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Living Standard in Delhi Slums; Occupation, Income and Expenditure Pattern

of Migrants (A Study of Delhi Slum Migrants)

Article · July 2015

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 ISSN 2277- 5846
The International Journal Of Management
ISSN 2277 – 5846I
THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT

ISSN 2277 - 5846

2277 - 5846

Living Standard in Delhi Slums;

Occupation, Income and Expenditure Pattern of Migrants
(A Study of Delhi Slum Migrants)

Dr. Jeetendra Yadav

National Institute of Medical Statistics (ICMR) New Delhi, India

Abstract:
The primary objective of the study is to examine the occupation status of the Delhi slum migrants, and to know their
income and expenditure pattern. The study also examine, whether the vocational/ on job training/skilled training to help
getting the new job, expectation towards facilities while selecting a new job and reason behind changing the job. The
present study has been schematized into four sections. Section one encompasses abstract, introduction, review of
literature and objectives of the study while section two presents data source and methodology and coverage of the
study. Section three incorporates results and discussion and genesis of the survey of the slum migrants while section
four focuses on major findings and summary of the study. The existence of Slum is a global phenomenon. As described
by social scientist, slum is a by-product of modern era. In the rapid spread of slums, resulting not merely from shortage
of housing but also from the low earnings of the workers engaged in less productive activities has become an endemic
feature of the urbanization process in developing countries. Urban slums and urban poverty are popularly interpreted
as synonymous of each other. The outgrowth of slums in India is the fall out of poverty and deprivation. Primary data
were collected from 1060 male migrants aged 15-35 years residing in five different slums in Delhi to address the
objective. A cross-sectional survey design with multi-stage systematic sampling method was used to select the
respondents for this study. Bivariate analyses including chi square tests were performed for this study. Majority of the
slum dwellers are engaged in informal sector. The pre and post employment status of bring out a significant change in
employment pattern among migrants. Before migration majority of them are engaged in studies or they are unemployed
followed by self-employed in agriculture. However, after migration majority of them (around 3/5th) are worked as
unskilled labourer followed by service in private sector. This shows migration is mostly towards informal sector and
most of the people left their school and migrate to get a job to maintain their livelihood.

Key words: Delhi slum, Migration, Migrants, Occupation, Income, Expenditure, Substance use, Vocational training, On
job skilled/training.

1. Introduction and Reviews of Literature

The main reason for migration of men in the country is related to employment or earning money and their motive would be to
send the money to their native home. Slums are created mainly because of poverty, social backwardness and unemployment of the
people living in the countryside. Slums are usually considered to be low-cost inhabitant of the marginalized people, mostly made
up of make shift shelters, Slums are also temporal and material space for the poor rural masses in India. The outgrowth of slums in
India is the fall out of poverty and deprivation. Majority of the slum dwellers are engaged in informal sector. While
unemployment across households is not significantly high, it is its concentrated distribution among the young adults and women
that brings the household income below the poverty line in two thirds of the households, this has some obvious implications. As
described by social scientist, slum is a by-product of modern era. In the rapid spread of slums, resulting not merely from shortage
of housing but also from the low earnings of the workers engaged in less productive activities has become an endemic feature of
the urbanization process in developing countries in India. Major reasons for voluntary migration were economic and the most
prominent economic determinants of rural urban migration were land scarcity and population pressure on land [1]. A study of
several countries in Asia revealed that increasing unemployment and underemployment in rural areas are the major push factors
[2]. Migration is normally viewed as an economic phenomenon along with some non-economic factors [3]. Informal sector for the
new entrants in the cities is the means of survival and holding sector for rural migrants [4]. This sector has been termed as

