Recent Advances in Rock Engineering (RARE 2016)

Review of IS 9012:1978 recommended practice for

shotcreting: Recommendations for inclusion and
amendment
TR Subash, M Ananth and K Tamilselvan
L&T Construction Company Ltd.
Chennai, India
ananthm@lntecc.com

Abstract—There has been a rapid advancement of shotcrete technology worldwide.

technology in international sector since the first Indian shotcrete
code was published. Recommended practice for shotcreting (IS
Hence in this paper, an attempt has been made to review,
9012) was first published in 1978 and reaffirmed in 2002. The compare, document and discuss the guidelines and
provisions in certain clauses of this code are inadequate. Hence, recommendations of Indian standard and other international
this paper reviews and compares the codal provisions in IS 9012 standards. The referred standards are ACI 506R-05 (Guide to
with other international codes such as American Concrete Shotcrete), ACI 506.1R-08 (Guide to Fiber-Reinforced
Institute (ACI), European Standards (EN) and European Shotcrete), ACI 506.5R-09 (Guide to Specifying Underground
Federation of National Associations Representing for Concrete Shotcrete), BS EN 14487-1-2005 (Sprayed concrete -
(EFNARC). Also, the paper presents recommended provisions for Definitions, specifications, and conformity) and EFNARC-1996
inclusion and amendment in IS 9012. The paper emphasizes on (European specification for sprayed concrete). The paper also
aspects such as materials, strength, testing, durability and recommends provisions for inclusion and amendment in IS
application of shotcrete. 9012. It has to be noted that, in this paper the term shotcrete or
sprayed concrete adheres to wet-mix shotcrete. Also unless
Keywords—Shotcrete; Sprayed concrete; Tunnels otherwise specified the term Indian Standard refers to IS 9012,
EN refers to BS EN 14487-1 and ACI refers to the American
I.INTRODUCTION codes mentioned above.
Shotcrete has been has been generally referred as sprayed
concrete, spraycrete, gunite, pneumatically applied mortar or II.MATERIALS
concrete, air-blown mortar or concrete and gunned concrete. A. Indian codal provisions
Indian and American standards term this concrete as shotcrete,
whereas European standards term as sprayed concrete. Shotcrete IS 9012 mentions that all the materials for shotcrete shall be
is defined by IS 9012 and ACI 506R as “mortar or concrete complied with the respective Indian standards for particular
(conveyed through a hose) and pneumatically projected at high materials such as cement, aggregates, water, admixture and
velocity onto a surface” [1,2]. As per BS EN 14487, sprayed reinforcement.
concrete is defined as “concrete produced with basic mix and B. Commentary and Recommendations
projected pneumatically from nozzle into place to produce a
Usage of quality material is a precursor for a durable mix
dense homogeneous mass by its own momentum” [3]. EFNARC
design of shotcrete. Indian standard lists only the codes to be
states that “sprayed concrete is a mixture of cement, aggregate
referred for the relevant materials and thus user has to refer the
and water projected pneumatically from a nozzle into place to
respective codes. In contrast, International codes such as ACI,
produce a dense homogeneous mass” [4].
EN & EFNARC suggest elaborate guidelines for the usage of
Shotcrete technology has been broadly developed materials in shotcrete. Other than the properties of materials,
throughout the construction industry over the last century. The these codes also specify the minimum and maximum proportion
current Indian shotcrete code, IS 9012 is not adequate to fulfil of shotcrete materials.
the requirement of the present scenario of sprayed concrete
construction. The details about the mix design, usage of fibers, i.Cement content
long term durability and standard testing procedures for Cement content has a direct impact on the strength of the
shotcrete are deficient. Also there is no minimum requirement shotcrete, its durability and impermeability. Too low a cement
clause for the strength properties such as flexural strength, bond content may provide inadequate strength and durability. On the
strength and toughness, which aids in achieving shotcrete of other hand, very high cement content can cause shotcrete to
controlled quality. Therefore, the current Indian code needs to suffer from excessive shrinkage and thermal cracking by the
be upgraded. The need to modify this code arises from factors heat of hydration. Indian standard remains silent on limits for the
like growth of knowledge and rapid developments in shotcrete minimum and maximum cement content for shotcrete.

