Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
37 views

Chapter 2

The document discusses modeling and analysis of power system operations. It provides details on: 1) The objectives of power grid operations including providing continuous quality power, acceptable voltage and frequency, adequate security and reliability, minimal environmental impact, and low cost. 2) The various resources that make up modern power grids such as hydro, nuclear, fossil fuels, and renewable sources. 3) Key aspects of power grid control including load frequency control, automatic generation control, state estimation, and economic dispatch calculations. 4) Features of smart grids like two-way communication, remote monitoring and control, and integration of distributed generation and renewable energy.

Uploaded by

jnhwed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
37 views

Chapter 2

The document discusses modeling and analysis of power system operations. It provides details on: 1) The objectives of power grid operations including providing continuous quality power, acceptable voltage and frequency, adequate security and reliability, minimal environmental impact, and low cost. 2) The various resources that make up modern power grids such as hydro, nuclear, fossil fuels, and renewable sources. 3) Key aspects of power grid control including load frequency control, automatic generation control, state estimation, and economic dispatch calculations. 4) Features of smart grids like two-way communication, remote monitoring and control, and integration of distributed generation and renewable energy.

Uploaded by

jnhwed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

Modeling and Analysis of Power

System

ECE | Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering 1


Power Grid Operation
• The operational objectives of a power grid is to provide
- continuous quality power
- acceptable voltage
- acceptable frequency
- adequate security & reliability
- acceptable impact for the environment
- at minimum cost
• Priority of the Power Grid’s Objectives
a) security & reliability
b) impact on the environment
c) cost
• Security means upon occurrence of a contingency, the power grid could
recover to its original state and supply the same quality power as before.
• Upon contingency, Security is the ability to serve all the loads.
• Reliability is to have enough reserve to support the load increase.

2
Power Grid Operation

• Power resources in modern grid include :


- Hydropower
- Nuclear power
- Fossil fuel
- Renewable energy sources (Solar & Wind)
- Green energy sources (Fuel Cells)
• The load demand is cyclic in nature
- Daily peak demand over a week
- Weekly peak demand over a month
- Monthly peak demand over a year

3
Power Grid Operation

• Supervisory Control & Data


Acquisition (SCADA) consists of
- Data acquisition hardware &
software
- Man – Machine Interface (MMI)
- Real time Operating System
• Weekly resource planning consists
of
- weekly load forecasting
- hydrothermal coordination
program
• The existence of intermittent
renewable sources & real time
pricing make the resource planning
too complex due to the reaction of
users to dynamic pricing.

4
Power Grid Operation & Control:
• According to NERC (North American Electric Reliability Council), each central
area should operate its power resources to provide for a level of operating
reserve sufficient to account for:
- Errors in forecasting
- Generation and Transmission equipment failure
- Number & size of generating units
- Equipment forces outage
- Maintenance schedules
- Regulations requirements
- Load diversity
• Spinning Reserve is defined as synchronized power that is ready to be
dispatched by the system operator (5 – 10 minutes reserve)
• Reserve Power Forms:
- Spinning Reserve
- Stand-by offline reserve
- Contracted Customer interrupted load
5
Power Grid Operation & Control:

• Different types of Control:


- Load Frequency Control (LFC)
- Automatic Generation Control (AGC) [1-10 seconds]
- State Estimation
- Online load flow & Contingency studies
- Economic Dispatch Calculations (EDC) [5-10 minutes]
- Load Management Systems (LMS) [1second – 30 minutes]
- Network Topology Determination
• Load Frequency Control (LFC) :

6
Load Frequency Control (LFC) :

- As the load demand increases, frequency of the system decreases.


- In synchronized operation, all the generators in the system operate in parallel
at 60KHZ frequency regardless of their prime movers.
- At each instant,
nL
 PGI = i =1 PLi + PLoss
ng
i =1

-LFC is equivalent to the governor response control.


- The frequency of the system must be maintained to have a stable grid.
- All the synchronous generators in the system operate at the same electrical
frequency.

7
Load Frequency Control (LFC) :

- In response to load changes, the


stored energy in the mass of the
synchronous generator will be
delivered to the system.

- The lack of balance between the


load and the mechanical energy
cause oscillations in the grid.

- When the speed drops, the control


loop increases the power at the
prime mover to increase the speed
.
- For stable operation of the
system, in addition to frequency
control, the terminal voltage and the
power factor at generator must be
controlled.
8
Automatic Generation Control (AGC):
• The cost of generated power is not
the same for different units.
• AGC software is designed to
accomplish the following objectives:
- Match area generation to area
load
- Distribute the changing loads
among generators to minimize the
operating costs.
• Low frequency fluctuations are
controlled by AGC, whereas high
frequency fluctuations are
controlled by LFC.
• AGC also controls the connected
micro grids in a large power grid.
• AGC changes the set points of the
generators under its control. Every
1-2 minutes, he supplementary
control under AGC economically
dispatch all units to match 9
generation to load.
Smart Grid operation:
• The smart grid introduces the
sensing, monitoring and the control
system that provide end-users, the
cost of energy through real-time
pricing.

• It allows for the breakup of the


interconnected power grids into
smaller regional clusters.

• Cyber Fusion Point (CFP) which


represents a node of the smart grid
where the renewable energy
systems is connected to a large
scale interconnected system.

• CFP receives data from upstream


and downstream(micro-grid).
10
Smart Grid operation:

• A CFP also evaluates whether its micro grid should be operated as an


independent grid or connected to the large system.
• A cyber system is the back bone of the communication system for collection of
data.
• Two-way communication is a key characteristic of the smart grid that enables
the end-users to adjust the time of the that energy usage based on real-time
pricing.

11
The Load Factor:
• The load factor is the ratio of a customer’s average power demand to its peak
demand. AveragePower
LoadFactor (%) =
PeakPower

• The cost of peak demand is substantially higher than the average power.
• The load factor can be calculated based on daily, monthly or yearly cycles.
• A desirable load factor is close to one ( low peak & high average power).
• At a commercial site with load factor, the power grid would need twice as much
as installed equipment & resources & the price must be adjusted to take care of
the extra cost.

CLASSROOM ACTIVITY:
• What is the best load factor; which neighborhood has lower electricity price?
- The one with some customers where LF<<1 or the one with all the customers
where LF ~1.

12
Cyber Controlled Smart Grid:
• A smart grid consists of many distributed generation stations in the form of
micro grids.
• The micro grids employ intelligent load control, operation & communication.
• Smart appliances such as refrigerators, washers, dishwashers & microwaves
can be controlled by the customer to manage energy consumption.
• Smart meter & advanced communication make available the utilization of real-
time pricing i.e., load management.
• In smart grid, emergency load reduction and energy production through
renewable are possible.
• Cyber controlled smart grid technology has three components:
- measurement tools
- smart transducer
- Communication System

13

You might also like