Vibration

Measurement
and
Analysis
l Why Frequency Analysis
l Spectrum or Overall Level
l Filters
l Linear vs. Log Scaling
l Amplitude Scales
l Vibration Parameters
l The Detector/Averager
l Signal vs. System analysis

BA 7676-12, 1
The Measurement Chain

Transducer Preamplifier Filter(s) Detector/

Output
Averager

BA 7676-12, 2
Why Make a Frequency Analysis

B C

Amplitude Amplitude
E
CD
B
A
A
Time

Frequency
E Vibration
D

BA 7676-12, 3
Frequency Analysis

Acc.
Level

Frequency

BA 7676-12, 4
Frequency Spectrum or Overall Level

Transducer Preamplifier Filter(s) Detector/ Output

Averager
Overall
Level

Frequency
Spectrum

BA 7676-12, 5
Frequency Spectrum or Overall Level
Frequency Spectrum Overall Level
5
Vibration 5 4
4 3
2
3 1
2
1

Fan

Frequency Date
Vibration 5
5 1 2 3 4
4
3
2
1

Gearbox
Frequency Date

BA 7676-12, 6
Presenting the Data

l Linear vs. Log Scaling

l Amplitude in dB?
l Linear and Logarithmic Frequency Scales
– Decades
– Octaves

BA 7676-12, 7
Linear vs Logarithmic Scales

0 1/2 1

Empty Full

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

0 1/10 1/5 1/2 1

Full

0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1

BA 7676-12, 8
Linear vs Logarithmic Scales

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Linear
0 0.1 0.5 1
0.01 1 Decade
1 Decade
1 2 5 10 20 50 100

1 2 5 10 25 50 1 2 5 10 20 50 100
Logarithmic
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
1 Decade 1 Decade 1 Decade 1 Decade

BA 7676-12, 9
 Linear vs Logarithmic Frequency Scales
120 Hz 50 Hz
Vibration
Level

Linear
0 200 400 600 800 1K 1,2K 1,4K 1,6K 1,8K 2K Hz Frequency

Vibration
Level

Logarithmic
20 50 100 200 500 1K 2K 5K 10K 20K Frequency

BA 7676-12, 10
 Bandpass Filters and Bandwidth
B
0

Ideal filter
Bandwidth = f2 – f1
Centre Frequency = f0

f1 f0 f2 Frequency
Area = Area
Ripple
0

- 3 dB
Real filter and Real filter and
definition of definition of
3 dB Bandwidth Noise Bandwidth

f1 f0 f2 Frequency f1 f0 f2 Frequency

BA 7676-12, 11
Filter Types
Constant Bandwidth Constant Percentage Bandwidth
or Relative Bandwidth
y × f0
B = x Hz B = y% =
100

Linear Logarithmic
0 20 40 60 80 Frequency 50 70 100 150 200 Frequency
B = 31,6 Hz B = 1 octave
B = 10 Hz B = 1/3 octave
B = 3,16 Hz B = 3%

BA 7676-12, 12
Constant Bandwidth Filtering
Bandwidth = 400 Hz

Linear
Frequency
Axis

0 1k 2k 3k 4k 5k 6k 7k 8k 9k 10k

Logarithmic
Frequency
Axis

1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1k 2k 5k 10k

BA 7676-12, 13
Constant Percentage Bandwidth Filters
Bandwidth = 1/1 octave = 70% of Centre Frequency

Linear
Frequency
Axis

0 1k 2k 3k 4k 5k 6k 7k 8k 9k 10k Frequency, Hz

Logarithmic
Frequency
Axis

1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1k 2k 5k 10k Frequency, Hz

125 8k

BA 7676-12, 14
 Linear vs Logarithmic Frequency Scales
120 Hz 50 Hz
Vibration
Level

Linear
0 200 400 600 800 1K 1,2K 1,4K 1,6K 1,8K 2K Hz Frequency

Vibration
Level

Logarithmic
20 50 100 200 500 1K 2K 5K 10K 20K Frequency

BA 7676-12, 15
Selecting Bandwidth
Filter Frequency
width Spectrum
Vibration
Level