© 2016. The authors - Published by Atlantis Press 273

 International standards have suggested cementitious/cement composition as close as possible to that of cast -in- place
content for the shotcrete. ACI 506R suggests cementitious concrete [8]. ACI also specifies 10mm maximum aggregate size
content range from 390 to 450 kg/m3. European standards such as discussed above. Thus 12.5mm and 20mm maximum
as EFNARC and BS EN 14487-1 refer to EN 206 for minimum aggregate size specified in IS 9012 can be omitted and the
cement content. EN 206 recommends minimum cement content maximum aggregate size can be limited to 10mm.
from 260 kg/m3 to 360 kg/m3 to meet the appropriate
environmental exposure conditions. However, for sprayed Fine and coarse aggregate ratio
concrete both EFNARC and EN limit the minimum content as Coarse aggregate to fine aggregate ratio is obviously one of
300 kg/m3. It is inferred that the typical cementitious content the most important parameters in shotcrete mix design and it is
specified in ACI includes the cement and pozzolona, whereas represented by aggregate packing density, which is an indicator
the minimum cement content mentioned in EN comprises of the amount of voids between the aggregate particles. The
cement and factored pozzolona (cement + k × additives). The k Indian standard does not include the proportioning of coarse and
value varies with respect to type of pozzolana added [5]. fine aggregate. ACI 506R specifies total aggregate will consists
of 20% to 30% coarse aggregate and 70 to 80% fine aggregate.
As per IS 456-2000, the minimum cement content varies It is recommended to incorporate the values suggested as per
with respect to compressive strength and exposure conditions ACI 506R in the Indian standard.
[6]. The limiting values for cement content related to exposure
conditions as recommended in Table I can be incorporated in IS iii. Water Cementitious Ratio
9012. The water cementitious (w/cm) ratio should be as low as
TABLE I - MINIMUM CEMENT CONTENT possible to achieve high strength and durable shotcrete. The
Indian standard specifies a maximum w/cm of 0.5.
Exposure Minimum Grade Minimum Cement
condition of Shotcrete Content (Kg/m3)
ACI 506.5R specifies maximum w/cm of 0.45 [9]. Similarly,
ACI 506R suggests a typical range for w/cm as 0.4 to 0.5 without
Mild M 20 340 admixture and also lower w/cm is possible with the use of water-
reducing admixtures. EFNARC specifies maximum w/cm as
Moderate M 25 340
0.55. EN refers to EN 206 for maximum w/cm. EN 206
Severe M 30 360 recommends maximum as 0.55.
very Severe M 35 380 A typical water cement ratio of 0.4 to 0.5 is recommended
and it can be further reduced using appropriate admixture.
Extreme M 40 400
Note: iv. Pozzolana
1) Exposure conditions are as defined in Table III of IS 456. Pozzolana in shotcrete enhances the strength and durability
2) Cement content is irrespective of grade of cement and it is inclusive of properties through either purely physical effects or physico-
pozzolana. chemical effects, which results in pore-size and grain-size
3) Minimum cement content prescribed in this table is for aggregate of reduction phenomena [10].
10mm nominal maximum size. Indian standard suggests only the usage of Portland slag
4) Cement content of plain shotcrete shall not be less than 300 Kg/m3.
cement and Portland pozzolana cement with no mention of
ii.Aggregate pozzolanic materials in shotcrete.

Fine aggregate ACI 506.5R suggests a typical range from 7 to 10% (Max
15%) for the replacement of cement by silica fume. It also
The use of finer sand will generally result in greater drying mentions that addition of fly ash and slag is acceptable only if
shrinkage and coarser sand in more rebound. The Indian all shotcrete performance requirements can be demonstrated
standard suggests that sand for shotcrete shall grade evenly from during preconstruction testing. EFNARC has given max
fine to coarse as per Zone II and Zone III grading of IS 383-1970 percentage of silica fume as 15% of Portland cement. It has also
[7]. given that max percentage of fly ash and GGBS each as 30% of
The fine aggregate grading limits specified by IS 9012 and Portland cement. Thus it is proposed that the Indian standard
ACI 506R are in similar lines. The grading zone for fine should recommend an appropriate percentage of pozzolanic
aggregate suggested by IS 9012 as per IS 383 can be adopted. materials for the replacement of cement in shotcrete. Although
slag, fly ash and silica fume are used for durability requirement
Coarse aggregate and cost effectiveness, codes and literatures generally specify
Indian standard suggests that coarse aggregate shall conform silica fume with shotcrete instead of fly ash and slag. This may
to one of the grading with nominal maximum aggregate size of be due to the fact that silica fume increases early compressive
10, 12.5 and 20 mm as illustrated in Table I of IS 9012. and flexural strength of shotcrete considerably than fly ash and
slag. As noted earlier, even ACI has suggested the usage of fly
ACI 506R suggests the combined aggregates (fine and ash and slag only after preconstruction testing. Thus, it is
coarse) conform to either grading #1 or grading #2 with recommended to incorporate maximum percentage of silica
maximum aggregate size of 4.75 or 10 mm respectively. fume as 15% of Portland cement. The dosage of fly ash and slag
In practice, it has been observed that a coarse aggregate with shall be as per the design requirement of the project but the
maximum size of 10mm will promote an in-place shotcrete maximum replacement shall not exceed 30%.

