part A11: Method of normal curing of test specimens (27°C method)
Part A16: Method for determination of compressive strength of
concrete cubes
Part A20: Method for determination of the compressive strength of
concrete cores
SS 85 Bitumen emulsion for road construction
SS 86 Method of sampling and testing bitumen
Other Standards

BS 594 Part 1: Hot rolled Asphalt for roads and other paved areas.
Specification for constituent materials and Asphalt mixtures
BS 1521 Waterproof building papers
BS 2499 Part 1: Hot-applied joint sealant systems for concrete pavement.
Specification for joint sealants
BS 5212 Cold applied joint sealant systems for concrete pavement
BS 6717 Precast, unreinforced concrete paving blocks. Requirements and test
methods
BS 7263 Part 1: Precast concrete flags, kerbs, channels, edgings and
quadrants. Precast, unreinforced concrete paving flags and
complementary fittings. Requirements and test method
BS 7533 Pavements constructed with clay, natural stone or concrete pavers
Part 1: Guide for the structural design of heavy duty pavements
constructed of clay pavers or precast concrete paving blocks
Part 2: Guide for the structural design of lightly trafficked pavements
constructed of clay pavers or precast concrete paving blocks
Part 3: Code of practice for laying precast concrete paving blocks
and clay pavers for flexible pavements
Part 4: Code of practice for the construction of pavements of precast
concrete flags or natural stone slabs
ASTM C29 Standard test method for bulk density (unit weight) and voids in
aggregate
ASTM C88 Standard test method for soundness of aggregates by use of sodium
sulfate or magnesium sulfate
ASTM C131 Standard test method for resistance to degradation of small size
coarse aggregate by abrasion and impact in the Los Angeles
machine
ASTM C171 Standard specification for sheet materials for curing concrete
ASTM C309 Standard specification for liquid membrane-forming compounds for
curing concrete
ASTM C535 Standard test method for resistance to degradation of large size
coarse aggregate by abrasion and impact in the Los Angeles
machine
ASTM D242 Standard specification for mineral filler for bituminous paving
mixtures
ASTM D5581 Standard test method for resistance to plastic flow of bituminous
mixtures using Marshall apparatus
ASTM D1752 Standard specification for preformed sponge rubber and cork
expansion joint fillers for concrete paving and structural construction

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ASTM D2628 Standard specification for preformed Polychloroprene Elastomeric

joint seals for concrete pavements
ASTM D2950 Standard test method for density of bituminous concrete in place by
nuclear methods
ASTM D4318 Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index
of soils
In the event that the Standards or Codes are partially superseded or become
obsolete, refer to the latest edition or the approved substitution for the relevant
clauses.

1.4 Trade Preambles

1.4.1 Contractor’s Submissions and Proposals

The intended design of the driveways and estate roads finishes including the type of
paving, levels and alignments are shown in the drawings. Based on the information,
engage qualified and experienced personnel to develop the design and carry out the
following proposals for SO’s acceptance:
1.4.1.1 Suitable products and manufacturer / plants to comply with the design
intent and performance requirements as set out in clause 2.1 below,
including suitable mix design and plants for Asphaltic Concrete Paving.
1.4.1.2 Details, equipment and construction methods to lay and finish the paving
materials as proposed.

1.4.2 Coordination with Other Works

Co-ordinate with other contractors who may carry out other works at the same time at
the site. Take into account of site access, space occupation, safety and safeguarding
of adjoining properties and each other’s works.

1.4.3 Site Surveys

Verify and be satisfied that the information given in the existing site survey plans
provided are accurate. Engage a registered Surveyor to carry out additional site
survey before commencing any work.

1.4.4 Upholding of Adjoining Properties

Accept responsibility for the upholding of the adjoining buildings and roads, footpaths
etc., where applicable, together with the mains and services from the time of taking
possession of the site through the duration of the works.
Adequately maintain roads and footpaths within and adjacent to the site and keep
clear of mud and debris.

1.4.5 Licensed Surveyor

Employ a registered surveyor throughout the Contract Period for the setting-out and
levelling of the horizontal and vertical alignments, and all other ancillary works.
Develop the details for setting-out for horizontal and vertical alignment based on the
information given in the drawings.

1.4.6 Quality Control Plan

No items.

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1.4.7 Accredited Laboratory

Engage a laboratory to SO’ acceptance and accredited under the Singapore
Laboratory Accreditation Scheme (SINGLAS) to carry out tests as required by this
Specification.

1.4.8 Maintenance Manual

No item.

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2. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

2.1 Contractor’s Proposals

When carrying out the contractor’s proposals as set out in clause 1.4.1, take into
account the following performance requirements:

2.1.1 Strength Requirements

Achieve the strength and other property requirements for the various types of
pavement as indicated in the drawings or specified in clause 3 below.

2.1.2 Surface Conditions

On completion of compaction the surface of the paving material is to be well-closed,
free from movement under compaction plant, ridges, cracks or loose material. Make
good and re-compact all loose/segregated or otherwise defective areas to the full
thickness of the layer.

