PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE PRE-SPANISH PERIOD

CLIMATE • The provinces in the low lands normally near the sea shores are hotter compare of
the places in the high lands where they established their group in the mountains. During the months of
March to June is the dry season and wet season is from July to October; the rest of the month is the
mixture of both. So as the houses we're built in accordance to what the temperature and weather
condition

HISTORY During the Pre-Spanish Immigrants of Malay origin, food gatherers and hunters
3000 BC, joined by advance agricultural race from Indonesia Barangays as tribal system Converted to
Islam in 1300 AD Trade center of the orient

MATERIALS BAMBOO NIPA COGON GRASS RATTAN GUIJO TREE YAKAL TREE

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER • Tropical Architecture • Open and transparent • Light

BONTOC (Fayu) • Location: Mountain Area of Cordillera • House within a house shelter for rice,
chickens, pigs and people • Plan: square in plan and is designed to facilitate various activities • Granary
(falig) - area of 2.00 square meters is elevated on four posts of about 5’-0” high • Has a fireplace located
at the rear left corner PRE-SPANISH ARCHITECTURE OF LUZON

PRE-SPANISH ARCHITECTURE OF LUZON • On the ground floor (cha-la-noii) the following areas
are arranged from the doorway to the rear as follows: • a. Immediately at the left side of the main
entrance is a rice threshing room of about 5 square feet in area and sunk about a foot into the ground.
Found at the center of this room is the mortar used for threshing rice. • b. At the right side of the
entrance is a bench 4’-O” wide,12’-O” long and l’-O” high where baskets, utensils and other tools are
placed. Chickens are kept underneath this bench. • c. Adjacent to the threshing room is the kitchen.
With an area of 5 square feet, it is provided with three concave stove stones hacked by a low stone wall,
wooden shelves and water jars. • d. Across the only entrance, at the rear side of the house is the ang-an,
which is used for sleeping and storage. This is the only room with wooden flooring and ceiling.

Structural: • Four corner posts and the side walls are built as supports to the roof • Front and
side walls are made of wood connected to the posts • Rear wall is made of stone and mud • Roof
framing is made up of a ridge post which Is supported by two queen posts • Queen posts are made to
rest on a central horizontal beam • Other horizontal beams are provided to support the upper rafters
PRE-SPANISH ARCHITECTURE OF LUZON

Decorative Elements: • The sleeping compartment is provided with wooden boards or sleeping
benches 3-O” x 4-O” in size. • The board is slightly inclined on one end to allow the sleepers head be
elevated. On the other end is a pole where the sleeper can rest his feet. • Fire can be provided under
this pole when the need for warmth arises in the occupant. PRE-SPANISH ARCHITECTURE OF LUZON

BONTOC HOUSE OF CORDILLERA MOUNTAINS PRE-SPANISH ARCHITECTURE OF LUZON

Ifugao • Location: Mountains of Cordillera • Built on rice terraces near a spring or grove entry faces
down slope • Plan: • enclosed structure which is square in plan • rests 2.00 high on four tree trunks as
columns • Contains a single room having an area of 4x5M • interior space is used for cooking and
sleeping • fireplace is located at the far right hand corner of the house • Shelves above the fireplace are
provided for the storage of palay and firewood • Floor is about 1.50 to 2,00 above the ground made
ofwooden planks resting on solid floor joists which overhang the floor PRE-SPANISH ARCHITECTURE OF
LUZON

Structural • posts are buried into a hole dug about half meter into the ground and are further
secured by means of stones placed on each hole • floor girders are carved with mortises on both ends to
fit into the pointed upper end of the posts which act as the tenons • lower part of the waliboards are
mortised into the floor joists while the upper part are rabetted above into a transverse beam • roof is
pyramidal covered with reed and grass PRE-SPANISH ARCHITECTURE OF LUZON

Structural • Roof framing is made up of rafters resting on a brace above and which in turn is
supported by a kingpost. • At the apex of the roof, the grass covering is made loose in order to allow the
escape of smoke coming from the kitchen area. PRE-SPANISH ARCHITECTURE OF LUZON

Decorative Elements: • carabao’s skulls and pig’s jaws are used as indication of status and keeping peace
with the gods • Ambubulan figure form placed on top of the roof is used as a protection against evil
spirits and lightning and as a sign of asking a favour from the god Kabunyan • These symbolic items
rather than the size of his house are used as induations of the Ifugao’s wealth. PRE-SPANISH

ARCHITECTURE OF LUZON

PRE-SPANISH ARCHITECTURE OF LUZONStructural: • Fifteen posts of heavy hardwood are used as

PHILIPPINE SPANISH ARCHITECTURE

To achieve the desired effect of inspiring awe among the Indigenous peoples of the Americas as
well as creating a legible and militarily manageable landscape, the early colonizers used and placed the
new architecture within planned townscapes and mission compounds.