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v.Reinforcement and welded wire fabric as reinforcement in shotcrete whereas
Broad classification of reinforcement types used in shotcrete fibers are extensively used in current practice. In underground
is illustrated in Fig. 1. Indian standard mentions reinforcing bars and tunnel construction, it has become more common to use
fiber reinforcement instead of steel-mesh reinforcement.
. Fibers eliminate the need for conventional reinforcing steel and
welded wire mesh by imparting toughness or energy absorption
capability to hardened shotcrete. Additionally, fiber reinforced
shotcrete has high ductility, provides homogeneous fibre
reinforcement and strong bond to the surface [11].
Indian standard has not specified fibers for shotcrete
reinforcement. Other international standards such as ACI apart
from suggesting reinforcing bars and wire mesh have
extensively dealt with fibers also.
Typical length and diameter for different types of fiber as per
ACI is presented in Table. II. Both ACI and EN discuss the
dimensions and tolerances of steel fibers. As per both the codes
permissible deviation of the nominal/declared value from the
specified value shall not more than 10% for length and diameter
and 15% for aspect ratio respectively. In addition, EN also
specifies deviation of the average value relative to the declared
value.
A typical range of minimum and maximum dosages of
different types of fiber used in shotcrete as per three ACI codes
are depicted in Fig. 2. ACI reports specific dosages for both steel
and synthetic fibers whereas, EN although elaborates
extensively on fibres it has not included dosage for fibres. As
seen from the graph there is a variation in dosage of steel fibers
within ACI codes.
The dosage and type of fiber shall be selected based on the
Fig 1 - Reinforcement in Shotcrete design requirement of the project.

TABLE II - FIBER DIMENSIONS

Steel Fiber Micro Synthetic Fiber Macro Synthetic Fiber

Code Length (mm) Diameter (mm) Length (mm) Diameter(mm) Length(mm) Dia (μm)
Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Max Max
ACI 506.1 19 35 0.4 0.8 40 50 0.4 0.8 12 33