2.1.3 Concrete Kerbs

For precast concrete kerbs the transverse strength of units is to be established by
testing in accordance with BS 7263: Part 1 except that the maximum stress in
bending is to be calculated from the failing load and is not to be less than 4.0 N/mm2.
Units are to be bonded to the pavement surface and capable of withstanding a static
push-off load of 10 KN/m, applied parallel to the pavement surface at right angles to
the kerb.

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3. MATERIALS

3.1 Asphaltic Concrete Paving

3.1.1 General
Asphaltic concrete paving is to consist of a mixture of graded mineral aggregate and
Asphaltic binder, laid with a bitumen binding course and compacted on a prepared
base as the wearing course in conformity with the design requirements of alignment,
level and dimensions.

3.1.2 Aggregates
Aggregates are to consist of crushed stone, crushed gravel or crushed slag with or
without sand or other inert finely divided mineral aggregate. The components of the
aggregates is to be classified as follows:
Aggregate Classification
Aggregates Requirement
Coarse Aggregate Retained on BS 3.2mm sieve
Fine Aggregate Passed BS 3.2mm sieve and retained
on 75 m sieve
Mineral Filler Passed BS 75 m sieve

3.1.2.1 Coarse Aggregate

Coarse aggregates are to be / have
a. Consist of sound, tough, durable particles, free from adherent coatings of clay,
organic matter and other deleterious substances.
b. Contain not more than 8% by weight of flat or elongated pieces.
c. No more than 40% wear when tested in accordance with ASTM C131.
d. Sodium Sulphate soundness loss not exceeding 9%, and Magnesium Sulphate
soundness loss not exceeding 12%, after five cycles, when tested in accordance
with ASTM C88.
Crushed coarse aggregates are to contain at least 75% by weight of pieces having at
least two fractured faces.
Slag used as coarse aggregate is to be air-cooled blast-furnace slag and have a
compacted weight of not less than 1.12 tonnes/m³ when tested in accordance with
ASTM C29.
Note that a flat particle is one having a width to thickness ratio of greater than 5 and
an elongated particle is one having a length to width ratio of greater than 5.
3.1.2.2 Fine Aggregate
Fine aggregates are to be / have:
a. Consist of clean, sound durable, angular particles produced by crushing stone,
slag or gravel
b. Be free from coatings of clay, silt, clay balls or other deleterious matter.

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c. Meet the soundness and wear requirements as specified for coarse aggregate.
The fine aggregate with any blended filler is to have a plasticity index not greater than
6, and a liquid limit of not more than 25 when tested in accordance with ASTM
D4318, and in addition have a silt content of not greater than 0.3% of the total weight
when tested in accordance with SS73.
Natural sand, when added to produce the desired gradation or to increase the
workability or compactibility of the mixture is to be limited to 15% by weight to obtain
optimum pavement properties.
3.1.2.3 Filler
Filler, in addition to those naturally present in the aggregate, is to meet the
requirements of ASTM D242.

3.1.3 Bitumen Emulsion

Bitumen emulsion is to be / have:
a. Homogeneous after thorough mixing, for at least 30 days after delivery.
b. Rapid setting cationic bitumen emulsion conforming to the requirements
tabulated below:
Requirements for Cationic Bitumen Emulsion
Property Unit Setting (CSS - 1) Method of
Min Max Testing
Test on emulsion SS 85

Saybolt Furol s 20 100 SS 85

Viscosity at 25 0C

Settlement, 5 days % weight - 5 SS 85

difference
Sieve test % weight - 0.1 SS 85

Particle charge test Positive SS 85

Residue from % weight 60 - SS 85

distillation

Tests on residue SS 86
from distillation test
Penetration at 250C 0.1 mm 60 200 SS 86
100g, 5s
Ductility at 25 0C, 5 cm 40 - SS 86
cm/min
Solubility in % weight 97 - SS 86
Trichloroethylene

3.1.4 Bitumen
Bitumen is to be / have:

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a. Petroleum bitumen of 60/70 penetration grade. No mineral matter other than that
naturally contained in such bitumen is to be present.
b. Homogeneous, free from water and not foam when heated to 175°C.
c. Conform to the requirements tabulated below:
Requirements for Bitumen
Property Unit 60/70 Method of
Penetration Testing
Grade
Min Max
Penetrating at 250C 0.1 mm 60 70 SS 86
100g, 5s
0
Flash Point, Cleveland C 232 - SS 86
Open Cup
Ductility at 250C, 5 cm cm 100 - SS 86
per min
Solubility in % weight 99 - SS 86
trichloroethylene
Thin-film oven test, 3.2 SS 86
mm, 1630C, 5 hrs
a) Loss on heating % weight - 0.8 SS 86
b) Penetration of % of original 54 - SS 86
residue at 250C
c) Ductility of residue at cm 50 - SS 86
250C, 5 cm per min
0
d) Softening Point, Ring C 47 56 SS 86
and Ball
e) Specific Gravity at 25 - 1.0 1.11 SS 86
0
C

3.1.5 Admixture
Agree with the SO any admixture to be added to the Asphaltic Concrete mix.

3.1.6 Water
Water used in diluting the bitumen emulsion or wetting the wheels of rollers is to be
clean, fresh and free from organic or inorganic matter in solution or suspension in
such amounts that may impair the strength and durability of the Asphaltic Concrete.

