EXPERIMENT NO

Aim: - To study different types of tools used in Fitting shop.

Fitting Tools: - Fitting shop tools are classified as below:
(a) Clamping Tools. (b) Measuring and marking Tools.
(c) Cutting Tools. (d) Striking Tools. (e)Drilling Tools.
(f) Threading Tools.
(a) Clamping Tools: - The vice is the most common tool used for
clamping or holding work. Following are the various types of vices
for different purposes:
1. Bench Vice: - It is firmly fixed to the bench with the help of nuts and
bolts. It consists of a Cast Iron body and Cast Iron jaws. Two jaw
plates are fitted on both the jaws. The holding surface of the jaw
plates is knurled in order to increase the gripping. Jaw plates are made
up of carbon steel and are wear resistant. One jaw is fixed to the body
and the second slides on a square threaded screw with the help of a
handle. The jaws are opened up to the required to length, job is placed
in the two jaws and is fully tightened with handle.

2. Hand Vice: - For gripping very small work (objects) a hand vice is
usually employed. These are made in different shapes and size
depending upon the job. A commonly used consists of the two steel
legs hinged together at the bottom. A spring is provided between two
legs, helps in opening out by its pressure. The jaws are adjusted by a
flange nut. The vice is held in one hand and the other hand performs
the required operation.

3. Pin Vice: - It is used to hold wire or small diameter rods. It consists of

a self-centered three jaw chucks made up of a tool steel. The work is
gripped between the jaws of the chuck by rotating the handle

4. Pipe Vice: - It is used to hold pipes, shafts or round jobs. It consists of

a vertical screw with the square threads. A handle is attached on the
top of the screw to move the moveable jaw; which is fixed, on the
lower end of the screw. It grips the work at four points.

5. V Block with U clamp: - In V Block, V grooves are provided to hold

the round objects longitudinally. The screw of the clamp applies the
holding pressure. When the handle is rotated three is movement in the
screw.
(b) Measurement and marking tools:

• Steel Rule - It is used to set out dimensions.

• Try Square - Try square is used for making and testing angles of
90degree
• Scriber – It used to scribe or mark lines on metal work pieces.
• Divider - This is used for marking circles, arcs, laying out
perpendicular lines, bisecting lines, etc

(c) Cutting Tools: - The tools, which are used to remove the material
from the work piece, are known as cutting tools. The cutting tools
used in fitting are hacksaws, files and chisels. These are described
below in detail.
1. Hacksaw: - Hacksaw is used for cutting of rods, bars, pipes, flats etc.
it consists of a frame, which is made from mild steel. The blade is placed
inside the frame and is tightened with the help of a flange nut. The blade
is made up of high carbon steel or high speed steel. The points of the
teeth are bent, to cut a wide groove and prevent the body of the blade
from rubbing or jamming in the saw cut. The teeth of the blades are
generally forward cut so in that case pressure is applied in the forward
direction only.

Depending upon the direction of cut blades are classified as: -

i) Forward cut ii) Back ward cut.
Depending upon the pitch of the teeth (distance between the two
consecutive teeth) blades is classified as: -
i) Coarse (8-14 teeth per inch)
ii) Medium (16-20 teeth per inch)
iii) Fine (24-32 teeth per inch)
Sawing: - It is the cutting operation and is performed as follow:
1. The work is held tightly in the vice.
2. Blade is fixed with its teeth facing forward so that cutting stroke is
forward stroke. The blade is tensioned sufficiently by a wing nut.
3. The desired cut is marked and a notch is made with a file.
4. The frame is held by one hand just above the wing nut and holds the
handle by the second hand.
5. Cutting is started by keeping the blade slightly inclined.
6. Pressure is applied during the forward stroke only and it should be
relieved during the return stroke.
2. Files: - Files are multi points cutting tools. It is used to remove the
material by rubbing it on the metal. Files are available in the number of
sizes, shapes and degree of coarseness.

CLASSIFICATION OF FILES: -
1. On the basis of grade: -
i) Rough (20 teeth per inch) ii) Bastard (30 teeth per inch)
iii) Second cut (40 teeth per inch) iv) Smooth files (50 teeth per inch)
v) Dead smooth (100 teeth per inch)
Rough and bastard files are the big cut files. When the material
removal is more, these files are used. These files have bigger cut but the
surface produced is rough. Dead smooth and smooth files have smaller
teeth and used for finishing work. Second cut files have degree of finish
in between bastard and smooth file.
2. On the basis of shape and size: -
The length of the files varies from 4" to 14". The various shapes of
cross section available are hand file, flat file, triangular file, round.
Square, half round, knife - edge, pillar, needle and mill file.
3. On the basis of number of cuts: -
i) Single cut files ii) Double cut files iii) Rasp cut files

In single cut files the teeth are cut in parallel rows at an angle of 60 to the
teeth. An other row of teeth is added in opposite direction in case of
double cut files. Material removal is more in case of double cut files.

Filing: -
Filing is required after chipping, cutting or to finish the shape of the
work piece. The filing operation consists of the following steps.
1. The work should be held tightly in the vice. The amount of projection
of the work piece from the vice should be minimum to reduce the
noise.
2. The file handle is hold by the right hand. Left-hand palm is pressed
against the end of the file.
3. The file must remain horizontal throughout the stroke. The stroke
should be long, slow and steady. Pressure should be applied only in
the forward direction.
4. The pressure is relived during the return stroke but file should remain
in contact with the work piece.
5. When quantity of material removal is more, use rough files and for
finishing cut use smooth files. Surface smoothness is generated
progressively.
3. Chisels: -
These are used for chipping away the material from the work piece.
These are made up of high carbon steel. The top is flattened and a sharp
cutting edge is ground to an angle suited to the material being worked
upon. The most commonly used cutting angle is 60°, but this varies
according to the type of material cut.
 Material Cutting angles

Aluminum 30°

Copper 45°

Brass 50°

Wrought Iron & Mild steel 55° to 60°

Cast Iron 60° to 65°

Cast steel 70°

Commonly used forms of chisel are flat, cross cut, half round and
diamond point chisel. Flat chisel is used for general work. Cross cut
chisel and half round chisels are used for grooving and diamond point
chisels is used for precision work.
(d) Striking tools: -
Hammers are the only tools used for striking in fitting shop. A
hammer consists of a heavy iron body with a wooden handle. The weight
of the hammer ranges from 0.25 to 2 kg. The parts of a hammer are pean,
eye neck, face and a handle shown in figure below:

E) Miscellaneous Tools: -
1. Drill: - The tool used for making round holes is called drill. It is a
multipoint cutting tool. It is made up of high speed steel.
The part of the twist drill is shown as below.
2. Reamer: - Reamer is used t6 finish the drilled hole and the operation
is called reaming. So the reaming is a process of imparting necessary
smoothness, parallelism, roundness and accuracy in size, to the
previously drilled hole by using a reamer. The commonly used reamer is
shown below:

3. Counter sunk: - Countersunk are taper cutters used to make the hole
cone-shaped from the upper end. It is made for fitting screws and
nails.
4. Taps: - Taps are used for making internal threads. The tap is provided
with cutting edges and hardened, so that when it is screwed into a hole,
it cuts an internal thread so that when it is screwed into a hole, it cuts
an internal thread to fit an external thread of the same size. The taps
are made of high carbon or high speed steel. These are made in sets of
three. First use taper tap then use medium tap and then use bottoming
or plug tap.
Die and Die stock: - Die and Die stock are used for cutting external
threads. Dies are made from tool steel and have external threads. By
holding the die into die stock, the handle is rotated by hand.