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“struggling for living and living in the present, investing in the future” that indicates livelihood sustainability for the future
generation [5]. There is a close correspondence among the informal sector employment, urban poverty and slum in-habitation [6].
A number of studies have explored the empirical analysis of the Engel's law by using household budget on food and non-food
items in both developed and developing economies. A study by Rao and Raddy on household consumption pattern revealed that
food and non-food articles are treated as necessities and luxuries in rural Andhra Pradesh and food articles like milk and milk
products, pulses, egg, fish, & meat, and sugar are found to be more elastic than others [7]. Gupta in his study found that the MPC's
are found to be very high for food items compared to those of non-food items and the food items were necessities while most non-
food items are luxuries and semi-luxuries [8]. In Bangladesh, Ghosh, evidenced that in both rural and urban areas, cereals,
vegetables, edible oil and clothing are treated as necessities but pulses and beverages are necessities in urban areas [9]. On the
other hand, egg, fish, meat and sugar are found to be luxuries in both urban and rural areas. Other important studies of Engel’s law
on consumption budget of the family by several scientists [10-14]. In much of Asia, the urban poor households are not only
strongly integrated into the economy, but also seek to diversify their income and pooling activities by having multiple family
members engaged in different types of activities in the economy [15]. In the urban area, the growth rate of labour force absorption
in the organized sector is generally much lower than the population growth rate, which leads to inevitable growth of informal
sector. The urban informal sector emerges by absorbing the rural migrants and serve as a ‘holding’ sector for these migrants [4].
Total expenditure has been regarded as one of the important variables in the expenditure on different food and non-food items.
Explanation regarding share of expenditure can be made para-metrically by estimating a functional equation relating to the
expenditure on food and non-food items with respect to total expenditure and other demographic characteristics like family size.
Same finding revels some others studies also [16-19]. There are some equally important determinants in the expenditure pattern of
the households like age, education and family size. So far as consumption pattern of the squatters is concerned, it is very important
to analyze the income-expenditure pattern of migrants and their aspiration to stay in Delhi slum. The present paper analyses the
occupation, income and expenditure pattern of migrants and also explore the burden of migrants due to different type of
expenditures, for example burden of substances use and other life-style activities as well as health status etc.

2. Objectives of the Study

The present study has been placed within the general context of the systematic deprivation of marginalized communities in urban
area, keeping in the mind the following objectives in focus.
i. To study various types of economic activities (pre and post migration era occupation) of Delhi slum migrants.
ii. To critically analyze the income and expenditure pattern of Delhi slum migrants.
iii. To examine whether the vocational/ on job training/skilled training to help getting the job and also the expectation
towards facilities while selecting a new job and Change job among Delhi slum migrants.

3. Data Source and Methodology

Primary data were collected from 1060 male migrants aged 15-35 years residing in five different slums in Delhi to address these
objectives. The figure of 1060 is arrived using the formula for calculation of sample size determination based on the earlier study
conducted in Delhi slum [20]. A cross-sectional survey design with multi-stage systematic sampling method was used to select the
respondents for this study. Geographically, Delhi is divided into five municipal zones namely North, South, West, East and
Central. Each zone has its clear boundary for demarcation. An equal number of samples were drawn from each zone to get a
representative sample of slum population and to capture the inter-zonal variability of the study population. At the first stage, from
each of the zones, one ward was selected randomly, and from each ward one slum at the second stage. From each slum required
number of households at the third stage. At the fourth stage, one respondent from each selected household was done using the
Kish table. A mixed-method approach was adopted for data collection during March-June, 2012. The quantitative data was
collected through semi-structured interview schedule while in-depth interview guidelines were developed to interview the male-
migrants. Both quantitative and qualitative schedules were pre-tested before the commencement of final data collection and also
the schedules were pre-tested before the commencement of final data collection. Migrants are defined as those men whose place
of current residence is other than the place of last residence and are staying at the place of enumeration since last 1-10 years. The
study also restrict to those migrants who were in the age group between 15-35 years (Most of the young Indian youth of this age
group move (mostly alone or sometimes with family) due to work and therefore important group of population for this study).
This study asked eligible respondents about the pre and post migration work status, and also income and expenditure pattern.
The data has been entered in CSPro 5.0 version and the analyses were conducted using SPSS 20.0 version and STATA 13.0. Bi-
variate analyses are used for the analysis purpose.