3.1.7 Mix Design

3.1.7.1 Aggregate Grading
Propose suitable Asphaltic Concrete mix design for SO’s acceptance. Take guidance
from the following table for aggregate grading for the different types of mixes:
Aggregate Grading for Asphaltic Concrete Mix

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Mix Classification Road Mixes

Type of Mix Wearing Course Wearing Course Binder Course
Thickness of Course 30 – 40 mm 40 – 65 mm 50 - 100 mm
Max Size of Stone 12.5 mm 19 mm 35 mm
(BS) Passing
50 mm - - -
37.5 mm - - 100
25 mm - - 95 – 100
19 mm - 100 84 – 92
13.2 mm 100 85 - 95 65 – 82
9.5 mm - - -
6.3 mm 58 - 68 58 - 68 48 – 62
3.35 mm 40 - 50 40 - 50 35 – 50
1.18 mm 21 - 31 21 - 31 22 – 35
300 m 11 - 17 11 - 17 12 – 19
75 m 4-8 4-8 3–8
% Soluble Bitumen (60/70 Min Max Min Max Min Max
Pen Grade) 4.5 6.0 4.5 5.5 4.5 5.5
(% by Weight of Total Mix)

3.1.7.2 Marshall Design Criteria

Mix design is to be based on Marshall method to meet with the specified criteria
unless otherwise agreed by the SO. Asphaltic concrete samples tested for Marshall
Design Criteria is to conform to the requirements of the following table:
Marshall Design Criteria
Marshall Stability (kN)
(Minimum) (Number of blows = 75) 9.00 kN
Flow value (0.254mm units) 8 – 16
Voids in mix (%) 3–5
% of aggregate voids filled with bitumen binder 75 – 82

3.2 Rigid In-situ Concrete Pavements

3.2.1 Concrete
Comply with the requirements in Section C3-10, clause 3.0.
For roads and driveways, coarse aggregates are to additionally comply with ASTM
C131 Or ASTM C535 as appropriate for abrasion resistance.

3.2.2 Mix Design

Propose suitable mix design to SO’s acceptance. Designed concrete mix is to comply
with the following requirements and have a mean strength greater than the required
minimum strength by at least the margin of 0.40 N/mm².
a. Minimum Indirect Tensile Strength at 28 days: 2.3 N/mm²
b. Minimum Cement Content: 280 kg/m³
c. Maximum Water-Cement Ratio: 0.55
d. Slump for Side-form Paving: 38-65 mm

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e. Compacting Factor for Side-form Paving: 0.87-0.91

3.2.3 Reinforcements
For general requirements refer to section C3-20, clause 3.0.

3.2.4 Tie Bars

Tie bars are to be high yield deformed bars complying with SS 2.

3.2.5 Dowel Bars

Dowel bars are to be plain mild steel bars complying with SS 2, and free from burring
or other deformation restricting slippage in the concrete. Before delivery to the
construction site, a minimum of two-thirds of the length of each dowel bar is to be
painted with one coat of rust preventive paint.
The sleeves for dowel bars used in expansion joints are to be of an approved design
to cover 50 mm to 75 mm of the dowel, with a closed end and with a suitable stop to
hold the end of the bar at least 25 mm from the closed end of the sleeve. Sleeves
are to be designed such that they will not collapse during construction. The sleeves
are to fit the dowel bar tightly and the closed end is to be watertight.
Propose details of the sleeves for SO’s acceptance.

3.2.6 Pre-moulded Joint Filler

Unless otherwise agreed, pre-moulded joint filler for expansion joints is to comply
with ASTM D1752 and be punched to admit the dowel bars where required.
For contraction joints, the filler is to be a resin-impregnated fibreboard or self-
expanding cork complying with ASTM D1752.

3.2.7 Joint Sealers

Joint sealers are to comply with the following standards:
a. Hot-poured Sealant BS 2499
b. Cold-poured Sealant BS 5212
c. Performed Compression Seal ASTM D2628
Propose suitable product for SO’s acceptance.

3.2.8 Curing Material

Curing materials are to comply with the following standards:
a. Liquid membrane-forming compounds ASTM C309, Type 2
b. White polyethylene film ASTM C171
c. White burlap-polyethylene sheeting ASTM C171
Propose suitable product for SO’s acceptance.

3.2.9 Waterproofing Membrane

Unless otherwise directed, provide a waterproofing membrane complying with the
requirements of BS 1521 Class BIF on top of the prepared sub-grade or sub-base.
Where an overlap of the membrane is necessary provide at least 300 mm lap.

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3.3 Precast Concrete Flags, Clay and Concrete Blocks

3.3.1 Precast Concrete Flags

Precast concrete flags are to be hydraulically pressed, complying with BS 7263: Part
1.

3.3.2 Clay Pavers

Clay Pavers are to comply with BS 7533-2, with chamfers. The shapes, dimensions
and colours are to be as shown in the drawings.

3.3.3 Concrete Block Pavers

Precast Concrete Pavers are to comply with BS 6717, with chamfers. The shapes,
dimensions and colours are to be as shown in the drawings.

3.3.4 Bedding Sand

Sand bedding is to comply with SS 31 Grade C. Refer to LTA’s Standard Details of
Road Elements.

