BHIMAVARAM INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada)
Pennada, Bhimavaram-534243, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (EEE)

POWER SYSTEMS LAB

MANUAL
(Regulation-2013)

NAME:
REGISTER NUMBER:
BRANCH /SECTION: EEE
SEMESTER: IV YEAR-I SEM
SUBJECT CODE:
SUBJECT: POWER SYSTEMS Lab
ACADEMIC YEAR:
 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
KAKINADA

IV Year – I SEMESTER T PC
0 3 2
POWER SYSTEMS LAB

Learning Objectives:
To impart the practical knowledge of functioning of various power system components and
determination of various parameters and simulation of load flows, transient stability, LFC and
Economic dispatch.

Any 10 of the Following experiments are to be conducted:

1. Sequence impedances of 3 phase Transformer.
2. Sequence impedances of 3 phase Alternator by Fault Analysis.
3. Sequence impedances of 3 phase Alternator by Direct method.
4. ABCD parameters of Transmission network.
5. Power Angle Characteristics of 3phase Alternator with infinite bus bars.
6. Dielectric strength of Transformer oil.
7. Calibration of Tong Tester.
8&9. Load flow studies any two methods.
10. Transient Stability Analysis
11. Load frequency control without control
12. Load frequency control with control
13. Economic load dispatch without losses
14. Economic load dispatch with losses.

Learning Outcomes:
The student is able to determine the parameters of various power system components which
are frequently occur in power system studies and he can execute energy management systems
functions at load dispatch centre.

i
 INDEX
List of experiments as per university i
List of experiments to be conducted for this
iii
semester
Cycle indicate schedule and the batch size iv
Laboratory Practice Safety Rules
v-vii
Guidelines For Laboratory Notebook
S.NO Name of the Experiment Page Number
1 Sequence impedances of 3 phase Alternator by Fault Analysis 1-4
2 Sequence impedances of 3 phase Alternator by Direct method 5-9
3 Power Angle Characteristics of 3phase Alternator with infinite bus 10-15
bars
4 Load flow studies Gauss siedel method 16-18
5 Load flow studies Newton Raphson method 19-22
6 Transient Stability Analysis 23-25
7 Load frequency control without control 26-28
8 Load frequency control with control 29-31
9 Economic load dispatch without losses 32-33
10 Economic load dispatch with losses 34-36
Additional Experiments
11 Sequence impedances of 3 phase Transformer 37-38
12 ABCD parameters of Transmission network 39-41
13 Dielectric strength of Transformer oil 42-43
14 Calibration of Tong Tester 44-46

ii
Experiments Conducted by the Department:

1. Sequence impedances of 3 phase Alternator by Fault Analysis

2. Sequence impedances of 3 phase Alternator by Direct method
3. Power Angle Characteristics of 3phase Alternator with infinite bus bars.
4. Load flow studies Gauss siedel method.
5. Load flow studies Newton Raphson method.
6. Transient Stability Analysis
7. Load frequency control without PI control
8. Load frequency control with PI control
9. Economic load dispatch without losses
10. Economic load dispatch with losses.

Additional Experiments:

1. Sequence impedances of 3 phase Transformer.

2. ABCD parameters of Transmission network
3. Dielectric strength of Transformer oil
4. Calibration of Tong Tester

iii
First Cycle Experiments:
Experiment
Experiment Name
Number
1 Sequence impedances of 3 phase Alternator by Fault Analysis
2 Sequence impedances of 3 phase Alternator by Direct method
3 Power Angle Characteristics of 3phase Alternator with infinite
bus bars
4 Load flow studies Gauss siedel method
5 Load flow studies Newton Raphson method

Second Cycle Experiments:

Experiment
Experiment Name
Number
1 Transient Stability Analysis
2 Load frequency control without PI control
3 Load frequency control with PI control
4 Economic load dispatch without losses
5 Economic load dispatch with losses