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Employment Status of the Migrants

The expectations of job availability in secondary and tertiary activities have led the migration of rural workers towards towns and
cities. With this trend the level of urbanization in the country has increased from 27.7 in 2001 to 31.1 percent in 2011, an increase
of 3.3 percent point over 2001 census [21-22]. The 2011 census on urbanization as well as a study on the components of urban
growth reveals that the contribution of net rural-urban classification and rural to urban migration has increased from 42.0 percent
in 1991-2001 to 56.0 percent in 2001-2012 [23-24]. Although separate data for each component are not yet available, the rising
trend of a large number of new towns in 2011 does show an increment in mobility as a component of urban growth [21].
Certainly, all these caused an increase in the proportion of the unorganized workforce and an increase of informal activities. In the
informal activities, workers do not have employment or work security or social security and remain poor and vulnerable
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throughout their working and social life. The formal sector job opportunities for the unskilled and less educated workers continue
to shrink, and the employment created during the period of economic reform remains entirely informal. At the national level, the
unorganized sector constitutes 93 percent of the workforce [25-26]. When migrants were migrating to somewhere from their
native place they were doing some work also before migrating and well as after migration. The study also brought out the fact that
they were doing any work before migration, first time engaged in employment and type of occupation after the migration and also
current employment status and type of occupation. The information about mean working time, work in night shift, frequency of
night shift, risk at working place, aspiration towards facilities while join the new job, benefit from the current employer, on job
skilled training, main transport facility to commute work place and total travel time from residence to working place etc, were also
collected during the survey time.

4.2. Pre and Post Migration Employment Status of the Migrants

Numerous studies have pointed about the poor working conditions in the unorganized sector in India [27-29]. Conditions of work
and working environment are known as the availability of facilities like proper work space (includes space and height),
ventilation, proper light, illumination, temperature, humidity, hygiene, cleanliness and availability of proper implements to work
with. Table 1 reveals the information regarding work participation prior to migration. Analysis shows that the majority of migrants
(37.8%) were studying before migrating to Delhi. About (29.6%) were unemployment before migrating to Delhi, where as one in
every seven were engaged their own agricultural. However one in every ten were agricultural labour while about (7.4%) were
employed prior to migration some others work. Only few (0.8%) were reported that they were engaged in family business prior to
migration. Further, the study also brought information about first time work profile after migrating to Delhi. It can be observed
from this study that more than half (59.3%) of the migrants engaged first time as an unskilled labour while (10.2%) of the
migrants were skilled labour.

Work Status n %
Type of work done before migrating to Delhi
Study 401 37.8
Unemployment 314 29.6
Employed 78 7.4
Agricultural labour 105 9.9
Self employed in agricultural land 150 14.2
Helping family business 8 0.8
Others 4 0.4
Work profile first time in Delhi
Government service 6 0.6
Private service 249 23.5
Skilled labour 108 10.2
Unskilled labour 629 59.3
Business/self employee/ 29 2.7
Student 35 3.3
Others 4 0.4
Total 1060 100.0
Table 1: Percent distribution of respondents by pre and post migration work Status

However, almost one forth (23.5%) were engaged private work whereas about (2.7%), started their own business/ self-employed
first time after migration. Only few (3.3%) were reported that they were started education first after migration to Delhi.

4.3. Current Employment Status and Type of Occupation

Coming now to the current employment status, type of occupation, the occupational profile of the surveyed population in the
sample reveals that majority of them earn their livelihood by doing wage work in the informal sector of the Delhi slum. Results
reveals from this study that almost two-fifths (39.4%) were engaged as an unskilled labour, more than one forth (27.5%) were in
private work while near about same around one forth (24.5%) were engaged as a skilled labour. Around (3.2%), of the migrants
were reported that they still studying and only few (0.7%) were working in government job while same (0.7%) were did not have
any job at time of survey. Mean working month were 11.2 month in a year.