3.3.5 Masonry Sand Joint Filler

Masonry Sand Joint Filler is to be dry and free from deleterious, soluble salts and
other contaminants likely to cause efflorescence.

3.4 Precast Concrete Kerbs

Precast concrete kerbs are to comply with BS 7263: Part 1 to the dimensions as
shown in the drawings.

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4. WORKMANSHIP

4.1 General

4.1.1 LTA’s Requirements

In general, be guided by the workmanship requirements as set out in the LTA’s
Material and Workmanship Specifications.

4.1.2 Setting-out
Refer to Section C7-10 Clause 4.2 (Setting-out).

4.1.3 Tolerances in Surface Levels and Regularity

Refer to Section C7-10 Clauses 4.6 (Surface Regularity and Rectification).
Test the surface for trueness, after the Asphaltic base course has been completed,
with a 3m long straight edge applied parallel with and at right angles to the centre
line. The maximum deviation of the surface below the straight edge is not to exceed
10mm.

4.1.4 Rectification of Levels

Refer to Section C7-10 Clause 4.6.4 (Rectification of Levels).

4.2 Asphaltic Concrete Pavings

4.2.1 Asphaltic Concrete Mixing Plants

Design the Asphaltic concrete mix and operate a suitable plant to produce a uniform
mixture conforming to the specification.
Furnish the SO in advance with full details of the proposed Asphalt mixing plant.
Mixing plants are to be well maintained and have an average output capacity of not
less than 100 tonnes/hr.
Allow access to the SO at all times for inspection and taking samples.

4.2.2 Mixing Temperature

Heat the aggregate to between 150°C - 170°C. Heat the bitumen of 60/70
penetration grade to 150°C - 165°C. The difference in temperature between the
aggregate and the bitumen is not to exceed 15°C. To ensure the normal life of the
Asphaltic concrete material, prohibit the overheating of the aggregate or binder. Also
do not reheat condemned mixtures unless agreed.
After heating, thoroughly mix the hot aggregate together with filler and bitumen binder
in the correct proportion until every particle of aggregate is completely coated.
Discharge the Asphaltic concrete after mixing at the range of 140ºC to 160ºC.

4.2.3 Preparation of Site

Thoroughly clean and dry the surfaces to be paved and keep free from any loose or
surplus materials. Repair all depressions and unevenness. Previously laid premix is
to be cut back by power-saw, by at least 150mm in a straight line and prime with a
coat of bituminous emulsion prior to laying of Asphaltic concrete.

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Where a manhole cover is lower than the premix surface, provide a wooden frame to
demarcate its position so that it can be recognised and raised subsequently. Prior to
commencement of work, inspect the site to distinguish and indicate by paint on the
road kerb or footpath, the types of manholes and distance of it from the indicated
point.
Prior to the laying of the Asphaltic concrete, apply a suitable prime coat/tack coat of
cationic bitumen of rapid setting type to all surfaces receiving the Asphalt paving
including all manholes, kerbs, channels and other projections against which Asphalt
paving is to be laid. Spray the prime coat/tack coat of bitumen emulsion at rates of
1.14 litre/m² and 0.54 litre/m² for aggregate base course surface and premix surface
respectively.
Allow a period of not less than 10 minutes ‘to break’ before Asphalt concrete can be
laid.

4.2.4 Transporting
Plan the transport to ensure continuity of supply of Asphalt concrete. Use canvas
cover to protect the mix from the weather regardless of the ambient temperature or
haul distance. Transport the mix from the mixing plant without delay to prevent
segregation. Ensure the temperature of any batch does not fall below the specified
laying temperature at discharge into the spreader. Minimise the use of dust, coated
dust, oil or water to facilitate discharge. If contamination of the mixture occurred,
clean the vehicle thoroughly before being used again.

4.2.5 Laying
4.2.5.1 Asphaltic Concrete Finisher
The bituminous paver is to be capable of spreading and finishing courses of the plant
mix materials in lane widths, to the specified thickness at various rates of travel
consistent with the rate of delivery and the type of Asphalt mixture to be laid. The
receiving hopper is to have sufficient capacity for a uniform spreading operation,
which produce a surface finish without tearing, shoving or grazing the surface.
For lengths of road in excess of 500m, the paver is to be equipped and operated with
an automatic level control system e.g. wire sensor, sensor shoe etc. Submit details
for SO’s acceptance.
4.2.5.2 Laying Temperature
The temperature of the hot-mix Asphalt in the spreader hopper is to be 130°C to
140ºC at the time of spreading. If the hot-mix on arrival at the site is above 140º,
allow cooling down to the required temperature before being discharged into the
spreader hopper. Reject the hot-mix if temperature falls below 130°C on arrival.
Supply two small accurate thermometers of 100 mm length for checking the
temperature of the newly laid premix and two large accurate thermometers for
checking the temperature of the premix on the tippers. The large thermometers are to
consist of a weatherproof dial head of diameter not smaller than 62 mm and a
stainless steel stem of length 600 mm.
4.2.5.3 Spreading and Finishing
Tip the plant mixture onto the hopper of the paver and spread, level, tamper and
finish to the correct profile, camber or cross-fall without causing segregation,
dragging, burning or other surface defects or irregularities. Feed the mixture to the

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paver at such a rate as to permit continuous laying. Rectify all the irregularities and
surface defects while the surface is still hot and before the final rolling is completed.
Do not place the Asphaltic concrete mix when weather conditions prevent proper
handling, compaction and finishing.
On areas where the use of mechanical spreading equipment is impracticable, spread,
rake, level and compact the mixture by hand tools.