iv
 LABORATORY PRACTICE SAFETY RULES
1. SAFETY is of paramount importance in the Electrical Engineering Laboratories.
2. Electricity NEVER EXECUSES careless persons. So, exercise enough care and attention
in handling electrical equipment and follow safety practices in the laboratory. (Electricity
is a good servant but a bad master).
3. Avoid direct contact with any voltage source and power line voltages. (Otherwise, any
such contact may subject you to electrical shock)
4. Wear rubber-soled shoes. (To insulate you from earth so that even if you accidentally
contact a live point, current will not flow through your body to earth and hence you will
be protected from electrical shock)
5. Wear laboratory-coat and avoid loose clothing. (Loose clothing may get caught on an
equipment/instrument and this may lead to an accident particularly if the equipment
happens to be a rotating machine)
6. Girl students should have their hair tucked under their coat or have it in a knot.
7. Do not wear any metallic rings, bangles, bracelets, wristwatches and neck chains. (When
you move your hand/body, such conducting items may create a short circuit or may touch
a live point and thereby subject you to electrical shock)
8. Be certain that your hands are dry and that you are not standing on wet floor. (Wet parts
of the body reduce the contact resistance thereby increasing the severity of the shock)
9. Ensure that the power is OFF before you start connecting up the circuit.(Otherwise you
will be touching the live parts in the circuit)
10. Get your circuit diagram approved by the staff member and connect up the circuit strictly
as per the approved circuit diagram.
11. Check power chords for any sign of damage and be certain that the chords use safety
plugs and do not defeat the safety feature of these plugs by using ungrounded plugs.
12. When using connection leads, check for any insulation damage in the leads and avoid
such defective leads.
13. Do not defeat any safety devices such as fuse or circuit breaker by shorting across it.
Safety devices protect YOU and your equipment.
14. Switch on the power to your circuit and equipment only after getting them checked up
and approved by the staff member.
15. Take the measurement with one hand in your pocket. (To avoid shock in case you
accidentally touch two points at different potentials with your two hands)
16. Do not make any change in the connection without the approval of the staff member.
17. In case you notice any abnormal condition in your circuit ( like insulation heating up,
resistor heating up etc ), switch off the power to your circuit immediately and inform the
staff member.
18. Keep hot soldering iron in the holder when not in use.
19. After completing the experiment show your readings to the staff member and switch off
the power to your circuit after getting approval from the staff member.
20. While performing load-tests in the Electrical Machines Laboratory using the brake
drums: Avoid the brake-drum from getting too hot by putting just enough water into the
brake-drum at intervals; use the plastic bottle with a nozzle (available in the laboratory )
to pour the water.(When the drum gets too hot, it will burn out the braking belts).
21. Do not stand in front of the brake-drum when the supply to the load-test circuit is
switched off. (Otherwise, the hot water in the brake-drum will splash out on you) After
completing the load-test, suck out the water in the brake-drum using the plastic bottle
with nozzle and then dry off the drum with a sponge which is available in the
laboratory.(The water, if allowed to remain in the brake-drum, will corrode it)
v
22. Determine the correct rating of the fuse/s to be connected in the circuit after
understanding correctly the type of the experiment to be performed: no-load test or full
load test, the maximum current expected in the circuit and accordingly use that
inconvenient to others.(While an over-rated fuse will damage the equipment and other
instruments like ammeters and watt-meters in case of over load, an under-rated fuse may
not allow one even to start the experiment)
23. At the time of starting a motor, the ammeter connected in the armature circuit overshoots,
as the starting current is around 5 times the full load rating of the motor. Moving coil
ammeters being very delicate may get damaged due to high starting current. A switch has
been provided on such meters to disconnect the moving coil of the meter during starting.
This switch should be closed after the motor attains full speed. Moving iron ammeters
and current coils of watt meters are not so delicate and hence these can stand short time
overload due to high starting current. No such switch is therefore provided on these
meters. Moving iron meters are cheaper and more rugged compared to moving coil
meters. Moving iron meters can be used for both a.c. and d.c. measurement. Moving coil
instruments are however more sensitive and more accurate as compared to their moving
iron counterparts and these can be used for d.c. measurements only. Good features of
moving coil instruments are not of much consequence for you as other sources of errors
in the experiments are many times more than those caused by these meters.
24. Some students have been found to damage meters by mishandling in the following ways:
Keeping unnecessary material like books, lab records, and unused meters etc. causing
meters to fall down the table. Putting pressure on the meter (especially glass) while
making connections or while talking or listening somebody. STUDENTS ARE
STRICTLY WARNED THAT FULL COST OF THE METER WILL BE RECOVERED
FROM THE INDIVIDUAL WHO HAS DAMAGED IT IN SUCH A MANNER.
25. Copy these rules in your Lab Record. Observe these yourself and help your friends to
observe

I have read and understand these rules and procedures. I agree to abide by these rules and
procedures at all times while using these facilities. I understand that failure to follow these
rules and procedures will result in my immediate dismissal from the laboratory and additional
disciplinary action may be taken.

GUIDELINES FOR LABORATORY NOTEBOOK

The laboratory notebook is a record of all work pertaining to the experiment. This record
should be sufficiently complete so that you or anyone else of similar technical background
can duplicate the experiment and data by simply following your laboratory notebook. Record
everything directly into the notebook during the experiment. Do not use scratch paper for
recording data. Do not trust your memory to fill in the details at a later time. Organization in
your notebook is important. Descriptive headings should be used to separate and identify the
various parts of the experiment. Record data in chronological order. A neat, organized and
complete record of an experiment is just as important as the experimental work.
1. Heading
The experiment identification (number) should be at the top of each page. Your name and
date should be at the top of the first page of each day's experimental work.
2. Object
A brief but complete statement of what you intend to find out or verify in the experiment
should be at the beginning of each experiment

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3. Diagram
A circuit diagram should be drawn and labeled so that the actual experiment circuitry could
be easily duplicated at any time in the future. Be especially careful to record all circuit
changes made during the experiment.
4. Equipment List
List those items of equipment which have a direct effect on the accuracy of the data. It may
be necessary later to locate specific items of equipment for rechecks if discrepancies develop
in the results.
5. Procedure
In general, lengthy explanations of procedures are unnecessary. Be brief. Short commentaries
alongside the corresponding data may be used. Keep in mind the fact that the experiment
must be reproducible from the information given in your notebook.
6. Data
Think carefully about what data is required and prepare suitable data tables and record
instrument readings directly. Do not use calculated results in place of direct data; however,
calculated results may be recorded in the same table with the direct data. Data tables should
be clearly identified and each data column labeled and headed by the proper units of measure.
7. Calculations
Not always necessary but equations and sample calculations are often given to illustrate the
treatment of the experimental data in obtaining the results.
8. Graphs
Graphs are used to present large amounts of data in a concise visual form. Data to be
presented in graphical form should be plotted in the laboratory so that any questionable data
points can be checked while the experiment is still set up. The grid lines in the notebook can
be used for most graphs. If special graph paper is required, affix the graph permanently into
the notebook. Give all graphs a short descriptive title. Label and scale the axes. Use units of
measure. Label each curve if more than one on a graph.
9. Results
The results should be presented in a form which makes the interpretation easy. Large
amounts of numerical results are generally presented in graphical form. Tables are generally
used for small amounts of results. Theoretical and experimental results should be on the same
graph or arrange in the same table in a way for easy correlation of these results.
10. Conclusion
This is your interpretation of the results of the experiment as an engineer. Be brief and
specific. Give reasons for important discrepancies.