The new churches and mission stations, for example, aimed for maximum effect in terms of
their imposition and domination of the surrounding buildings or countryside. In order for that to be
achievable, they had to be strategically located – at the center of a town square (plaza) or at a higher
point in the landscape. These elements are common and can also be found in almost every city and
town in Spain.

The Spanish Colonial style of architecture dominated in the early Spanish colonies of North and
South America, and were also somewhat visible in its other colonies. It is sometimes marked by the
contrast between the simple, solid construction demanded by the new environment and the Baroque
ornamentation exported from Spain.
 Mexico, as the center of New Spain—and the richest province of Spain's colonial empire—has
some of the most renowned buildings built in this style. With twenty-nine sites, Mexico has more sites
on the UNESCO World Heritage list than any other country in the Americas, many of them boasting
some of the richest Spanish Colonial architecture. Some of the most famous cities in Mexico built in the
Colonial style are Puebla, Zacatecas, Querétaro, Guanajuato, and Morelia.

The historic center of Mexico City is a mixture of architectural styles from the 16th century to
the present. The Metropolitan Cathedral – built from 1563 to 1813 in a variety of styles including the
Renaissance, Baroque, and Neo Classical. The rich interior is mostly Baroque. Other examples are the
Palacio Nacional, the beautifully restored 18th-century Palacio de Iturbide, the 16th-century Casa de los
Azulejos – clad with 18th-century blue-and-white talavera tiles, and many more churches, cathedrals,
museums, and palaces of the elite.

During the late 17th century to 1750, one of Mexico's most popular architectural styles was
Mexican Churrigueresque. These buildings were built in an ultra-Baroque, fantastically extravagant and
visually frenetic style.

Antigua Guatemala in Guatemala is also known for its well preserved Spanish colonial style
architecture. The city of Antigua is famous for its well-preserved Spanish Mudéjar-influenced Baroque
architecture as well as a number of spectacular ruins of colonial churches dating from the 16th century.
It has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The Ciudad Colonial (colonial city) of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, founded in 1498, is
the oldest European city in the New World and a prime example of this architectural style. The port of
Cartagena, Colombia, founded in 1533 and Santa Ana de Coro, Venezuela, founded in 1527, are two
more UNESCO World Heritage Sites preserving some of the best Spanish colonial architecture in the
Caribbean." San Juan was founded by the Spaniards in 1521, where Spanish colonial architecture can be
found like the Historic Hotel El Convento.[2] Also, Old San Juan with its walled city and buildings (ranging
from 1521 to the early 20th century) are very good examples, and in excellent condition.

St. Augustine, the first continuously European-occupied city in North America, was established
in 1565. Beginning in 1598, quarried coquina from Anastasia Islandcontributed to a new colonial style of
architecture in this city. Coquina is a limestone conglomerate, containing small shells of mollusks. It was
used in the construction of residential homes, the City Gate, the Cathedral Basilica, the Castillo de San
Marcos, and Fort Matanzas.[3]

According to UNESCO, Quito, Ecuador has the largest, best-preserved, and least-altered historic
centre (320 hectares) in Latin America, despite several earthquakes. It was the first city that was
inscribed onto the UNESCO World Heritage List, along with Kraków, Poland in 1978. The historic district
of this city is the sole largest and best preserved area of Spanish Colonial architecture in the world.
 FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE IN THE AMERICAN COMMONWEALTH
PERIOD (1898-1946)

American Period (Various Typologies) • Italianate • Victorian • Mission Revival • Neoclassic • Neo-
Gothic • Neo-Renaissance • Art Deco • Streamlined Deco • Bauhaus

Italianate A style which originated in Western Europe in circa 1840-1885 reviving the elements of the
Italian Renaissance Architecture of the 16th Century with - square cupolas or towers - elaborate classical
detailings - wide overhanging eaves with closely-spaced decorative brackets; - tall and narrow square or
arched windows - L-shaped plans - arcaded porches with balustrades - low-pitched or flat roof

Victorian A style in Europe during the reign of Queen Victoria in Great Britain (1837-1901) reviving and/
or combining the elements of Gothic and Italianate styles such as; - steep gabled roof and dormers -
cone-shaped turrets or square tower with mansard roof - intricate or richly ornamented paneling,
trusses, and braces - paneled exterior walling with either horizontal, vertical, or diagonal design - and
wide overhanging eaves with exposed rafters ends