4.2.6 Compacting
Use self-propelled rollers capable of reversing without backlash. The following types
are acceptable:
a. Static three-steel-wheeled, smooth-roll roller having a weight between 8 to 12
tonnes and a weight per mm width of rear wheel between 5.4 kg and 7.2 kg.
b. Two-steel-wheeled, smooth-roll tandem roller having a weight of between 8 and
12 tonnes and a weight per mm width of rear wheel between 3.5 kg and 7.2 kg.
c. Self-propelled vibratory tandem roller with a net weight of 10 tonnes and static
linear load in both drums of 30 N/mm. The roller is to be capable of transmitting
vibrations at a rate between 2000 to 3000 vibrations per minute and giving
amplitude of 0.4 to 0.8 mm.
d. Self-propelled pneumatic rubber wheel tyre roller having a weight between 10
and 30 tonnes and with tyre pressure varying between 545 and 827 kN/m².
Commence compaction of the Asphaltic concrete as soon as it will bear the weight of
a roller without undue movement, cracking or shoving. Carry out initial rolling with a
three-wheeled roller followed by intermediate rolling with a pneumatic-tyre roller. Final
rolling is to be done with a tandem roller.
Carry out rolling in the direction of laying. Proceed with the driving wheels leading
and travel slowly enough to avoid displacement of the hot mixture. Commence rolling
at the edge abutting any previously laid surfacing. Lap successive passes so that on
completion all roller marks are obliterated. Check the levels and surface accuracy of
the Asphalt surfacing continuously and correct any displacement by the use of rakes.
Apply water or other approved parting fluid to prevent adhesion in minimum quantities
if necessary.
Start the rolling of a free lane at one of the outer edges, with the drum projecting
about 50 - 100 mm outside the pavement. Subsequently continue rolling in parallel
lanes with overlap of about 100-200mm. If the surface has a transverse inclination,
commence rolling at the lowest side.
On thick Asphaltic concrete layers carry out the initial passes about 300 - 400 mm
inside the edges, allow the mix to cool and provide for a stable bearing area for the
roller before the outer edges are compacted.
Continue rolling for no less than 45 minutes after the last mix has been laid until all
roller marks are eliminated, no further compression is possible and the surface is of
uniform texture and true to grade and level.

4.2.7 Joints
Form joints by cutting back on the previous day’s run to expose the full depth of the
course; Provide for a proper bond with the adjacent course by applying a light coat of
bitumen emulsion at the exposed edge. Rake the fresh mixture against the joint and
thoroughly tamp and roll. Place the course at a transverse joint as continuous as

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possible. (See Fig. 4.2.7-1). Place longitudinal joint staggered with that in the base,
binder, or existing surface course by at least 0.5 m (See Fig. 4.2.7-2).
In two-layer construction, offset the longitudinal joint between layers by about 150
mm. Place the joint in the top layer at dividing lane lines if the roadway is two-lanes or
more in width.
Saw-cut transverse joints to form a wedge-shaped groove of 25 mm depth and 75
mm width to enable the newly laid Asphaltic concrete to be flush with the existing
surface.
FIG. 4.2.7-1: CONSTRUCTION OF A TRANSVERSE JOINT

2m MIN. FROM THE BOTTOM

1.5m OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE
Trav TRANSVERSE JOINT WOODEN
PLANK RAMP TO BE REMOVED WHEN NEW
LANE CONTINUES FRON HERE

2nd LAYER
1st LAYER
STONE BASE COURSE
BOTTOM LAYER
TRANVERSE JOINT
FIG. 4.2.7-2: DIAGRAMMATIC VIEW OF A LONGITUDINAL JOINT

MINIMUM 0.5 m
2nd LAYER OF
ASPHALTIC
CONCRETE

MW/10/50
1st LAYER OF
ASPHALTIC
ONCRETE

STONE BASE COURSE

4.3 Rigid Insitu Concrete Pavement

M&W SPECIFICATION
4.3.1 Forms
Use forms to achieve the prescribed edge thickness without horizontal joint. For
curves of 30 m radius or less, use flexible or curved forms to SO’s acceptance.
Secure forms so as to withstand the impact and vibration of the consolidating and
finishing equipment. The top face of the form is not to vary from a true plane more
than 3 mm in 3 m. Use repaired forms or built-up forms only with the agreement of
the SO.

4.3.2 Form Setting

Thoroughly tamp the forms after being set to the correct grade. Stake forms into
place with not less than 3 pins for each 3m section. Place a pin at each side of every
joint. Tightly secure the forms free from movement in any direction. The forms are not
to deviate from true line by more than 6 mm at any joint. Clean and oil forms prior to
the placing of concrete.