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 Power Systems Lab

Experiment No:
Date:
SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE OF 3-PHASE ALTERNATOR BY FAULT ANALYSIS
(LG, LL, LLG FAULTS)
Aim:
To determine the fault currents on an un loaded synchronous generator for
Line to ground fault (L-G Fault)
Line to Line fault (L-L fault)
Double Line to ground fault (LL-G Fault)

Apparatus Required:
S.No Equipment Name Range Qty
1 Ammeter (0-10A)MI 1
2 Ammeter (0-2A)MC 1
3 Voltmeter (0-500V) 1
4 Connecting Wires As Per required

Theory:
The positive, Negative and Zero sequence impedances of rotating machines are
generally different. The positive sequence impedance of Synchronous generator is equal to
the Synchronous impedance of the machine. Experimental set up to conduct OCC and SCC is
made available. With the help of observations Synchronous impedance can be calculated.
The negative sequence impedance is much less than positive sequence impedance. The
zero sequence impedance is a variable item and if its value is not given, it may be assumed to
be equal to the positive sequence impedance. For zero sequence impedance a separate model
is used to conduct of experiment.

Procedure:
ÿ L-G Fault:
Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram for a line to ground fault on phase A.
Calculate the determinate value of the fault current from impedances (+,-,
Zero sequences).
Run the generator rated speed.
Increase the field current of excitation so that terminal voltage is constant
value.
Close the switch to create the L-G fault on Phase A.
Note the current and voltage in the ammeter and voltmeter.
Open the switch and remove the L-G fault on phase A.
Reduce the excitation and open the field circuit switch and switch the
prime mover.
Note: This voltage must be such that it does not cause the rated current of the machine to be
exceeded.

Tabulation:
S.No I in Amps Ef in Volts

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 Power Systems Lab

Ia=3Ef/Z1+Z2+Z0
Where Ia is fault current
Ef is the voltage to which the machine is excited
Z1+Z2+Z0 are th e positive, negative and zero sequence impedances of the machine.
Verify the theoretical value calculated by using equation1 with the actual value noted by the
ammeter.
Line to line fault (L-L fault)

Procedure:
L-L fault:
1. Repeat the steps 1 to 6 from L-G Fault procedure for L-L and L-G faults.
2. Connect the respective circuit in step1.
3. Generatorisexcitedit’sacertainvoltageasmentioninstep2oftheprocedure.

Note: This voltage must be such that it does not cause the rated current of the machine to
be exceeded.
Tabulation:
S.No I in Amps Ef in Volts

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 Power Systems Lab

Ia1 =Ef/Z1+Z2
Ib =a2Ia1+aIa2;Ia2 = -Ia1 Where
a2 =(-0.5-j0.866)a=(-0.5+j0.866)
Fault current calculated which must be verified with the actual value.

Double line to ground fault (LL-G fault):

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 Power Systems Lab

LL-G fault:
1. Repeat the steps 1 to 6 from L-G Fault procedure for L-L and L-Gfaults.
2. Connect the respective circuit in step1.
3. Generatorisexcitedit’sacertainvoltageasmentioninstep2oftheprocedure.

Tabulation:
S.No I in Amps Ef in Volts

Calculations:
Va1 =Va2=Va0=Ef-Ia1Z1
Ia1=Ef/Z1+(Z2xZ0/Z2+Z0)Ia2 = -Va2/Z2 ;
Ia0=-Va0/Z0
Ib = a2Ia1+aIa2+Ia0
Where a2 =(-0.5+j0.866) ;
a=(-0.5+l0.866)In = 3 Ia0 =Ib+IC
Ic = -Ib=aIa1-a2Ia1

Result:
The fault currents on an un loaded synchronous generator for Line to ground fault (L-G
Fault),Line to Line fault (L-L fault) and Double Line to ground fault (LL-G Fault) Was
determined.

Viva-Questions:
1. Define +ve, -ve, Zero sequence impedances.
2. Why are they different for Alternators?
3. Can we analyze an unbalanced system otherwise?
4. What is the effect on the value of zero sequence reactance if the
synchronousmachineisrotatedatsynchronousspeedduringtheaboveexperiment?
5. Out of all the reactance of synchronous machine which one is lowest?
6. What is the typical value of zero sequence reactance in per unit per large rating salient
pole alternator?

4
 Power Systems Lab

Experiment No:
Date:

SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES OF THREE-PHASE ALTERNATOR

Aim:
To determine the Positive, Negative and Zero sequence impedances of the given three phase
alternator.

Apparatus Required:
S.No Equipment Name Range Qty
1 Ammeter (0 –2.5 A) MC 1
2 Ammeter (0—10 A) MI 1
3 Auto-Transformer (0-230V) 1
4 DC motor- 3-phase alternator set
5 Connecting Wires As Per required

Theory:
The positive, Negative and Zero sequence impedances of rotating machines are generally
different. The positive sequence impedance of Synchronous generator is equal to the
Synchronous impedance of the machine. Experimental set up to conduct OCC and SCC is
made available. With the help of observations Synchronous impedance can be calculated.
The negative sequence impedance is much less than positive sequence impedance. The
zero sequence impedance is a variable item and if its value is not given, it may be assumed to
be equal to the positive sequence impedance. For zero sequence impedance a separate model is
used to conduct of experiment.

