02 MDB3083 - Lecture1 (B) PDF

Lecture-1(b)
Belt Drives
©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

COURSE OUTCOMES
CO# CO Description POs Addressed
Design the basic mechanical components in

CO1 PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4
engineering systems.
Develop engineering models of the

components / systems.
Apply materials selection in the design of

mechanical systems, e.g. for DFM and DFA.
Apply Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

(FMEA) on mechanical system design.

CONTENT
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of Belts & Geometry (Recap!)
1.3 Mechanics of Flat Belt Drives
1.4 Worked Examples

(Recap!)
• Has an efficiency of about 98% (v-belt ~ 70 to 90 % only)
• Produces very little noise and absorbs more torsional

vibration.

(Recap!)
Types of Belts

(Recap!)

(Recap!)
manufacturers

Leather belt and its joining
Polyamide belt with strengthening strings
Urethane belts (different styles)

(Recap!)

(Recap!)
where (F1)a = allowable largest tension, N

b = belt width, mm
Fa = manufacturer’s allowed tension, N/mm
Cp = pulley correction factor (Table 17–4)
Cv = velocity correction factor (Figure 17.9)

How do we
design or select
a belt derive

Design /Selection Procedure
Read the given information:
• Center to center distance,
• Angular speed of the driving pulley,
• Velocity ratio,
• Nominal power to be transmitted, and
• Operating condition.
Make decisions on:

• The diameter of the driver pulley,
• Belt material, and
• Belt width. No
Perform calculations to verify:

Is f’ < f?
• Coefficient of friction, f’ (use eq.17.7)
Yes
Documentation

Step-1: Geometric Calculation
Calculate total
length & wrap
angles

• A change in belt tension due to friction forces between the belt and
pulley will cause the belt to elongate or contract and move relative to
the surface of the pulley.
Strength
Analysis
• Assuming that the friction force on the belt is proportional to the normal
pressure along the arc of contact, a relationship between the tight side
tension and slack side tension, follows
Belting
equation

Where, Fc (hoop tension due to centrifugal force) is found as Weight per
unit length
= .b.t
• The tight side tension F1 and the loose side tension F2 on a pulley
have the following additive components:
F1 – F2 = 2T/d

• Solving for the initial tension, we have
• The initial tension needs to be sufficient so that the difference

between the F1 and F2 curve is 2T/d.
Important!
• Initial tension is
the key to the
functioning of the
flat belt as
intended.

Analysis of Flat-Belt Drives
• The transmitted horsepower is given by
H = (F1 – F2).V = T. n , n in rad/sec
• Corrected nominal power Note the

efficiency!
Hd = (Hnom Ks nd) / 
Where nd is the design factor for exigencies.

KS is the service factor (Table 17–15).
• Corrections on allowable tension give
where (F1)a = allowable largest tension, N

b = belt width, mm
Fa = manufacturer’s allowed tension, N/mm
Cp = pulley correction factor (Table 17–4)
Cv = velocity correction factor (Figure 17.9)

Correction Factor for Flat-belts:
Table 17-4: Pulley correction factor Cp for flat belts
Table 17-15: Suggested Service Factors Ks

Figure 17-9: Velocity Correction Factor Cv for leather belts

The steps in analyzing a flat-belt drive:
• The steps in analyzing a flat-belt – Check the friction development,

drive may include f ′ < f . Use Eq. (17–7) solved for
f ′:
– Find exp(f φ) from belt-drive
geometry and friction
– From belt geometry and speed
find Fc
– From T = HnomKsnd /(2n) find
– Find the factor of safety from
necessary torque
nf s = Ha /(HnomKs)
– From torque T find the
necessary (F1)a − F2 = 2T /D
– Find F2 from (F1)a − [(F1)a − F2]
– From Fi = (F1+F2)/2 – Fc, find the
necessary initial tension Fi