4.3.3 Placement of Reinforcement

When the concrete is placed in two layers, place the reinforcement directly upon the
bottom layer, then place the top layer of the concrete, strike off, and screed. If initial

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set has taken place at the bottom layer before being covered with the top layer,
remove and replace with freshly mixed concrete.
When the concrete is placed in one layer, position the reinforcement in advance of
concrete placement or place in plastic concrete by mechanical or vibratory means
after spreading.
Keep reinforcing steel free of mud, oil, or other organic matter that may adversely
affect or reduce bond.

4.3.4 Placing Concrete

Immediately ahead of concrete placement, moisten the prepared subgrade with
water, without saturating, to prevent rapid loss of moisture from the concrete.
Unless otherwise agreed, unload the concrete into an approved spreading device and
mechanically spread on the grade to prevent segregation of the materials. Place
continuously between transverse joints without the use of intermediate bulkheads.
Where necessary, hand spread with shovels and not rakes.
When mechanical equipment will be operated on the existing lane of pavement when
placing concrete in an adjoining lane, observe the restriction on the use of
construction traffic as stipulated in section C7-10, clause 4.7.
Thoroughly consolidate concrete along the faces of all forms, and both sides of joint
assemblies by means of vibrators, but do not allow the vibrators to come in contact
with a joint assembly, the grade, or a side form. Do not operate the vibrator longer
than 15 seconds in any one location.
Deposit concrete as near to expansion and contraction joints as possible without
disturbing them. Do not dump from the discharge bucket or hopper into a joint
assembly unless the hopper is well centred on the joint assembly.

4.3.5 Joints
4.3.5.1 General
Construct all joints true to line with their faces perpendicular to the surface of the
pavement. Joints are not to vary more than 13 mm from a true line or from their
designated position. Finish the vertical surface of the pavement adjacent to all
expansion joints to a true plane and edge to a radius of 6 mm or as shown in the
drawings. Test the surface across the joints with a 3 m straight edge as the joints are
finished and correct any irregularities in excess of 6 mm before the concrete has
hardened. When required, accurately form keyways with a template of metal or wood.
4.3.5.2 Tie Bars and Dowels
Place tie bars at intervals of 750 mm, unless otherwise specified. Hold in position by
agreed means. Tie bars may be bent at right angles against the form at longitudinal
construction joints, unless threaded bolt or other assembled tie bars are specified.
Ensure these bars are not painted, greased, or enclosed in sleeves.
Place dowel bars or other load-transfer units and hold rigidly in the middle of the slab
depth by an approved assembly device to be left permanently in place.
The maximum permissible tolerance on dowel bar alignment in each plane, horizontal
and vertical, is not to exceed 2% or 6 mm per 300 mm of a dowel bar.

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4.3.5.3 Longitudinal Joints

Form longitudinal construction joints against suitable side forms (usually made of
steel) with or without keyways as directed. Provide longitudinal grooves formed or
sawn at the top of the slab where indicated in the drawings. Form the groove in the
plastic concrete with accepted tools or inserts, or saw with approved equipment in the
hardened concrete to the dimensions required. Ensure grooves are clean cut to avoid
spalling at intersections with transverse joints.
Install longitudinal expansion joints as indicated on the drawings to manufacturer’s
recommendations. Securely stake or fasten the pre-moulded filler into position.
Provide a metal cap to protect the top edge of the filler and to permit the concrete to
be placed and finished and carefully withdraw after the concrete has been placed.
Finished and tool the joint edges while the concrete is still plastic.
4.3.5.4 Transverse Joints
Install transverse construction joints when the concreting is to be interrupted for more
than 30 minutes, or when directed. Plan to locate the joints at a contraction or
expansion joint where possible. Do not locate the joints within 2.4 m of a regularly
spaced transverse joint.
Install transverse expansion joints with accepted devices, which are easily removable
without disturbing the concrete. Immediately after removing the forming devices,
remove any concrete bridging the joint space at the ends.
Install transverse contraction joints or weakened-plane joints by forming a groove or
cleft at the top of the slab while the concrete is still plastic or by sawing a groove into
the concrete surface after the concrete has hardened.

4.3.6 Finishing
For side-form construction, use internal type vibrators with immersed tube initially and
finish with surface pan type for the full width of the concrete slab. Vibrators may be
attached to the spreader or the finishing machine or they may be mounted on a
separate carriage. Do not allow vibrators to come in contact with the joint, load-
transfer devices, subgrade, or side forms. Ensure the frequency of the internal type
vibrators are at least 7000 vibrations per minute and the surface vibrators are at least
3500 vibrations per minute. Check by using a tachometer. Use hand vibrators to
consolidate the concrete along forms and other isolated areas.

4.3.7 Sawing Joints

When sawing of joints is required, ensure adequate equipment is provided.
Use circular cutters capable of cutting a groove in a straight line and produce a slot at
least 3 mm wide and to the depth as required. Widen the top portion of the slot or
groove by means of a second shallower cut or by accepted bevelling to provide
adequate space for joint sealers. Commence sawing of the joints as soon as the
concrete has hardened sufficiently to permit cutting without chipping, spalling, or
tearing. Saw the joint consecutively in sequence of the concrete placement, unless
otherwise directed.

4.3.8 Final Strike-off, Consolidation and Finishing

4.3.8.1 Sequence
Operate in the sequence of strike-off and consolidation, floating and removal of
laitance, straightening, and final surface finish.