Procedure:
Positive Sequence impedance:
1. Obtain the O.C.C of the Alternator by connecting the Alternator as in fig.1.
2. Obtain the S.C.C of the Alternator by connecting the Alternator as in fig.2.
3. Determine the stator resistance /phase
4. Zs = O.C voltage / S.C current (at a same value of field current)

Negative Sequence impedance:

1. Connect the Circuit as shown in the fig.3.
2. Run the machine at rated speed with low excitation to the field of the Alternator.
3. The lines B and C shorted and the meters are connected as shown

Z 2=V/(√3I)
Zero Sequence impedance:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.4.
2. Three phase winding are connected in series.
3. Apply low voltage to Armature, so rated full load current flow in the series field Winding.
Z 0 = Va o / Ia o =E/3I
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 Power Systems Lab

Circuit diagram:
Positive Sequence Impedance:
OCC

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 Power Systems Lab

SCC :

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 Power Systems Lab

Negative Sequence Impedance :

8
 Power Systems Lab

Determination of Zero-Sequence Impedance:

Tabular form:

S.No. Zo in Ohms Xo in Ohms

Result:
The Positive, Negative and Zero sequence impedances of the given three phase alternator are
determined.

Viva-Questions:
1. Define +ve, -ve, Zero sequence impedances.
2. Why are they different for Alternators?
3. Can we analyze an unbalanced system otherwise?
4. What is the effect on the value of zero sequence reactance if the synchronous machine is
rotated at synchronous speed during the above experiment?
5. Out of all the reactance of synchronous machine which one is lowest?

9
 Power Systems Lab

Experiment No:
Date:
POWER ANGLE CHARACTERISTICS OF 3 PHASE ALTERNATOR WITH INFINITE
BUS BARS

Aim : To obtain power and torque angle characteristics of synchronous generator

Apparatus Required:
S.No Equipment Name Range Qty
1 Ammeter (0-2A, MC) 1
2 Ammeter (0-10A, MI) 1
3 Synchronizing board (dark lamp method) 1
4 Power factor meter (0.5 lead-1-0.5 lag) 1
5 Voltmeter (0-600V,MI) 1
6 Phase sequence Indicator 1
7 Connecting Wires As per required

Theory:
The Synchronous machine can be connected to the grid represented by an equivalent generator)
only when each of the voltages between the terminals Rg Rs,Yg Ys and Bg Bs is zero at any instant
of time. This condition is fulfilled when the line voltages on the generator side are equal, at all
instants of time, to the corresponding voltages on the bus bar side. This is possible only if the
following conditions are fulfilled:
The voltages Vgrid and Vsynchronous Machine are equal in magnitude and are in phase.
Both the Grid and synchronous generator must have same frequency of supply voltage.
The generator and grid voltages should have the same phase sequence.
When these conditions are fulfilled, adjust prime mover speed of alternator to get
maximum dark period i.e. the time of on and off for the lamps are equal they glow
brighter and turn off with same time period.
At the middle of dark period (when all the lamps are in off state)close the synchronizing
switch.

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 Power Systems Lab

LR

Rs A1 W1

Rs

Bs
V
Ys

Ys

W2

Fig. 1 Synchronization with grid using lampmethod.

A synchronous generator is a doubly excited machine

which can work at both lagging and leading power factors. A synchronous generator connected to
the infinite bus exhibits characteristic curves known as V curves (Ia vs. If) and inverted V curves
(cos Ø vs, If). The field current required to draw current at unity power factor is known as the
normal excitation. At field currents less than that of normal excitation the motor draws current at
lagging power factor from the three phase supply and at field currents more than that of normal
excitation the motor draws current at leading power factor from the three phase supply.

11
 Power Systems Lab

Circuit Diagram:

12
 Power Systems Lab

Procedure:
Connect as per the CIRCUIT DIAGRAM.
Run the motor at rated speed.
Vary the excitation current of the alternator such that the induced voltage is equal to the
bus bar voltage.
Check the phase sequence of the alternator supply and the busbar supply. Both the phase
sequence must be the same. If the phase sequence of the alternator is different from that
of the bus bar supply, inter change any two phases of the alternator supply on the
synchronizing board.
Vary the speed of the DC motor such that the frequency of the induced emf is equal to
the frequency of the bus bar voltage.
Close the synchronizing switch when all the lamps are at their middle of the dark period.
Switch off the supply to the DC motor. The alternator is now running as asynchronous
motor taking its input from the grid.
Change the excitation (If ) by varying the resistance in the field circuit of the alternator
such that wattmeter reads Unity.
Adjust the number of light pulses falling on the circular scale by slowly rotating the dial
on the stroboscope till the scale appears steady. Note the reading as shown by the index
mark. Let this be Q1. Note the reading on the dial of the stroboscope, this gives the
synchronous speed of the motor. The speed of the motor can also be measured by a
tachometer.
Apply some load on the motor shaft by means of the brake drum and note the new
reading on the circular scale.
Repeat the previous step for other increasing loads on the motor.
After noting the observations, switchoff the stroboscope and unload themotorshaft
Switch on the power supply of D.C Motor
Switch off the synchronizing switch
Reduce the output voltage of Alternator i.e. keeping Field Excitation Resistance
Maximum Position
Keep the motor rheostat at minimum resistance position
Switch off the power supply of D.C Motor.

