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ECA

1] What do you mean by renewable energy?

Ans. Renewable energy is any energy source that is naturally replenished, like that derived from solar, wind, geothermal or hydroelectric action.
Energy produced from the refining of biomass is also often classified as renewable. Coal, oil or natural gas, on the other hand, are finite sources.

2] Explain working of solar water heater?

Ans. Solar Water Heating System: A solar thermal device captures and transfers the heat energy available in solar radiation which can be used for meeting the
requirements of heat in different temperature ranges. Three main temperature ranges used are:- Low temperature Hot water - 60°C to 80°C , Medium
temperature Drying - 80°C to 140°C , High temperature Cooking & power generation - > 140°C.

Solar water heating system (SWHS) is a device which supplies hot water at 60°C to 80°C using only solar thermal energy without any other fuel. It has
three main components, namely, 1. Solar Collector 2. Insulated hot water storage tank and 3. Cold water tank with required insulated hot water pipelines and
accessories.

Working Principle In a typical solar water heater: Water is heated by the solar thermal energy absorbed by the collectors. The hot water with lower density
moves upwards and cold water with higher density moves down from the tank due to gravity head. A bank of collectors can be arranged in a series – parallel
combination to get higher quantity of hot water. A typical 100 liters insulated tank with a 2 m2 collector area, will supply water at a temperature of 60 - 80°C.
Based on the collector system, solar water heaters can be of two types.

1- Flat Plate Collectors (FPC) based Solar Water Heaters.

2- Evacuated Tube Collectors (ETC) based Solar Water Heaters.

Usages Domestic: Bathing, Coffee / Tea preparation, Utensils Cleaning etc.

Industrial: Pre-heating of boiler feed water, cooking / dishwashing in industrial canteens. Washing of milk canes in dairies, sterilization of surgical
instruments etc.

3] Why electricity is the most convenient form of energy?

Ans. Electricity is considered to be the most convenient and versatile form of energy. It is classified as a secondary source of energy because anyone of the
primary sources like coal, gas, petroleum, hydro-power, wind and solar energies may be used to produce electricity.

4] What are the advantages of energy efficient motors?

Ans. Energy efficient motors give a very good output for the energy they consume. With efficient motors, you would have following benefits:

1. Low cost of operation due to less consumption of electricity.

2. Low noise/ silent operation which makes it suited for indoor use.
3. Less heating of motor due to the efficiency factor being high. Which means that you can run these motors for long periods at a time.
4. Low maintenance because of the higher quality materials used. The chances of breakdown are very slim.
5. Longevity of these machines is generally higher than regular machines.

4] What are the major factors affecting the Furnace performance?

Ans. 5 major factors that affecting the furnace performance is the following:

 1. Maintenance history. The better a furnace is maintained, the more efficiently it will operate. One of the best ways to keep your furnace well-
maintained is to schedule a professional tune-up from Hyde’s every year. A tune-up will take care of any problems that might be affecting the
performance of your furnace, in addition to bringing it up to its peak efficiency levels at the start of every heating season.
 2. Condition of your air filter. Changing your air filter is the single most important task you have as a homeowner to ensure that your furnace runs
efficiently. That’s because a dirty filter will block your system’s airflow, which will force your system to work harder and consume much more energy
than usual. Checking and/or changing your filter once per month during the heating season is one of the best ways to maximize furnace efficiency.
 3. Thermostat settings. The lower your thermostat is set at, the less energy your furnace will consume. Every degree counts, so even lowering your
thermostat by a degree or two will help ease the load on your furnace and save energy.
 4. Insulation levels. Insulation provides a barrier for your home that helps contain the heat that your furnace creates. If your home is not well
insulated, your furnace will have to work harder and consume more energy to keep your home warm. Hyde’s offers insulation services that will test
your home’s current insulation levels and ensure that every part of your home is insulated to the proper level!
 5. Duct/air leaks. According to the EPA, about 20 percent of the conditioned air that flows through a typical home is lost through leaks in the
ductwork. In addition, warm air can seep out of your home through leaks around your doors, walls, windows and more. With help from Hyde’s air
sealing services, you can ensure that your home is as tightly-sealed as possible and that your furnace doesn’t waste energy on producing warm air
that goes unused.

6] Explain importance of power factor improvements?