ACI 506.5 25 35 Min aspect ratio - 40 45 55 - 0.8 12 32

Fig 2 - Fiber Dosages 

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 iii. Bond strength
III.STRENGTH PROPERTIES
Strength developed between the substrate and shotcrete layer
A. Indian codal provisions can be termed as bond strength. Inference from both ASTM and
The physical properties of sound shotcrete in place are EN is if the failure occurs in the bond zone then it is reported as
comparable to those of conventional mortar or concrete of the bond strength between the two materials whereas if the failure
same composition. Most reported values for 28 days occurs in any individual material then it is reported as tensile
compressive strength are in the range of 20 to 50 N/mm2. It is strength of that material. Bond strength reported in ACI is
suggested that strength higher than 25 N/mm2 be specified only illustrated in Fig. 3.
for the most carefully executed shotcrete jobs.
B. Commentary and Recommendations
Indian standard does not mention minimum requirement for
the strength properties such as flexural strength, bond strength
and toughness of shotcrete to be achieved. Provisions mentioned
in other International standards are elucidated below
i. Compressive strength
IS 9012 mentioned that the compressive strength of 28 days
shotcrete are in the range of 20 to 50 MPa. Whereas, ACI 506R
reports that the strength of wet mix shotcrete is generally
between 30 to 50 MPa and strengths over 100 MPa have been
reported. ACI 506.5R specifies the minimum compressive
strength as 30 MPa whereas for some special application such as
permanent tunnel lining, compressive strength of 40 MPa or Fig 3 - Bond Strength (ACI)
more is specified. Bond strength mentioned in ACI 506.1 & 506.5 is between
EFNARC states that compressive strength classes of sprayed shotcrete and rock whereas in ACI 506, it is not clearly
concrete vary from C24/30 to C48/60. The minimum mentioned. As depicted above there is a variation in the range of
compressive strength of C24/30 and C48/60 are 20.5 MPa and bond strength specified within ACI codes.
41 MPa respectively as per the in-situ strength requirement. EN Minimum bond strength required as per EFNARC is
refers to EN 206-1 for the compressive strength classes of demonstrated in Fig. 4.
sprayed concrete. EN 206-1 lists compressive strength class
from C8/10 to C 100/115.
Compressive strength of shotcrete depends on improving
density of the material, maximizing hydration of cement and
minimizing porosity. Modern specifications typically require
compressive strengths of 20 MPa (for temporary sprayed
concrete) to 40 MPa or higher (for permanent sprayed concrete)
at 28 days [12]. Thus current minimum compressive strength of
20 MPa in IS 9012 should suffice for the Indian conditions.
ii. Flexural Strength
Flexural strength is usually specified for fiber reinforced
shotcrete. Load deflection curve obtained by testing a simply
supported beam under third-point loading is used for the
evaluation of flexural strength. Minimum flexural strength as Fig 4 - Bond Strength (EFNARC)
per ACI & EFNARC is presented in Table III. Typical value of 0.5 to 1.5 MPa is recommended for bond
TABLE III - MINIMUM FLEXURAL STRENGTH strength between shotcrete and rock. These values might vary
depending on the fiber content.
Minimum Flexural Strength (MPa)
iv. Toughness
EFNARC
ACI 506.5 As per ACI 506.1R toughness energy is quoted as “ability of
C 24/30 C 36/45 C 44/55
4 to 4.5 3.4 4.2 4.6
the shotcrete specimen to absorb energy before and after
cracking” [13]. Energy absorption as per ACI & EFNARC is
It is a well-known fact that the flexural strength increases in illustrated in below
accordance with compressive strength. Dosage of fiber also
influences flexural strength of shotcrete. For a typical M40 grade The energy absorption of the shotcrete panel depends on
shotcrete, flexural strength from 4 to 4.5 MPa is recommended, centrally loaded round panel or square panel test method. Thus
whereas up to 6 MPa can also be achieved. a minimum energy absorption value of 280 joule (Upto 40 mm
deflection) and 500 joule (Upto 25 mm deflection) is

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recommended for round panel and square panel test ii. Permeability
respectively. EFNARC suggests a maximum value of water penetration in
TABLE IV – ENERGY ABSORPTION accordance with EN 7031 as 50mm and the mean average value
shall be less than 20mm. Also it states that sprayed concrete is
Energy Absorption (Joule) considered water-tight when the coefficient of water
ACI 506.5 EFNARC & EN permeability is less than 10-12 m/s. Similarly EN suggests
resistance to water penetration in accordance with EN 12390-8
for deflection upto 40mm for deflection upto 25mm
as 50mm [15]. Latest test procedure as per EN can be
a b c incorporated in the Indian Standard to measure permeability.
280
500 700 1000
iii. Air content
IV.DURABILITY PROPERTIES Air content (%) and spacing factor are related to the freezing
and thawing resistance of shotcrete. The term "spacing factor"
A. Indian codal provisions refers to the distance between air bubbles in hardened shotcrete.
Indian standard specifies a drying shrinkage range of 0.06% ACI 506R recommends an entrained air-void system with in
to 0.1% for the shotcrete. As far as durability is concerned Indian place air content in the range of 4 to 6% with a maximum air
standard has a brief mention that durability of shotcrete in void spacing factor of 0.3mm to resist freezing and thawing
laboratory tests and under field exposure has generally been cycles. Further it states that total air content in concrete before
good. shooting as 6 to 10%.
B. Commentary and Recommendations ACI 506.5R suggests air content as shot: 4 ± 1% and Air
content immediately before the pump as 7 to 10%. Further it
Permeability and porosity are the two important factors for a
states a maximum spacing factor of 0.3mm for as shot. A
durable shotcrete and they in turn affect the other parameters
minimum air content of 7 ± 1% before shooting and 4 ± 1% as
such as strength and ability to resist deterioration mechanism.
shot is recommended where freezing and thawing resistance is
Codal provisions pertaining to above discussed parameters in the
of interest.
other international standards have been elaborated below
EFNARC and EN does not discuss the concept of air content.
i. Absorption and volume of permeable voids EN has noted that current available test methods for the
Boiled Water Absorption (BWA) and Maximum Volume of measurement of air content do not give reliable data results for
Permeable voids (VPV) are related in the sense they both fresh sprayed concrete.
measure porosity due to capillary action in the sample, but
express differently. BWA represents mass ratio whereas the V.TESTING
VPV represents the volumetric ratio of water absorbed. ACI
A. Indian codal provisions
506R recommends acceptable values of permeable void volume
in the range of 14 to 17% and typical boiled absorption values in Indian standard focuses on the compressive strength from
the range 6 to 9%. Similarly, ACI 506.5R specifies maximum preconstruction testing. The code suggests that the cubes or
volume of permeable voids at 7 days as 17% and maximum cores shall be taken from the panel of size 75 x 75 cm with
boiled absorption at 7 days as 8%. thickness same as in the structure but not less than 7.5cm. It also
specifies the core shall have a minimum diameter of 7.5 cm and
Test method as per ASTM C642 can be incorporated in the a length-diameter ratio of at least 1.
Indian standard to find BWA and VPV. Morgan et al (1987)
have published quality indicators based on ASTM C 642 results, B. Commentary and Recommendations
as shown in the table below [14]. Compressive, flexural and energy absorption tests are widely
TABLE V – VPV AND BWA adopted to evaluate shotcrete quality. Similarly, bond strength is
adopted to examine the strength developed between the
Shotcrete Permeable void Boiled water absorption shotcrete layer and substrate such as rock or concrete.
quality volume (%) (%)
Brief description of the test method specifications mentioned
Excellent < 14 <6 in international standards has been discussed below. As the
Indian standard does not include any of the below mentioned
Good 14 to 17 6 to 8
tests, it is recommended to incorporate these test methods.
Fair 17 to 19 8 to 9
i. Flexural strength Test
Marginal > 19 >9 ACI refers ASTM C1609 for the testing of flexural strength
of shotcrete. The code recommends Third-point loading test
EFNARC and EN does not include the concept of BWA and with deflection controlled machine. This test method utilizes
VPV. Although table suggested by Morgan are being used as a two preferred specimen sizes of 100 x 100 x 350mm tested on a
quality indicator, further research is underway to establish clear 300 mm span (or) 150 x 150 x 500 mm tested on a 450mm span
relationship between BWA and compressive strength and also as presented in Fig 5. ACI suggests an increase in rate of
between BWA and durability of shotcrete. deflection as illustrated in Table VI.