Precautions:
Poursomewaterintothebrakedrumafterthemotorstartsandrunsatasteadyspeed
If the reading taken in step 3) above is disturbed, then steps 3) and 4) must be
repeated
Before starting the motor, field circuit must be open.
Keep the resistance in minimum resistance position.
Note: When using the stroboscope it is not necessary to maintain the same value for Q1 for
different loads applied on the motor. But the initial and final values of the readings from the
circular scale taken at successive loads must be taken when the readings appear steady, as shown
by the index mark.

Synchronization by three dark lamp method:

Connect the D.C.motor-synchronous generator as shown in Fig1.Start the D.C.motor
and bring its speed to the synchronous speed of the generator (1500-rpm). Adjust the field
excitation of the synchronous machine so that about rated voltage (200V, L-L) is obtained.
Assume that the grid has 200V, L-L. Let the phase sequence of the generator terminals RYB be
the same as that of the respective terminal of the grid, RYB. The voltage phasors for this
13
 Power Systems Lab

condition are shown in Fig2.If the generator frequency is slightly more than that of the bus,then
the phasors Rg , Yg and Bg move anti-clockwise relative to Rs , Ys , and Bs . The voltages
across the Lamps LR , LY and LB (which are indicated by the phasors Rg Rs ,Yg Ys and Bg Bs
) will increase & decrease simultaneously and therefore, the three lamps will brighten up and
darken at the same time.
If the phase sequences are Rg Yg Bg and Rs Bs Ys , for this condition the voltages across
lamps given by phasors Rg Rs ,Yg Ys and Bg Bs are not equal to each other at any
instant.Therefore the lamps go through their zero voltage one after the other. The phase
sequences are thus different and can be corrected by inter changing any two terminals either on
the generator side or on the bus side. When such a change is made both the three-phase main
switch S2 and the D.C. main switch S1 should be switched off.
With the phase sequence corrected, if there is a large difference between the frequency
of the generator and that of the bus, the lamps will brighten & darken in quick succession. By
adjusting the speed of the generator, this rapidity can be reduced, which indicates that the
frequencies are coming closer and the lamps will brighten up & darken slowly.
The correct moment of synchronization in this method is when all the lamps are
completely dark, at which time all the voltages of bus are exactly in phase with the
corresponding voltages of the generator. At this moment the synchronizing switch S3 is closed
and the generator is synchronized with the mains.
Bright lamp method:
With the switches S1 & S2 closed and S3 open, if all the conditions of synchronization
are satisfied lamp across C & c will remain dark and the other lamps will remain equally bright.
This permits closing of the synchronization switch. If the frequencies are differ, a wave or light
will travel and the speed of the incoming machine must be adjusted to make the incoming
machine must be adjusted to make the incoming machine frequency equal to that of mains.By
lowering the beat frequency to a very low value ,the darkness of one lamp and brightness of
other lamps are prolonged. Synchronizing switch is closed in the middle of this period.

Method of using synchro scope:

The instrument used to indicate the correct instant for synchronization is known as
synchroscope. It’s basically a single phase instrument and unlike synchronizing lamps which is
capable to indicate whether the incoming machine is slow or fast.
Tabularform:

Input
Reading Difference Speed W1 W2 Torque Power(P)
power
S.No on Q(degr N kg kg (T)Nm Watts2pN
circular ees) Watts
scale r.p.m. 9.81(W1-W2)r T/60
√3VIcosΦ

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 Power Systems Lab

Report:
Plot the graph between Power P (y-axis) against δ(x-axis).
Suppose 2 &3 lamps are cross connected how will the lamps glowfor:
Correct phase sequence
Incorrect phase sequence
Sample Caculations:
In space Qe=(2/P)Qm Where
Qe = torque angle in electrical degrees,
Qm=torqueangleinmechanicaldegreesandgivenbythestroboscopeandcircularscale,
P= number of poles of the synchronous motor.

Samplegraph:

Torque (T) &Power(P)

Qe

Result:
Hence power and torque angle characteristics of synchronous generator are obtained.

Viva Questions:-
State the conditions for synchronizationoftwoalternators.
State the effect of wrong synchronization.
State why pair of lamps are required in lamp method of synchronization?
Explain the necessity of synchronization of alternators.
State the advantages of using number of small generating units instead of
single large unit for supplying power.
Why the frequency of incoming alternator is kept slightly higher than bus-bar
frequency?
Whatisthedifferencebetweensynchronousmotorandsynchronouscondenser?
Forthegiventestsetuphowcanyoumakethesynchronousmachinebecomeagenera
tor feeding power to the bus?
Ifthetwo400Vmachinesaretobesynchronizedbyeitherdarklamporbrightlamp
method what will be the voltage rating of thebulb?
What is the steady state, dynamic and transient stability limits for synchronous
machines?
How do the synchronous machines behave when stable runningislost?
Find the steady state stability limit for the machine on which this
experimentisperformed
Why does the synchronous motor not develop any starting torque when the
rotorandstator power supplies are switchedon?

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 Power Systems Lab

Experiment No:
Date:
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS USING GUASS -SEIDEL METHOD
Aim: To find load flow solution of the given power system using Gauss-Seidel method
theoretically for one iteration and obtain full solution using MATLAB.

Problem:
For the sample power system shown below, the generators are connected at all the four buses,
while loads are at buses 2 and 3. Values of real and reactive powers are listed in the table. All
buses other than the slack are PQ type. Assuming a flat voltage start, find the voltages and bus
angles at the three buses at the end of first GS iteration.