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4.3.8.2 Additional Water

Apply water to the surface of the concrete to assist in finishing operations only with
agreement with the SO. Apply as a fog spray by means of approved equipment.
4.3.8.3 Finishing at Joints
Finish in a manner to avoid damage or misalignment of joints and without voids or
segregation against the joint material.
4.3.8.4 Machine Finishing
Screed the placed concrete by an approved finishing machine with accepted method
such that the surface is of uniform texture, true to grade and cross section, and free
from porous areas.
4.3.8.5 Hand Finishing
Do not hand finish except in the event of breakdown of the equipment, or in areas of
narrow widths or irregular dimensions where operation of the mechanical equipment
is impractical.
4.3.8.6 Surface Testing and Correction
After the pavement has been struck off and consolidated, and while the concrete is
still plastic, test for trueness with a 3m straight edge. Advance in successive stages of
not more than half the length of the straight edge. Remove any excess water and
laitance from the surface of the pavement. Fill any depressions immediately with
freshly mixed concrete or cut down on high areas, strike off, consolidate, and refinish.
4.3.8.7 Surface Texture
Texture the surface of all newly constructed concrete pavements with a broom.
Texture when the water sheen has practically disappeared. Carry out transversely
across the pavement surface, providing corrugations that are uniform in appearance
and approximately 2 mm in depth. Do not tear or unduly roughen the pavement
surface during the operation. Correct any imperfections resulting from the texturing
operation.
4.3.8.8 Alignment and Surface Tolerances
Ensure that the following tolerances are satisfied:
a. Lateral deviation from established alignment of the pavement edge is not to
exceed ±30 mm in any lane.
b. Vertical deviation from established grade is not to exceed ±6 mm at any point.
Ensure that the combination of permitted tolerances in different pavement levels do
not result in a reduction of the thickness of the concrete slab of more than 5 mm from
that specified.
Deviation for surface smoothness is not to exceed 6 mm from a 3 m Straight-edge,
placed in any direction.
Where tolerances are exceeded, remove and replace the pavement section in length
not less than 3 m or the full width of the lane, unless otherwise agreed.

4.3.9 Curing
Immediately after the finishing operations have been completed, cure the entire
surface of the newly placed concrete using one of the materials below. Do not expose
the concrete for more than half an hour during the curing period.

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a. Impervious Membrane (Curing compound): Use to manufacturer’s

recommendations.
b. Polythene Films: Ensure vapour tightness and maintain in contact with the
surface for 72 hours after the concrete has been placed with suitable weights.
c. White Burlap Polythene Sheets: Ensure vapour tightness and maintain fully
wetted and in contact with the surface for 72 hours after the concrete has been
placed with suitable weights.

4.3.10 Removing Forms

Do not remove forms from freshly placed concrete until it has set for at least 12 hours
unless otherwise agreed. After removal of the forms, cure the sides of the slab as
above and repair defective areas in sections of length not less than 3 m or the full
width of the lane involved.

4.3.11 Sealing Joints

Unless otherwise specified, seal the joints in the pavement immediately following the
curing period to recommendation by the sealant manufacturer.

4.3.12 Protection of Pavement

Protect the pavement against both public traffic and site traffic. Protect fresh concrete
against the effects of rain using rolled polyethylene sheeting at least 0.1 mm thick.

4.3.13 Opening to Traffic

Observe the restriction as set out in section C7-10, clause 4.7.

4.4 Precast Concrete Flags, Clay and Concrete Block Pavings

4.4.1 General
Lay precast concrete flags in accordance with BS 7533: Part 4.
Lay clay and concrete block paving in accordance with BS 7533: Part 3.
Lay paving on a bedding of sand compacted to thickness of 50mm in accordance
with BS 7533: Part 2. On an existing paved area, lay bedding to 39-44mm thickness.
Do not leave bedding exposed to adverse weather and/or overnight.
Lay paving up slopes and/or away from edge restraints to avoid creep and damage to
the bedding layer.

4.4.2 Laying
Lay paving blocks hand tight to the pattern shown in the drawings. Bed blocks with a
vibrating plate compactor using 2-3 passes as necessary, until no more compaction is
evident.
Brush-fill joints with masonry sand joint filler and vibrate surface to assist joint filling. If
necessary, top-up joints during early life by brushing with loose masonry sand.
For setts, fill joints with limestone dust and ram down 3-4mm. Alternatively, use weak
dry sand/ cement mix, 1:9 mix. Keep setts dry during joint filling to prevent mortar
staining. Sweep clean then moisten with a watering can fitted with a medium rose.

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4.5 Precast Concrete Kerbs

Lay in accordance with BS 7263: Part 2 on a mortar bed on concrete substrate.

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5. VERIFICATION AND SUBMISSIONS

5.1 Submissions

5.1.1 Method Statement

Provide a detailed method statement to the SO for acceptance prior to
commencement of the works.
Include proposals for sequence of works, any temporary works required, plant and
equipment, removal of debris, control of noise, dirt, dust and any other potential
nuisance.