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TABLE VI – RATE OF INCREASE IN NET DEFLECTION

Rate of Increase in Deflection

Beam Size (mm) Deflection beyond
Deflection upto L/900
L/900
0.025 to 0.075
100 x 100 x 350 0.05 to 0.2 mm/min
mm/min

150 x 150 x 500 0.035 to 0.1 mm/min 0.05 to 0.3 mm/min

EFNARC and EN 14488-3 also suggest Third-point loading

with deflection controlled machine [16]. Both specify the test
specimen of size 125 x 75 x 600mm tested on a span of 450mm.
The code mentions the deformation rate of the midspan of the
beam shall be 0.25 ± 0.05mm per minute until a deflection of
0.5mm. After this point the rate of deflection can be increased to
1 mm/min.
Fig 6 - Energy Absorption Test (ACI)

EFNARC suggests that the rate of deformation of the midpoint

shall be 1.5mm per minute and the test shall continue until a
deflection of 25mm is achieved at the center point of the slab.
EN 14488-5 suggests that the loading shall be at a constant rate
of 1 ± 0.1 mm/ min at the center of slab and the load-deflection
shall be continuously recorded with the data logger until a
deflection of at least 30mm is obtained. It specifies the energy
absorption capacity in joules is reported as the area under the
load-deflection curve between 0 and 25 mm deflection.