Input data:

Write a MATLAB program to solve the load flow equations of the

above sample power system by using Gauss-Seidal method.
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 Power Systems Lab

Simulation Tools Required:

PC with MATLAB & SIMULINK Software

Procedure:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M –file by selecting File - New –M –File
3. Type and save the program in the editor Window
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools –Run.
5. View the results.

Program:
% Load flow using gauss siedel method
clc
clear
n=4;
V=[1.04 1 1 1];
Y=[3-j*9 -2+j*6 -1+j*3 0
-2+j*6 3.666-j*11 -0.666+j*2 -1+j*3
-1+j*3 -0.666+j*2 3.666-j*11 -2+j*6
0 -1+j*3 -2+j*6 3-j*9];
type=ones(n,1);
typechanged=zeros(n,1);
Qlimitmax=zeros(n,1);
Qlimitmin=zeros(n,1);
Vmagfixed=zeros(n,1);
type(2)=2;
Qlimitmax(2)=1.0;
Qlimitmin(2)=-0.2;
Vmagfixed(2)=1.04;
diff=10;
noofiter=1;
Vprev=V;
while (diff>0.00001 | noofiter==1),
abs(V);
abs(Vprev);
Vprev=V;
P=[inf 0.5 -1 0.3];
Q=[inf -0.3 0.5 -0.1];
S=[inf 0.5-j*0.2 -1.0+j*0.5 0.3-j*0.1];
for i=2:n,
if type(i)==2 |typechanged(i)==1,
if (Q(i)>Qlimitmax(i)| Q(i)<Qlimitmin(i))
if (Q(i)<Qlimitmin(i))
Q(i)=Qlimitmin(i);
else
Q(i)=Qlimitmax(i);
end
type(i)=1;
typechanged(i)=1;

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 Power Systems Lab

else
type(i)=2;
typechanged(i)=0;
end
end
sumyv=0;
for k=1:n,
if(i~=k)
sumyv=sumyv+Y(i,k)*V(k);
end
end
V(i)=(1/Y(i,i))*((P(i)-j*Q(i))/conj(V(i))-sumyv)
if type(i)==2 & typechanged(i)~=1,
V(i)=PolarTorect(Vmagfixed(i),angle(V(i)*180/pi))
end
end
diff=max(abs(abs(V(2:n))-abs(Vprev(2:n))));
noofiter=noofiter+1
end

Output:

Result:
Hence the load flow solution of the given power system using Gauss-Seidel method theoretically
and for one iteration and obtained full solution using MATLAB.

Viva Questions:
1. Define Slack bus.
2. Define Load bus
3. Define Generator bus.
4. Types of Load flow solution methods.
5. Compare Newton raphson method with Gauss Seidal method.

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 Power Systems Lab

Experiment No:
Date:
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS USING NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD

Aim: To find the load flow solution using Network-Raphson load flow method.

Simulation Tools Required:

PC with MATLAB & SIMULINK Software

Theory:
The number of iterations required to obtain a solution is independent of the system size
but more functional evaluations as required at each iteration.

In polar form

The complex Power at by I is =1

Separating the real and imaginary terms in the above equation

A set of non –linear algebraic equations in terms of independent variables ,voltage magnitude
in per unit and phase angles in radians

In the above discussion bus 1 is assumed to be the slack bus.

The jacobian matrix gives the

The diagonal matrix and off diagonal matrix (J1)

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 Power Systems Lab

Program:
%Newton Raphson Method
clc
clear all
y12=0.0839+0.5183j;
hlc=0.0636j;
disp('STEP1: Formulate Y-Bus matrix')
Y11=1/y12+hlc;
Y12=-1/y12;
Y21=-1/y12;
Y22=1/y12+hlc;
yBus=[Y11 Y12;
Y21 Y22]
Y11m=abs(Y11);
Y12m=abs(Y12);
Y21m=abs(Y21);
Y22m=abs(Y22);
Y11a=angle(Y11);
Y12a=angle(Y12);
Y21a=angle(Y21);
Y22a=angle(Y22);
disp('STEP2: Intialize bus voltages')
v1=1.05
v2=1.0
d1=0
d2=0
X0=[d2;
v2]
disp('STEP3: Calculate P2cal, Q2cal, dP2, dQ2')
P2cal=v2*((v1*Y21m*cos(Y12a+d2-d1))+(v2*Y22m*cos(Y22a+d2-d1)))
P2spec=-0.3
dP2=P2spec-P2cal
Q2cal=-v2*((v1*Y21m*sin(Y12a+d1-d2))+(v2*Y22m*sin(Y22a+d2-d1)))
disp('Check for q limit')
disp('Q2cal < Q2min')
Q2spec=-0.1
dQ2=Q2spec-Q2cal
disp('STEP:4 Form Jacobian matrix')
J11=(v2*v1*Y21m*sin(Y12a+d1-d2))+(v2*v2*Y22m*0);
J12=(v1*Y21m*cos(Y12a+d1-d2))+(2*v2*Y22m*cos(Y22a));
J21=(v2*v1*Y21m*cos(Y12a+d1-d2))-(v2*v2*Y22m*0);
J22=(-v1*Y21m*sin(Y12a+d1-d2))-(2*v2*Y22m*sin(Y22a));
Jmatrix=[J11 J12;
J21 J22]
Jinv=inv(Jmatrix)
disp('STEP:5 Compute dX')
pq=[dP2;
dQ2];
dX=Jinv*pq
delta2=dX(1,1);
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 Power Systems Lab

dV2=dX(2,1);
Xnew=X0+dX
v2new=v2+dV2
Delta2new=d2+delta2

Procedure:
NEWTON –RAPHSON METHOD:
1. Open the MA TLAB Command window by clicking on the MA TLAB.exe icon.
2. Enter the programs LF-Bus, LF-Newton bus out and line flow in the MATLAB
Text Editor.
3. Prepare the line, transformer parameters and transformer tap settings data in a
matrix named line data.
4. Run the programs LF-Y-Bus, LF-Newton, bus out and line flow in MATLAB
Command Window to get the power flow solution using Newton-Raphson.