Mission Revival An architecture movement which originated in the US at the end of the 19th Century
reviving and/ or employing the elements of Spanish Colonial Revival Style. This had been widely used in
California characterized by; - Use of low-pitched roof - Stucco finish exterior walls - Wide eaves with
closely spaced exposed rafter end - Frontispiece with exposed gable wall - Imposing square towers with
pyramidal roof

Neoclassical A style which orginated in Europe and in the US from 1885-1925 reviving and combining
the Greek and Roman Classical Architecture with the ideas of Renaissance Architecture. Also known as
Classical Revival or Beaux Arts Classicism, this style incorporates; - grandiose symmetrical compositions
and façade, - Colonnaded portico with grand stair and imposing columns - Balustraded balconies -
Pronounced cornices and entablatures, - Triangular pediment

NEOGOTHIC A style which originated in Europe and used in the PH in the later part of the 19th Century
reviving the architecture vocabulary of Gothic architecture. In includes; - Lofty facades - Pointed arches -
Soaring spires - Ribbed vaulting - Flying buttress - Rich ornamentation and tracery

Neo-Renaissance A style which originated in Italy during the period of architectural style revival in the
19th Century which has been characterized by; - Hip type tiled roof with low-pitched or inclination -
Eaves with supporting decorative brackets - Employment of details such as columns, pilasters,
pediments, quoins, and arches - And often symmetrically balanc
 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE ( POST WAR PERIOD )
The devastation brought by the last world war II, coupled by economic exigencies gave away to
the extention of slowly emerging architectural concept to detach from the bondage of traditional forms.

POST WAR PERIOD • ¨ In 1946, the independent Philippines expressed its identity by
implementing Modernism through the utilization of reinforced concrete, steel and glass, the
predominance of cubic forms, geometric shapes and Cartesian grids, and the absense of applied
decoration. • ¨ In 1947 a corps of architects and engineers were tasked to study the modern US and
Latin American capitals and formulate a master plan for Manila.

POST WAR PERIOD Federico Ilustre, consulting architect from the 1950’s to 1970’s, worked on
the building at the Elliptical Road in Q.C. • He started his career as a draftsman for Juan Nakpil. • He
graduated from Mapua Institute of Technology. • He passed his licensure examinations in 1937 Federico
Ilustre

Quezon Memorial Monument The centerpiece is the 65- meter high Art Deco Quezon Memorial
Monument, composed of 3 pylons topped by winged figures representing the 3 island groups.

¨ The 1950’s and 60’s staple architectural element were the brise-soleil, glass walls, pierced screens, and
thin concrete shells.

• The post-war doctrine was “form follows function” professed by the “3rd generation”
architects, namely, Cesar Concio, Angel Nakpil, Alfredo Luz, Otillo Arellano,Felipe Mendoza, Gabriel
Formoso and Carlos Arguelles. • "Form follows function" is a principle associated with modernist
architecture and industrial design in the 20th century. The principle is that the shape of a building or
object should be primarily based upon its intended function or purpose.

Cesar Homero Concio, Sr. November 30, 1907- April 27, 2003 • First University Architect of the
University of the Philippines. When the University transferred to Diliman from Padre Faura in the late
1940’s, Cesar Concio was tasked to continue what Louis Croft has started. • He is also one of the
architects selected by President Roxas in 1947 to study the trends in Architecture and Engineering to
design the buildings of the Capital City, especially in his position as the chief architect of the UP Diliman
Campus. Cesar Concio

Melchor Hall, University of the Philippines, Diliman The Church of the Risen Lord located at the
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City

Angel E. Nakpil • ( February 20 1914 - November 2 1980 ) was a leading Filipino architect. •
Nephew of architect and national artist of the Philippines Juan Nakpil. • He graduated from the UST in
1931. • Harvard-trained architect. • He served as the City Planning Commissioner of Manila during the
post-war reconstruction years, from 1947 - 1949. • He was a charter member of the United Architects of
the Philippines, which was founded in 1975. Angel E. Nakpil
 The Nationa Press Club building was inaugurated on December 30, 1955 with President
Magsaysay as sponsor, along with several cabinet members and other government officials and other
donors. The NPC building became a historic monument to the ideals of press freedom and unity among
colleagues in the country's newspaper industry It was designed by Architect Angel E. Nakpil and was
constructed by Alberto T. Abaya. National Press Club

Alfredo J. Luz • brother of National Artist for Sculpture Arturo J. Luz. • AJ Luz was at the cutting
edge of Philippine modernism in the late ’50s and early ’60s. • His body of work includes the Menzi
Building on Ayala Avenue, the Amon Trading building on Buendia, the L & S Building on Roxas Blvd.,
Dewey Blvd., Manila, and the Fil-Oil Refinery Service Building in Limay, Bataan. Alfredo J. Luz

Quisumbing Building World Health Organization located at U.N ave. Manila