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Variables n %
Current work status
Government employee 7 0.7
Private employee 295 27.8
Skilled labour 260 24.5
Unskilled labour 418 39.4
Business/self employee 33 3.1
Unemployment 7 0.7
Student 34 3.2
Others 6 0.6
Total 1060 100.0
Mean working time
Mean working month in a year 11.2
Mean working days in a month 26.9
Mean working hour in a days 9.1
Work in Night sift
Yes 214 21.0
No 805 79.0
Total 1019 100.0
Night sift frequency
Daily 71 33.2
Weekly 67 31.3
Monthly 14 6.5
Occasionally 62 29.0
Total 214 100.0
Risk at work place
No risk 690 65.1
Ventilation 39 3.7
Any hazard by product 228 21.5
Social image risk 47 4.4
Others 94 8.9
Total 1060 100.0
Table 2: Percent distribution of respondents by current employment status and working condition

Mean working days in a month, 26.9 days while mean working hours in a day, 9.1 hours were reported by migrants. Almost more
than one fifth (21.0%), of the migrants were doing night shift, among them, one third (33.3%), of the migrants were doing night
shift daily. The results clearly shows that around (65.1%) of the migrants were not have any type of risk at work place where as
more than one fifth (21.5%) were reported that there is a hazard risk by product.

4.4. Income Profile of the Respondent

People from different part of India have come to Delhi for different purpose and want to achieve their aspiration/goals first and
foremost responsibility laid on them is to earn money for their daily living and subsequently save to meet aspiration. Migrants
were ask to answer for their income, although it is very difficult to collect data directly in monthly income form, however some
extent data were collected about income from all sources i.e., salary, overtime as well as others sources. Table 3, presents the
economic conditions of migrants.

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Monthly Income n %
Average monthly income from salary
Up to 3000 12 1.2
3001- 6000 418 41.0
6001 to 9000 531 52.1
9001 and above 58 5.7
Average (mean) monthly income from salary 6660.7
Average monthly income from over time
No overtime 770 75.6
Up to 1000 136 13.3
1001 to 2000 111 10.9
2001 and above 2 0.2
Average (mean) monthly income from over time 304.5
Average monthly income from others sources
Up to 1000 998 97.9
1001 to 2000 12 1.2
2001 and above 9 0.9
Average (mean) monthly income from others sources 82.8
Total 1019 100

Table 3: Percent distribution of respondents by monthly income from all sources

As majority of the earners among the Delhi slum migrants households are engaged in unskilled category wage work without any
fixed place of employment or work as self-employed manufacturing and service based informal sector workers without any fixed
establishments of their own, their average monthly income is found of the sample slum households is only Rs.6660.7. It may be
noted that the average family size of the sample slum households is 3.9 persons and on this basis the average per capita monthly
income is Rs.1707.8. Results also show that as a whole, only (5.7%) earning a monthly income of more than Rs. 9000. More than
half (52.1%) migrants monthly income were between Rs. 6000 to 9000 while more than two fifth (41.0%), migrants monthly
income were found between Rs.3000 to 6000. Only very few (1.2%), migrants income by salary is up to Rs. 3000.
Further income from overtime was also collected during the survey time. The figures from table revels that almost three forth
(75.6%) were not earning money from overtime in any form. About (13.3%) earn money as overtime up to Rs. 1000 monthly,
while (10.9%) earn overtime between Rs. 1000 to 2000 monthly.

4.5. Income by Selected Background

Results show that the mean incomes (7588 ± 1841.8) of older migrant’s age-group 31-35, (in Rupees) were higher as compared to
mean income (6149.1± 2194.4) of younger migrant’s age group 15-20. As regards the marital status, the mean incomes (7288.5 ±
1723.5) of currently married were higher than mean income (6439.2 ± 1918.4) of never married.
Migrants who were more educated (Higher Secondary and above), the mean income (7735.7 ± 1921.5) were higher as compared
to mean income (6719.9 ± 1914.0) of who were having bellow primary education. Finding clearly shows that migrants belonging
in richest quintile, the mean income (8005.8 ± 2329.0) were higher than migrants belongs with poorest quintile, mean income
(6133.1 ± 1079.5).
Migrants staying more time in Delhi (9-10 years), the mean income (7877.6 ± 3123.8) were found higher as compared to migrants
those who were recently migrated in Delhi (at least one year) the mean income (6523.1 ± 2250.6).
Migrants those were staying with family member the mean income (7224.1 ± 6645.9) were higher compared to migrants staying
alone the mean income (6620.6 ± 1994.3) (table 4).