Fig 5 - Third Point Loading Test

A noteworthy point is third point loading of the beam is the

standard test mentioned in all the codes for the flexural strength
test and preferred choice is the deflection controlled machine.
EN and EFNARC mention that the test shall be finished when
the mid span deformation exceeds 4mm or the specimen
fractures. But ACI does not specify the upper limit of deflection
to finish the test.
ii. Energy absorption test
ACI refers ASTM C1550 for the testing of energy absorption
or toughness of shotcrete. The code recommends centrally
loaded round panel test with a deflection controlled testing Fig 7 - Energy Absorption Test (EN & EFNARC)
machine. It specifies a specimen with diameter of 800 ± 10 mm
and thickness of 75 -5/+15 mm as depicted in Fig 6. The code The energy absorbed by a given mix in a square EN 14488-
suggests that the loading shall be applied so that the piston 5 panel test at 25 mm central deflection is approximately 2.5
advances at a constant rate of 4.0 ± 1.0 mm/min up to a central times the magnitude of energy absorbed by the same mix in the
displacement of at least 45mm and the fixture supporting the ASTM C-1550 at 40 mm central deflection [17].
panel during testing shall include three symmetrically arranged
pivot points on a pitch circle diameter of 750mm. Further it iii. Bond strength test
states that the energy absorption capacity in joules is reported as ACI refers ASTM C1583 for the testing of bond strength of
the area under the load-deflection curve between 0 and 40 mm shotcrete and rock/concrete. The code suggests Direct tension
deflection. (Pull-off method) test with tensile loading machine. In this test
method, a test site of 1m x 1m is prepared and core of 50mm is
EFNARC and EN 14488-5 suggest centrally loaded square drilled to at least 10mm below the concrete-overlay interface and
plate test with a deflection controlled testing machine for the tested without extracting the core as presented in Fig 8. It
testing of energy absorption or toughness of shotcrete. Both specifies a rate of loading of 0.035 ± 0.015 MPa per second.
specify a specimen of size 600 x 600 x 100 mm in illustrated in
Fig 7. Further these codes state that the specimen shall be EFNARC and EN 14488-4 also suggest Direct tension test
supported on its 4 edges and a center point load is applied for the testing of bond strength of shotcrete and rock/concrete.
through a contact surface of 100 x 100mm. The core is drilled out and extracted from sprayed concrete layer

278
together with a portion of the substrate rock/concrete and then Larger aggregates and fibers show a significant rebound in
tested as depicted in Fig 9 shotcrete. Lower aggregate density and the addition of fine
particles reduce aggregate rebound. Synthetic fibers display
lower rebound than steel fibers. Also advanced application
techniques have evolved in recent times which reduce rebound.
Hence aggregate size, fiber type and application technique plays
a key role in the percentage of rebound in shotcrete. Considering
the aforementioned factors and surface of application, the values
for percentage of rebound is recommended as proposed in Table
VII. EN and EFNARC have not included the criteria for
percentage of rebound.
TABLE VII – PERCENTAGE OF REBOUND
Fig 8 - Direct tension test (Pull-off method) – ACI
% of Rebound
.EFNARC specifies a specimen with core diameter of 50 to Surface
60 mm. The code suggests the rate of loading shall be 1 to 3 MPa IS 9012 ACI 506R Proposed
per minute. EN specifies a specimen with core diameter of 50 to
Floors or Slabs 5 to 15 0 to 10 0 to 5
100mm and length not less than 2d. The code suggests the rate
of loading shall be 0.05 ± 0.01 MPa per second. Sloping &
15 to 30 10 to 30 10 to 30
vertical walls
Overhead
25 to 50 10 to 30 15 to 30
work

VII.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

As noted earlier there has been a tremendous improvement
in the shotcrete technology. Newer concepts have evolved in
quality of materials, design and the application technology. For
instance, shotcrete robots have replaced nozzle men and fibers
replaced the reinforcement bars. The Indian standard has
addressed few issues but needs further improvement in some
details. In this context, the current international codes for
shotcrete such as ACI, EN and EFNARC have been referred and
discussed. Also, recommendations have been suggested for
updating Indian Standard.
 Major areas requiring improvement in the Indian standard
for shotcrete are as below
Fig 9 - Direct tension test (Pull-off method) – EN & EFNARC
 The provisions on cement, aggregate and pozzolana needs to
VI. APPLICATION be updated.
A. Indian codal provisions  Latest ACI and EN have a specific code for fiber reinforced
Indian code has suggested methods for reducing the rebound shotcrete. Specifications and guidelines for the usage of
during application of shotcrete. Depending on the position of fibers in shotcrete to be incorporated or specific code for
the work, the standard has specified the percentage of rebound fiber reinforced shotcrete has to be published.
as listed in Table VII.
 More elaborate detail pertaining to flexural strength, bond
B. Commentary and Recommendations strength, energy absorption and their testing methodology
Optimum nozzle distance is a precursor to attain a properly should be included.
compacted quality shotcrete. Minimum nozzle distances of 0.6  The percentage of rebound of shotcrete requires to be
& 1m and maximum nozzle distances of 1.8 & 2m are modified.
recommended in ACI & EN. Adjustment of impact velocity of
shotcrete is important at varying nozzle distance.  Important durability factors such as absorption, volume of
permeable voids, permeability and air content have to be
Rebound primarily depends on the expertise of the nozzle added.
operator. Because of the relatively high impact velocity, the
concrete and the fibers do not adhere completely onto the treated REFERENCES
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7.

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