Controlling Initial Tension
• For the catenary design, Figure c, the weight of the belt itself can also provide
the initial tension resulting in a dip.
Where,
d = dip in m; L = center-to-center distance, m
w = weight per foot of the belt, N/m
Fi = initial tension, N
Design /Selection Procedure
Read the given information:
• Center to center distance,
• Angular speed of the driving pulley,
• Velocity ratio,
• Nominal power to be transmitted, and
• Operating condition.
Make decisions on:

• The diameter of the driver pulley,
• Belt material, and
• Belt width. No
Perform calculations to verify:

Is f’ < f?
• Coefficient of friction
Yes
Documentation

Flat-Metal Belts
• Thin metal belts exhibit
– High strength-to-weight ratio
– Dimensional stability
– Accurate timing
– Usefulness to temperatures up to 700°F
– Good electrical and thermal conduction properties
• Common materials and properties

Steps in the selection of a metal flat belt:
Reading
Assignment

Example-1
A polyamide A-3 flat belt 150 mm wide is used to transmit 11 kW under light
shock conditions where Ks = 1.25, and a factor safety equal to or greater than 1.1
is appropriate. The pulley rotational axes are parallel and in the horizontal plane.
The shafts are 2.4 m apart. The 150-mm driving pulley rotates at 1750 rev/min in
such a way that the loose side is on top. The driven pulley is 450 mm in diameter.
The factor of safety is for unquantifiable exigencies.
(a) Estimate the centrifugal tension Fc and the torque T.
(b) Estimate the allowable F1, F2, Fi and allowable power Ha.
(c) Estimate the factor of safety. Is it satisfactory?
150 mm 450 mm
2.4 m

Example-1 (solution)
150 mm 450 mm
2.4 m
(a) Targets: Fc and T
H = T. n
 = .b.t = 11000 (0.15) 0.0033 = 5.4 N/m
Fc = V2/g = 103 N
T = HnomKsnd /(2n/60) = 11000 (1.25) 1.1/2  1750/60 = 82 N.m

(b) Targets: F1, F2, Fi and Ha
Fa = 18 kN/m
F1a = b.Fa.Cp.Cv = 1890 N
F1a – F2 = 2T/d = 1093 N
F2 = 797N
Fi = (F1+F2)/2 – Fc = 1240 N
Ha = (Hnom Ks nd) /  = 15.125 kW

• exp(f.) = 11.17
• f needs to be less than or equal to 0.8

No danger of
f = 0.314 < 0.8
slipping
(c) Targets: nfs
nfs = Ha / (Hnom Ks nd) = 1.1 Acceptable
Tutorial Problems:
- 17.1, 17.3 & 17.10.

Thank You!

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Lecture-1(b)

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

CO# CO Description POs Addressed

Design the basic mechanical components in

Develop engineering models of the

Apply materials selection in the design of

Apply Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

1.2 Types of Belts & Geometry (Recap!)

1.3 Mechanics of Flat Belt Drives

1.4 Worked Examples

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

• Has an efficiency of about 98% (v-belt ~ 70 to 90 % only)

• Produces very little noise and absorbs more torsional

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Polyamide belt with strengthening strings

Urethane belts (different styles)

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

where (F1)a = allowable largest tension, N

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Make decisions on:

Perform calculations to verify:

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

• The initial tension needs to be sufficient so that the difference

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

• Corrected nominal power Note the

Where nd is the design factor for exigencies.

• Corrections on allowable tension give

where (F1)a = allowable largest tension, N

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Table 17-15: Suggested Service Factors Ks

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

• The steps in analyzing a flat-belt – Check the friction development,

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Make decisions on:

Perform calculations to verify:

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

(a) Targets: Fc and T

 = .b.t = 11000 (0.15) 0.0033 = 5.4 N/m

T = HnomKsnd /(2n/60) = 11000 (1.25) 1.1/2  1750/60 = 82 N.m

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

(b) Targets: F1, F2, Fi and Ha

F1a – F2 = 2T/d = 1093 N

Ha = (Hnom Ks nd) /  = 15.125 kW

©2019 Mechanical Engineering Design, MDB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

• f needs to be less than or equal to 0.8

nfs = Ha / (Hnom Ks nd) = 1.1 Acceptable