Frequency Frequency
Vibration
Level

Frequency Frequency

BA 7676-12, 16
Most important in Frequency Analysis

B = bandwidth
T = time

BT ≥ 1

(often called the Uncertainty Principle)

BA 7676-12, 17
 Linear vs Logarithmic Amplitude Scales
Advantages of logarithmic amplitude scale
l Constant factor changes are equally displayed for all levels
l Optimal way of displaying a large dynamic range

1000 1000
Linear Logarithmic × 3.16
900 amplitude amplitude
316
800

Logarithmic scale
× 3.16
× 3.16
Linear scale

700 100
600 × 3.16
500 31.6
× 3.16
400
10
300 × 3.16 × 3.16
200 3.16
100 × 3.16
0 1
Frequency

BA 7676-12, 18
The dB Scale
Acceleration Acceleration
dB m/s2 æ a2 ö æ a ö
re. 10-6 m/s2 ç ÷
N(dB) = 10log10 ç 2 ÷ = 20log10 çç ÷÷
è aref ø è aref ø
60 1000

50 316
× 3.16 = 10 dB
40 100
Logarithmic amplitude
× 100
30 31.6 = 40 dB
× 3.16 = 10 dB
20 10

10 × 10
3.16
= 20 dB
× 3.16 = 10 dB
1 1
Frequency

BA 7676-12, 19
Transmission of Vibration

System
Input
Forces + Response = Vibration
(Mobility)

8 dB
8 dB
+ =
Frequency Frequency Frequency

Forces caused by Structural Vibration

l Imbalance Parameters: Parameters:
l Shock l Mass l Acceleration
l Friction l Stiffness l Velocity
l Acoustic l Damping l Displacement

BA 7676-12, 20 891875
“Real World” Vibration Levels

ms-2 dB

1 000 000 240

1000 180

1 120

0.001 60

0.000 001 0

BA 7676-12, 21
Vibration Parameters

Relative Amplitude

100 000 Acceleration

10 000
1000
100
10
1 Velocity
10
100
1000
10 000
Displacement
100 000
0.1 1 10 100 1k 10 kHz
Frequency

BA 7676-12, 22
Which Parameter to Choose

Measurement Measurement Measurement

A B C
Acc. Acc.
Acc.

Vel. Vel. Vel.

Disp.
Disp. Disp.

Choose Choose Choose

Displacement Velocity Acceleration

BA 7676-12, 23
 The Detector/Averager

Vibration Vibration
Level Peak-Peak
Hold
Peak Peak-
RMS Peak Peak-Peak
Peak
Time
RMS
Time

BA 7676-12, 24
 Averaging Time

Vibration Vibration
Level
(Peak) Averaging Time = 10 s

Averaging Time = 1 s

Time

Time

BA 7676-12, 25
Signal vs. System Analysis

Signal Analysis System Analysis

Vibration Excitation
signal (Input)

Vibration
Response
(Output)

BA 7676-12, 26
Conclusion

This lecture should provide you with sufficient

information to:

l Choose the right vibration parameters to measure

l Present the measured data in a suitable way
l Understand the basic filter and analysis parameters
and limitations
l Understand the difference between signal and
system analysis

BA 7676-12, 27
Literature for Further Reading

l Shock and Vibration Handbook (Harris and Crede, McGraw-Hill 1976)

l Frequency Analysis (Brüel & Kjær Handbook BT 0007-11)
l Structural Testing Part 1 and 2
(Brüel & Kjær Booklets BR 0458-12 and BR 0507-11)

l Brüel & Kjær Technical Review

– No.2 - 1996 (BV 0049-11)
– No.2 - 1995 (BV 0047-11)
– No.2 - 1994 (BV 0045-11)
– No.1 - 1994 (BV 0044-11)
– No.1 - 1988 (BV 0033-11)
– No.4 - 1987 (BV 0032-11)

BA 7676-12, 28