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Background Characteristics Mean SD

Age group
15-20 6149.7 2194.4
21-25 6999.8 1505.5
26-30 7247.8 1772.9
31-35 7588.1 1841.8
Marital Status
Never Married 6439.2 1918.4
Currently Married 7288.5 1723.5
Others 6400.0 1727.6
Level of Education
Below Primary 6719.9 1914.0
Primary Completed 6894.2 1795.9
Middle Completed 6924.5 1703.7
Secondary 6804.5 1729.0
Higher Secondary and above 7735.7 1921.5
Wealth quintile
Poorest 6133.1 1079.5
Poorer 6640.3 1668.2
Middle 7311.6 1645.7
Richer 7246.6 1663.7
Richest 8005.8 2329.0
Duration of staying in Delhi
At least one year 6523.1 2250.6
2-4 6754.4 1650.1
5-8 7150.4 1772.4
9-10 7877.6 2123.8
No of place visited
1 7023.5 1762.4
2 7211.8 1989.6
3 6920.6 1994.3
Staying with whom
Alone 6645.9 1668.2
Family member 7224.1 1839.9
Relatives 7156.9 1874.2
Friends 6810.9 1761.1
Total 7048.1 1817.9
Table 4: Percent distribution of respondents mean income by Backgrounds characteristics

4.6. Some Observations from Qualitative (In-Depth) Study

Some of the responses to the question that- what is your monthly average income and how much have you sent to your native
place and how frequently? Reveal about the monthly income of migrants: My income is about seven thousand per month out of
which I send about two to two thousand five hundred approximately (mai mahine ka saat hazar kama leta hu, mai kabhi kabhi do
se dhai hazar ghar bhej deta ghar (native place) bhej deta hu).
One of the participants shared that he earn ten thousand monthly and sent to native place when required, it is not fixed (“mai
mahine ka ten thousand kama leta hu lekin ghar bhejne ka kuch fix nahi hai. Jab jaroorat hota hai to bhej deta hoon”).

4.7. Expenditure Pattern of the Respondent

Figure 1 gives the details about expenditure pattern of the migrants. A result indicates that whatever expenditure made by
migrants among them more than half (54%), of the migrants expend for food, followed by (12%) on accommodations, (10%) on
pocket money, (7%) on alcohol, (6%) on tobacco and (6%) on health.
About (4%) migrants tells that they were expend on travel whereas only (1%) of the migrants reported that they were expend for
entertainment.

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Figure 1: Distribution of migrants by monthly expenditure

4.8. Expenditure on Substance Use by Background Characteristics

Monthly mean expenditure on substance use (tobacco and alcohol) by selected background characteristics of migrants is being
presented in table 5. Finding of this study reveals that older migrants age group 31-35 were spending more (287.4 ± 219.8), on
tobacco use than younger migrants age group 15-20 (232.8 ± 167.7).