5.1.2 Programme
Submit the programme for various stages of work for acceptance.

5.1.3 Setting-out Plan

Submit the setting-out plan as endorsed by the registered surveyor to the SO for
acceptance prior to commencing the field works. Include at least the following
information:
a. The centreline of the road reserve/pavement
b. The limits of any road reserve
c. The inner edge and outer edge of all slip-roads and junctions
d. The positions of culverts, bridges/underpasses and other structures
e. All drain works
f. Kerb lines of carriageway

5.1.4 As-built Drawings

Submit to the SO for record, as-built drawings on completion of each phase of work.

5.2 Quality Control

5.2.1 Asphaltic Concrete Pavings

5.2.1.1 Job Mix Design Submission
Refer to LTA’s Material and Workmanship Specification for details.
5.2.1.2 Details of Asphalt Mixing Plant
Submit details of the mixing plant for acceptance, including information on Type,
model and manufacturer of the plant, age and average output capacity in tonnes per
hour, and location of the plant.
5.2.1.3 Trial Mixes
Submit trial mix samples to comply with clause 3.1.7, using the materials intended for
use for SO’s acceptance prior to work commencement and establish a job mix
formula for each type of mixture to be used. Do not modify the mix formula unless
otherwise agreed with the SO.

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Establish a single percentage of an aggregate passing each required sieve size, a

single percentage of bituminous material to be added to the aggregate, and a single
temperature at which the mixture is to be delivered at the point of discharge for the
job mix formula for each mixture.

5.2.1.4 Sampling and Testing of Asphaltic Concrete

Neatly cut samples with a saw, core drill or other similar equipment. Backfill voids left
by sampling with new material.
Determine the field density of the Asphaltic concrete from 100mm diameter core-
samples extracted from the sites not later than 7 days after the laying of the Asphaltic
concrete. Produce not less than 6 (six) core samples at each site at locations
selected on a random basis.
Test five cores from each site at an accredited laboratory. Determine the field density
of the mix by the mean value of the five samples. A field density of 98% or more of
the Laboratory Density is deemed satisfactory. Agree with the SO on further
directions where the field densities are less than 98% of the Laboratory Density.
The Laboratory density is the average of the laboratory density of all Marshall
samples (75 blow on both sides of the samples) taken during the laying of the
Asphaltic concrete at the corresponding site.
In lieu of the core method of density determination, with the agreement of the SO,
testing for acceptance may be carried out with nuclear device in accordance with
ASTM D2950.
Take note of the testing procedures and acceptance criteria as below:
a. Mix content
Choose bituminous mixture samples for laboratory tests for bitumen content and
gradation specimens on a random basis. Take samples at a rate of one per 50 tonnes
of Asphaltic concrete laid and take at least 3 samples at each site in a day. Mark
samples with the mix type, date laid, location and plant identification. Select at
random from all the samples taken on the particular day for each mix type per plant, a
minimum of 3 and a maximum of 10 samples. The results obtained for each mix type
for each day are deemed to be representative of all the sites for that day. When the
work for a site is done over a period longer than one day, use the results from all
relevant days.
Compact the specimens in accordance with ASTM D1559, Section 3.5, except that
the temperature of the mixture immediately prior to compaction is to be 120°C ±5°C.
Record the temperature of the mix at the time of sampling, and if Marshall tests are to
be carried out, compact the specimens immediately before the mix has had time to
cool. If for any reason it has to be kept for a while, use insulated boxes to store the
mix. Compact Marshall specimens on a standard pedestal mounted on a firm base.
Test the samples for the determination of the Marshall Laboratory Density and other
Marshall properties. The average Marshall Laboratory Density per mix type is to be
used for the determination of the field density.
b. Rejection of Asphaltic Concrete Mixes
Where any of the Extraction Test (Sieve Analysis and Bitumen Content) and Field
Density Test Results fails to comply with the criteria as tabled below, reject the
sections represented by the samples and replace with new material unless agreed
otherwise.

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CRITERIA FOR ACCEPTANCE OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE MIXES

No Description of Test Requirement
(A) (B) (C)
Extraction Test
(a) Gradation Analysis
Coarse Aggregate
Refer to table in Clause 3.1.7.1
Fine Aggregate (Aggregate Grading) for
Filler aggregate grading requirements
for various mixes
(b) Bitumen Content
Road Wearing Course 4.5 % to 5.5 %
Mixes Binder Course 4.5 % to 5.5 %

2 Marshall Density Tests

Field Density (FD) Above 98% of Marshall Density

5.2.2 Rigid In-situ Concrete Pavement

5.2.2.1 Concrete
For the purpose of determining the strength of concrete, make four test specimens of
150 mm x 150 mm cube from each mix for test at 28 days. Cure and test in
accordance with SS 78.
The strength requirement is satisfied if for each set of four test specimens tested at
28 days, both the following conditions are met:
a. None of the strengths of the four test specimens is below the specified strength.
b. The average strength of the four test specimens is greater than the required
specified strength by at least half the margin of 0.40 N/mm².

5.2.2.2 Admixtures
Furnish all relevant technical information on any admixture intended for use and
provide certification from approved body that the admixtures will comply with the
specified requirements.
In addition, conduct further tests at the direction of the SO to justify consistency in
complying with specified requirements.

5.2.3 Test Results

Supply report of all test results, including original copy, to the SO immediately after
they are available. Agree the number of report copies with the SO.

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