Output:
STEP1: Formulate Y-Bus matrix
yBus =
0.3043 - 1.8165i -0.3043 + 1.8801i
-0.3043 + 1.8801i 0.3043 - 1.8165i
STEP2: Intialize bus voltages
v1 = 1.0500
v2 = 1
d1 = 0
d2 = 0
X0 = 0 1
STEP3: Calculate P2cal, Q2cal, dP2, dQ2
P2cal = -0.0152
P2spec = -0.3000
dP2 = -0.2848
Q2cal = -0.1576
Check for q limit
Q2cal < Q2min
Q2spec =
-0.1000
dQ2 =
0.0576
STEP:4 Form Jacobian matrix
Jmatrix =
1.9741 0.2891
-0.3196 1.6589
Jinv =
0.4927 -0.0859
0.0949 0.5863
STEP:5 Compute dX
dX =
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 Power Systems Lab

-0.1452
0.0067
Xnew =
-0.1452
1.0067
v2new =
1.0067
Delta2new =
-0.1452

Result:
Hence the load flow solution using Network-Raphson method was verified and the output was
observed.

Viva Questions:
1. Advantages of Newton- Raphson method ?
2. what is need of load flow study
3. What is mean by bus?
4. What is need of P.U values?
5. What are different types of load flow studies?

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 Power Systems Lab

Experiment No:
Date:
TRANSIENT STABILTY ANALYSIS

Problem :

A 20MVA, 50Hz generator delivers 18 MW over a d bus. generator has KE of speed 2.52.
generator MJ/MVA The transient reactance’ is Xd=0.35 pu.
Each transmission circuit has R=0 VA and base re
.|E’|=1.u1 and p infinite bus0.A voltage three-phase short V=1occurs.0/circuit the mid
point of one lines. Plot of swing the transmission curves with f au simultaneous opening
of breakers atnd6.both 25 encycles after the occurrence of fault. Also s if the fault is
sustained.
Simulate the problem in SIMULINK. and compare

Note: Before running simulation, integrator h i.e0..,Thisδ can be-clicking done by on

double integrator 1 blo value from0(in 0radians)toδ. Also doublenge click the thrthes
value from 0 to the fault clearing time (in

Simulation Tools Required:

PC with MATLAB & SIMULINK Software

Procedure:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M –file by selecting File - New –M –File
3. Construct the block diagram
4. Execute the block diagram by either pressing scope
5. View the results.

Simulink Model:

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 Power Systems Lab

Subsystem Details:

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 Power Systems Lab

Subsystem1 Details:

Expected Output :

Result:
Hence the model for evaluation of Transient Stability of Single machine connected to infinite
bus.

Viva-Questions:
1. Define transient stability
2. Define load shedding.
3. Define small signal stability
4. Define transient stability margin

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 Power Systems Lab

Experiment No:
Date:
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL WITHOUT PI CONTROLLER

Aim: To find dynamic response of the given single area load frequency control
problem theoretically and to plot and verify the results in SIMULINK.

Problem:
The parameters for load frequency control of a single area are:

An integral controller with gain Ki=0.09 is now used to reduce steady state error.
What is the dynamic response of the system without the controller? Obtain the dynamic
response of the system without the PI controller by developing a SIMULINK model and verify
the response
Simulation Tools Required:
PC with MATLAB & SIMULINK Software
Procedure:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M –file by selecting File - New –M –File
3. Construct the block diagram
4. Execute the block diagram by either pressing scope
5. View the results.

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 Power Systems Lab

Simulink Model Without Pi Controller:

Expected Output:

Expected Output:

27
 Power Systems Lab

Expected Output:

Result:
Hence the model of single area load frequency control without PI controller is simulated
successfully by using MATLAB.
Viva-Questions:
1.What is the necessity for frequency constancy in a power system?
2. What is the need for frequency regulation?
3. What is the need for voltage regulation in power system?
4. What happens to frequency if the load on the generator increases?
5. What is meant by AFRC?
6. State the difference between P-f and Q-lVl.
7. Define area control error.
8. Give the two control loops of large generators.
9. What is the basic role of ALFC?
10. What is meant by control area?
11. Specify the disadvantage of ALFC loop
12.Write the tie line power deviation equation in terms of frequency?
13.List the advantage of multi area operation.

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 Power Systems Lab

Experiment No:
Date:
LOAD FREQUENY CONTROL WITHOUT PI CONTROLLER

Aim: To find dynamic response of the given single area load frequency control
problem theoretically and to plot and verify the results in SIMULINK.
Problem:
The parameters for load frequency control of a single area are:

An integral controller with gain Ki=0.09 is now used to reduce steady state error.
What is the dynamic response of the system with the controller?
Obtain the dynamic response of the system with the PI
controller by developing a SIMULINK model and verify the response

Simulation Tools Required:

PC with MATLAB & SIMULINK Software
Procedure:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M –file by selecting File - New –M –File
3. Construct the block diagram
4. Execute the block diagram by either pressing scope
5. View the results.