Ans. So for anyone to correctly understand the practical significance of power factor one first needs to understand the meaning of active reactive powers and
apparent power.
Active power:
The form of power which we provide to any kind of load which is directly utilized by it to produce heat (without storing any part of the power) is called as active
power. For example: the electric heater simply uses the current to produce heat and hence all of the power is directly converted to heat.
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Reactive power:
The part of the power which is stored in the elements of any electric circuit qualifies as reactive power.
For example: When you supply a pure inductor (i.e. which has zero resistance) it uses all the power to create a magnetic field or in other word stores the
supplied energy in the form of magnetic field. So all the power is converted into reactive power.
 Similarly when energy is supplied to a pure capacitor (the one having zero resistance in its plates) it stores all of the energy in the form of electric
field.
 When supply is given to a transformer is uses a part of the energy supplies to setup a flux across the iron core and the rest energy is transferred to
the load.
Apparent power:
It is the total power supplied by the supply. It is the sum of the active and reactive powers.
Now, than you have an idea if what active reactive and apparent powers mean the concept of power factor and its significance is easy to understand.
ACTIVE POWER
POWER FACTOR= ----------------------------
APPARENT POWER
or, in general it gives information about the part of the supplied power actually transferred to the user or the load. For example, if the power factor of any
device say, a distribution transformer is 0.6 it means that only 60% of the power supplied to the transformer is supplied to the load and the rest is used up to
setup flux in core of the transformer which is obviously a problem for the power generation company as now it needs to generate 40% more power so that user
gets the amount of power it demands (and if the losses are accounted then generation capacity should further be increased).

7] Discuss global warming and ozone depletion.

Ans. Global warming

Global warming is a major atmospheric issue all over the world. Our earth’s surface becoming hot day by day by trapping the sun’s heat and rise in the level of
atmospheric carbon dioxide. The bad effects of it increasing day by day and causing major problems to the living of human being. It has become one of the
subjects of big social issues which need social awareness to a great level. People should know its meaning, causes, effects and solutions to solve it immediately.
People should come forth together and try to solve it in order to save life on the earth.
Ozone depletion
Scientists discovered in the 1970s that the ozone layer was being depleted. Ozone depletion occurs when chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons—gases
formerly found in aerosol spray cans and refrigerants—are released into the atmosphere (see details below). ... CFCs and halons cause chemical reactions that
break down ozone molecules, reducing ozone's ultraviolet radiation-absorbing capacity.

8] Discuss harmful effects of pollution.

Ans. Effects of Environmental Pollution:

1. Effects on Humans: The effects of environmental pollution on humans are mainly physical, but can also turn into neuro-affections in the long term. The best-
known troubles to us are respiratory, in the form of allergies, asthma, irritation of the eyes and nasal passages, or other forms of respiratory infections. Notably,
these well spread affections can be observed when air pollution is high in cities, when the weather gets hot, for instance. On top of that, environmental pollution
has been proven to be a major factor in the development of cancer. This can happen for example when we eat reminiscences of pollutants used in the
production of processed foods, or pesticides from the crops. Other, rarer, diseases include hepatitis, typhoid affections, diarrhoea and hormonal disruptions.
2. Effects on Animals: Environmental pollution mainly affects animal by causing harm to their living environment, making it toxic for them to live in. Acid
rains can change the composition of rivers and seas, making them toxic for fishes, an important quantity of ozone in the lower parts of the atmosphere can
cause lung problems to all animals. Nitrogen and phosphates in water will cause overgrowth of toxic algae, preventing other forms of life to follow their normal
course. Eventually, soil pollution will cause harm and sometimes even the destruction of microorganisms, which can have the dramatic effect of killing the first
layers of the primary food chain.
3. Effects on Plants: As for animals, plants, and especially trees, can be destroyed by acid rains (and this will also have a negative effect on animals as well, as
their natural environment will be modified), ozone in the lower atmosphere block the plant respiration, and harmful pollutants can be absorbed from the water
or soil.
4. Effects on the Ecosystem: In short, environmental pollution, almost exclusively created by human activities, has a negative effect on the ecosystem,
destroying crucial layers of it and causing an even more negative effect on the upper layers.

9] What is Energy audit?

Ans. An energy audit is an inspection survey and an analysis of energy flows for energy conservation in a building. It may include a process or system to reduce
the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output.

10] Write the benefits of Energy Management?

Ans. Energy management is the means to controlling and reducing your organization's energy consumption... And controlling and reducing your organization's
energy consumption is important because it enables you to:

 Reduce costs – this is becoming increasingly important as energy costs rise.

 Reduce carbon emissions and the environmental damage that they cause - as well as the cost-related implications of carbon taxes and the like, your
organization may be keen to reduce its carbon footprint to promote a green, sustainable image.
 Reduce risk – the more energy you consume, the greater the risk that energy price increases or supply shortages could seriously affect your profitability,
or even make it impossible for your business/organization to continue. With energy management you can reduce this risk by reducing your demand for
energy and by controlling it so as to make it more predictable.