Tobacco Alcohol
Background Characteristics
Mean SD Mean SD
Age group
15-20 232.8 167.7 354.2 233.1
21-25 268.3 165.2 337.0 185.6
26-30 316.4 195.7 407.9 292.1
31-35 287.4 219.8 454.8 386.2
Marital Status
Never Married 253.9 172.8 390.5 282.5
Currently Married 293.9 190.2 377.2 266.9
Others 462.9 268.7 500.0 154.9
Level of Education
Below Primary 346.9 264.2 401.5 306.3
Primary Completed 312.2 189.1 409.7 352.9
Middle Completed 278.0 185.9 380.8 292.0
Secondary 273.1 175.7 401.8 233.4
Higher Secondary and above 272.1 172.6 334.5 168.0
Wealth quintile
Poorest 284.3 159.3 381.9 214.6
Poorer 302.3 197.2 426.9 220.0
Middle 299.2 188.7 351.7 298.0
Richer 268.3 193.4 346.0 300.9
Richest 268.2 205.2 407.7 312.9
Duration of staying in Delhi
At least one year (ref) 175.7 114.0 542.5 586.9
2-4 270.1 163.3 360.8 216.3
5-8 303.7 198.2 375.8 239.7
9-10 304.7 230.3 428.5 357.9
Number of moved
1 287.8 189.1 382.7 282.0
2 275.6 176.7 397.0 264.6
3 279.1 206.1 356.8 156.0
Staying with whom
Alone 268.6 189.8 423.1 228.9
Family member 283.7 195.2 392.2 307.3
Relatives 246.9 213.1 339.6 243.4
Friends 298.7 170.9 377.3 256.4
Total 285.1 188.1 383.0 270.7
Table 5: Percent distribution of respondents mean expenditure on substance use by background characteristics
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As regards the monthly expenditure on alcohol the trend were same. In other words migrants belongs age group 31-35 were
spending more (454.8 ± 386.2), as compared to migrants age group 15-20 (354.2 ± 233.1). As can be seen from the table that
migrants belongs others marital categories (separated, divorced etc) were spending more on tobacco (462.9 ± 268.7) as well as on
alcohol (500.0 ± 154.9) than who were belongs currently married on tobacco (293.9 ± 190.2) and on alcohol (377.2 ± 266.9) and
never married on tobacco (253.9 ± 172.8) and on alcohol (390.5 ± 282.5), respectively.
Level of education of migrants emerged significant determinants of expenditure on substance use. Migrants who have completed
secondary level education were less spent on tobacco (272.1 ± 172.6) and on alcohol (334.5 ± 168.0), as compared to bellow
primary level education on tobacco (346.9 ± 262.2) and on alcohol (401.5 ± 306.3). Migrants belong to richest wealth quintile
were spending less on tobacco (268.2 ± 205.2) with compared to poorest wealth quintile (284.3 ± 159.3). The trends were found
reverse in case of expenditure on alcohol. In other word migrants belong to richest wealth quintile were spending more (407.7 ±
312.9) on alcohol use with compared to poorest wealth quintile (381.9 ± 214.6).

4.9. Economic Burden by Life Style Behaviors

Table 6 gives the detail information about economic Burden of substance use among slum migrants in Delhi. Average monthly
expenditure on substance is of Rs. 1456/.

Average money spent on monthly on substance use

Type of substances
Rs. Spent Percentage of share
Bidi 212.3 14.6
Cigarette 182.4 12.5
Gutka 257.4 17.7
Khaini 150.9 10.4
Ganja/Bhagetc 270.5 18.6
Alcohol 382.9 26.3
Total 1456.4 100
Table 6: Economic burden of Substance use among migrants in Delhi Slums

Analysis indicates that alcohol consumption constitutes the highest share of the of total substance expenditure. More than one
forth (26.3%), of the migrants expends for alcohol followed by ganja/bhag (18.6%), gutka (17.7%), bidi (14.6%), cigarette
(12.5%) and khaini (10.4%).

4.10. Health Expenditure

Table 7 gives the detail idea about percent distribution of migrants by type of diseases and treatment cost. Results shows that
Study revealed the fact that migrants sometimes tend to neglect some ailments as they don’t spend any money on them. About 5-6
percent migrants did not spend anything if they had fever or dehydration. However, there are group of migrants who spend a large
proportion of their health expenditure on disease like malaria, tuberculosis or jaundice.

Diseases Treatment cast

500 and
No expenditure Up to 500 n
above
Viral Fever 4.7 67.4 27.9 190
Dehydration 6.6 66.7 26.7 15
Malaria 0 37.5 62.5 24
Piliya 0 35.3 64.7 17
TB 0 16.7 83.3 6
Gastro 3.3 50 46.7 30
Total 3.9 59.9 36.2 282
Table 7: Percent distribution of the migrants by type of diseases and treatment cost

4.11. Health Expenditure by Background Characteristics

The distribution of mean expenditure on health by background characteristics are presented in table 8. It is evident from the
analysis that the migrants belonging the older age group 31-35 years were spending more (1220.3 ± 1458.4) as compared to
younger age group 15-20 years (654.0 ± 1244.7), monthly expenditure on health.
As regards the marital status, migrants belong to currently married were spending more (777.4 ± 1223.0) on health, followed by
others (divorced secreted etc.) and never married (725.0 ± 550.0), (638.9 ± 1068.6), respectively. Migrants who have completed
secondary level education were less spending more (946.8 ± 1553.4) on health as compared to bellow primary level education
(813.3 ± 1002.0). Migrants belong to poorer wealth quintile were spending more (980.0 ± 1554.8) on health, as compared to
richest quintile (602.0 ± 814.9). The expenditure on health was found more (1376.0 ± 1551.1) among who have been staying more
time 9-10 years in Delhi as compared to those staying at least one year (557.7 ± 396.8).

