Principles Motor Control & Learning of Exercise, Sports and Dance

URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
MAPEH DEPARTMENT
Bachelor of Physical Education
PRINCIPLES MOTOR CONTROL & LEARNING OF EXERCISE,

SPORTS AND DANCE
JEPTHY SEAS, BPED1

Submitted by:
MR. HILLARION V. OLIMPO, Maed.

PRINCIPLES MOTOR CONTROL & LEARNING OF EXERCISE, SPORTS AND DANCE
What is Postural Control?
 Postural control motor control that stabilizes the body in

space by integrating sensory input about body position
(somatosensory, visual, and vestibular input) with motor output to
coordinate the action of muscles and keep the body's center of mass
within its base of support.
Postural control is an essential ingredient needed for

successful eye hand coordination skills. When the back is able to
maintain erect sitting for 10 – 15 minutes of classroom work, this shifts the work
of the upper mantle of the brain away from control of posture and towards
attending to the job of taking in information from the environment. Cues such
as listening when the teacher is speaking, processing visual cues from books,
tablets, classroom tools, and social behavior can then be attended to.
The postural control system has two main functions: first, to build up
posture against gravity and ensure that balance is maintained; and second, to fix
the orientation and position of the segments that serve as a reference frame for
perception and action with respect to the external world. This dual function of
postural control is based on four components: reference values, such as
orientation of body segments and position of the center of gravity (an internal
representation of the body or postural body scheme); multisensory inputs
regulating orientation and stabilization of body segments; and flexible postural
reactions or anticipations for balance recovery after disturbance, or postural
stabilization during voluntary movement. The recent data related to the
organization of this system will be discussed in normal subjects (during
ontogenesis), the elderly and in patients with relevant deficits.
 Sensorimotor Integration in Human Postural Control

Postural Control and Age
 We quantified the effect of vision, pressoreceptor function and

proprioception on the postural stability at different ages. Altogether 212
healthy volunteers (ages from 6 to 90 years) were examined by using a
computerised force platform. The sway velocity (SV) was measured with
eyes open and eyes closed during quiet stance on a bare platform and a
foam plastic covered surface. In addition, to study the proprioceptive
system, pseudorandom vibration perturbation was applied on the calf
muscles. The SV showed a U-shaped curve: the children and the oldest
swayed most. Equilibrium was most stable around 50 years. The visual
system was of most importance for balance control in the old. The children
were sensitive of pressoreceptor and proprioceptive perturbation, indicating
the importance of these systems for their postural control.
Human balance and posture control

during standing and walking
The common denominator in the assessment of human

balance and posture is the inverted pendulum model. If we focus
on appropriate versions of the model we can use it to identify the
gravitational and acceleration perturbations and pinpoint the
motor mechanisms that can defend against any perturbation.
During initiation and termination of gait these two separate
mechanisms control the trajectory of the COP to ensure the
desired acceleration and deceleration of the COM. During
initiation the initial acceleration of the COM forward
towards the stance limb is achieved by a posterior and
lateral movement of the COP towards the swing limb.
After this release phase there is a sudden loading of the
stance limb which shifts the COP to the stance limb. The
COM is now accelerated forward and laterally towards
the future position of the swinging foot. Also ML shifts of the
COP were controlled by the hip
abductors/adductors and all AP shifts
were under the control of the ankle
plantar/dorsiflexors. During
termination the trajectory of both COM and
COP reverse. As the final
weight-bearing on the stance foot takes place the COM is passing forward along
the medial border of that foot. Hyperactivity of that foot's plantarflexors takes
the COP forward and when the final foot begins to bear weight the COP moves
rapidly across and suddenly stops at a position ahead of the future position of
the COM. Then the plantarflexors of both feet release and allow the COP to move
posteriorly and approach the COM and meet it as quiet stance is achieved. The
inverted pendulum model permitted us to understand the separate roles of the
two mechanisms during these critical unbalancing and rebalancing periods
 REFERENCES
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7664687
_Adaptation_of_a_seated_postural_control_measur
e_for_adult_wheelchair_users
 /www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/
abs/pii/0959438894901392
 ttps://doi.org/10.1016/0959-4388(94)90137-6
 https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.3.1097
 ://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/jn.2002.88.
3.1097

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URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY

PRINCIPLES MOTOR CONTROL & LEARNING OF EXERCISE,

JEPTHY SEAS, BPED1

MR. HILLARION V. OLIMPO, Maed.

What is Postural Control?

 Postural control motor control that stabilizes the body in

Postural control is an essential ingredient needed for

 Sensorimotor Integration in Human Postural Control

Postural Control and Age

 We quantified the effect of vision, pressoreceptor function and

Human balance and posture control

The common denominator in the assessment of human

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