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Background Characteristics Mean SD

Age group
15-20 654.0 1244.7
21-25 722.9 988.9
26-30 646.5 1146.3
31-35 1220.3 1458.4
Marital Status
Never Married 638.9 1068.6
Currently Married 777.4 1223.0
Others 725.0 550.0
Level of Education
Below Primary 813.3 1002.0
Primary Completed 812.4 1185.7
Middle Completed 800.0 1280.4
Secondary 438.7 487.6
Higher Secondary and above 946.8 1553.4
Wealth quintile
Poorest 665.1 1044.6
Poorer 980.0 1554.8
Middle 591.8 769.4
Richer 868.4 1479.1
Richest 602.0 814.9
Duration of staying in Delhi
At least one year 557.7 396.8
2-4 581.7 1150.6
5-8 755.4 1125.5
9-10 1376.0 1551.1
Number of moves
1 721.5 1180.0
2 953.0 1334.3
3 463.9 459.5
Staying with whom
Alone 1071.3 2178.0
Family member 754.4 1008.0
Relatives 986.6 1970.9
Friends 577.4 778.8
Total 735.4 1171.2
Table 8: Percent distribution of respondent mean expenditure on health by background characteristics

Cohabitation of migrants emerged significant determinants of expenditure on Health. In other words the expenditure on health was
found more (1071.3 ± 2178.0) among who have been staying alone in Delhi slum as compared to migrants staying with friends
(577.4 ± 778.8).

4.12. Expectation towards Facilities While Selecting a New Job and Change Job
Job aspiration while selecting the new job is being presented in given below in the table 9. Results shows that majority (82.5%), of
the migrants said that salary is a main choice at the time of new job, while only (10.3%), of the migrants want to see also distance
from the residence to work place. Results show that only (9.4%) migrants changed job in the past six months and among them
majority (42.0%) changed the job for better income, followed by contracted ended (29.0%).

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Variables n %
Aspiration towards facilities while selecting a new job (multiple answer)
Distance from your residence 868 81.9
Transportation facility 356 33.6
Holidays 403 38.0
Shift in a job (day and night) 421 39.7
Salary 953 89.9
Promotion Charges 334 31.5
In service training 212 20.0
Health insurance/medical benefit 140 13.2
Reimbursement for life risk 101 9.5
Others 48 4.5
Changed job in last six months
Yes 100 9.4
No 960 90.6
Total 1060 100.0
Reason for living the job
Better opportunity 8 8.0
Better income 42 42.0
Contracted ended 29 29.0
Employer indicted 21 21.0
Total 100 100.0
Table 9: Percent distribution of respondents by aspiration towards facilities while selecting a new job and change job in last sixth
month.

4.13. Vocational Training and on Job Training/Skilled from Employer

Table 10 shows percent distribution of migrants those who were received any type of vocational training. Results show that very
few (6.3%) of the migrants have any type of vocational training. Those who have any type of vocational training, among them,
majority (70.1%) of the migrants have ITI courses while (26.9%) of the migrants have computer courses. Only (3.0%) have others
type of vocational training.
Further the questions also asked to respondent, that they have any type of on job training/ skilled from employers to become a
skill worker. Table 10 shows, percent distribution of migrants those who were received any type of on job training/ skilled from
the employers.

Variables n %
Vocational training
Yes 67 6.3
No 993 93.7
Total 1060 100
Name of the vocational training
ITI 47 70.1
Computer course 18 26.9
Others 2 3.0
Total 67 100
On job training/skilled from employer
Yes 133 12.5
No 927 87.5
Total 1060 100
Name of the On job training/skilled
Electrician 92 69.2
Computer training 8 6.0
Painting 5 3.8
Belding 6 4.5
Machine operator 13 9.8
Others 9 6.8
Total 133 100
Table 10: Percent distribution of respondents by vocational training /on job training
Results show that one of every eight (12.5%) of the migrants have any types of on job training/skilled from employers. Among
those who have any type of on job training/skilled, majority (69.2%) of the migrants have electrician while (9.8%) of the migrants

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The International Journal Of Management

have machine operator training. Only (4.5%) have Belding whereas (3.8%) of the migrants have painting training and (6.8%) of
the migrants have others type of on job training/skilled training.

4.14. Vocational/ on Job Raining/Skilled Training to Help Getting the Job

Apart from having any type of vocational/on job/skilled training, the question also asked to respondents that “do you think that
vocational/skill training helped in getting a job/new job?” and “ to what extent the vocational/skill training helped in getting new
job”. Analysis shows that majorities of migrants, willing that vocational/skilled/on job training, help to getting the new jobs.
Those, who willing that vocational/skill training help to getting new jobs, among them, almost half (50.7%) of the migrants
willing that very much extent to help getting new job while (43.0%) of the migrants willing that some what extent to help getting
new job. Only (6.3%) of the migrants willing that, very little extent to help the getting new job (Table 11).

Variables n %
Vocational/skilled training help to getting job
Yes 832 78.5
No 228 21.5
Total 1060 100
Extent Vocational/skilled training help to getting job
Very little 52 6.3
Somewhat 358 43.0
Very much 422 50.7
Total 832 100
Table 11: Percent distribution of respondent by Vocational/ on job raining/skilled training to help getting the job

5. Summary and Conclusion

The present Paper made a significant contribution by analyzing the employment status of migrant before and after their migration,
their working condition etc. are also helps to understand the changes in employment pattern due to migration and role of migration
in changing the socio-economic condition of these people and their income and expenditure patterns. The pre and post
employment status of bring out a significant change in employment pattern among migrants. Before migration majority of them
are engaged in studies or they are unemployed followed by self-employed in agriculture. However, after migration majority of
them (around 3/5th) are worked as unskilled labourer followed by service in private sector. This shows migration is mostly
towards informal sector and most of the people left their school and migrate to get a job to maintain their livelihood. The current
work status of the migrant also reveals the same pattern. Majority of the migrants are unskilled worker. Migrants were asked to
provide information on their income. Since it was very difficult to collect data directly in monthly income form, data was
collected about income from different sources i.e., salary, overtime as well as others sources to have better information. Results
show that, about six percent migrants had a monthly income of more than Rs. 9000, 52 percent were earning Rs. 6000 to 9000 per
month while more than two fifth (41.0%), migrants reported that their monthly income was between Rs.3000 to 6000. Only very
few (1.2%) migrants reported their income by salary is up to Rs. 3000. People from different part of India have come to Delhi for
different purpose and want to achieve their aspiration/goals first and foremost responsibility laid on them is to earn money for
their daily living and subsequently save to meet aspiration. Therefore, income earned from overtime was also collected during the
survey. It is to be recognized that the slum problem is a national problem and its genesis is found in the structural inequalities of
the society. Thus it requires a national policy and both the central and state governments must combine their effort in it. At
existing lower salary level, slum dwellers may be considered an irreplaceable part of economy. This is a complex issue having
many dimensions. When the state recognizes this, it should ensure that access to basic amenities of drinking water, sanitation,
hyeigine, public health and education is not compromised. It is to be recognized that the slum problem is a national problem and
its genesis is found in the structural inequalities of the society. Thus it requires a national policy and both the central and state
governments must combine their effort in it.

6. Limitations of the study

Although the questions on income and expenditure are always sensitive issues to ask, however this study tries to explore the
income and expenditure pattern as reporting by migrants. At several places, retrospective responses were gathered from
individuals about their occupation, income and expenditure occurred on different items which might have been affected by recall
lapse. Average income is asked to respondents directly that how many you have earned monthly from salary, overtime and others
sources and also expenditure pattern on different items. The responses were not corrects given by the respondent because due to
under reporting or miss reporting that data of income in might be not good. However the data of income is might be under
reporting or misreporting.

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