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 Power Systems Lab

Simulink Model With Pi Controller:

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 Power Systems Lab

Output Waveforms:

Result:
Hence the model of single area load frequency control with PI controller is simulated
successfully by using MATLAB.

Viva-Questions:
1. What is the necessity for frequency constancy in a power system?
2. What is the need for frequency regulation?
3. What is the need for voltage regulation in power system?
4. What happens to frequency if the load on the generator increases?.
5. Give the two control loops of large generators.
6. What is the basic role of ALFC?
7. What is meant by control area?
8. Specify the disadvantage of ALFC loop
9. Write the tie line power deviation equation in terms of frequency?
10. List the advantage of multi area operation.

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 Power Systems Lab

Experiment No:
Date:
ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH WITHOUT LOSSES

Aim: To find optimum loading of two units for the given load neglecting transmission losses
and verify using MATLAB.

Problem:
Incremental fuel costs in rupees per MWh for a plant consisting of two units are:

Assume that both units are operating at all times, and total load varies from 40 MW to 250
MW, and the maximum and minimum loads on each unit are to be 125 MW and 20 MW
respectively. How will the load be shared between the two units as the system load varies
over the full range? What are the corresponding values of the plant incremental costs?
Solve the problem theoretically and verify using MATLAB.

Simulation Tools Required:

PC with MATLAB & SIMULINK Software

Procedure:
1.Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2.Create a new M –file by selecting File - New –M –File
3.Type and save the program in the editor Window
4.Execute the program by either pressing Tools –Run.
5.View the results.

Program:
% the demand is taken as 231.25 MW, n is no of generators, Pd stands for
% load demand; alpha and beta arrays denote alpha beta coefficients for
% given generators
clc
clear all
n=2;Pd=231.25;alpha=[0.20 0.25];beta=[40 30];
% initial guess for lamda;
lamda=20;lamdaprev=lamda;
% tolerence is eps and increment in lamda is deltalamda
eps=1;deltalamda=0.25;
% the min. amd max. limits of ezch generating unit are stored in arrays
% Pgmin and Pgmax.
Pgmax=[125 125];Pgmin=[20 20];Pg=100*ones(n,1);
while abs(sum(Pg)-Pd)>eps
for i=1:n,
Pg(i)=(lamda-beta(i))/alpha(i);

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 Power Systems Lab

if Pg(i)>Pgmax(i)
Pg(i)=Pgmax(i);
end
if Pg(i)<Pgmin(i)
Pg(i)=Pgmin(i) ;
end
end
if (sum(Pg)-Pd)<0

lamdaprev=lamda;
lamda=lamda+deltalamda;
else

lamdaprev=lamda;
lamda=lamda-deltalamda;
end
end
disp('The final value of Lamda is')
lamdaprev
disp('The distribution of load shared by two units is')
Pg

Output:
The final value of Lamda is
lamdaprev =
61.2500
The distribution of load shared by two units is
Pg =
106.2500
125.0000

Result:
Hence we verified optimum loading of two units for the given load neglecting transmission
losses using MATLAB.

Viva-Questions:
1. What is Economic dispatch control?
2. What is the objective function of EDC
3. List the constraints of EDC.
4. What is the coordination equation without losses
5. Write the Power balance equation without losses.
6. Define Load bus
7. Define Generator bus.
8. Types of Load flow solution methods.
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 Power Systems Lab

Experiment No:
Date:

ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH WITH LOSSES

Aim: To find optimum loading of two units for the given load with penalty factors
and verify using MATLAB.

Problem:A two-bus system is shown in figure. If 100 MW is transmitted from plant 1 to the
load, a transmission loss of 10 MW is incurred. Find the required generation for each
plant and the power received by load when the system λ is Rs 25/MWh. The
incremental fuel costs of the two plants are given below:

Solve the problem theoretically. Use the data in the following MATLAB program
Simulation Tools Required:
PC with MATLAB & SIMULINK Software

Procedure:
1.Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2.Create a new M –file by selecting File - New –M –File .
3.Type and save the program in the editor Window .
4.Execute the program by either pressing Tools –Run.
5.View the results.

Matlab Program:
%this program finds the optimal loading of generators including penalty
%factors
%pd stands for load demand,alpha and beta arrays denote alpha beta
%coefficients
%for given generatos,and n is the no of generators
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 Power Systems Lab

clc
clear
n=2;pd=237.04;
alpha=[0.020 0.04];
beta=[16 20];
%initial guess for lamda is 20;tolerance is eps and increment in lamda is
%deltalamda
lamda=20;lamdaprev=lamda;eps=1;deltalamda=0.25;
%the min.and max.limits of each generating unit are stored in arrays pgmin
%and pgmax
pgmax=[200 200];pgmin=[0 0];
b=[0.0010 0
0 0];
noofiter=0;pl=0;pg=zeros(n,1);
while abs(sum(pg)-pd-pl)>eps
for i=1:n,
sigma=b(i,:)*pg-b(i,i)*pg(i);
pg(i)=(1-beta(i)/(lamda-(2*sigma)))/(alpha(i)/lamda+2*b(i,i));
%pl=pg'*B*pg;
if pg(i)>pgmax(i)
pg(i)=pgmax(i);
end
if pg(i)<pgmin(i)
pg(i)=pgmin(i);
end
end
pl=pg'*b*pg;
if(sum(pg)-pd-pl)<0
lamdaprev=lamda;
lamda=lamda+deltalamda;
else
lamdaprev=lamda;
lamda=lamda-deltalamda;
end
noofiter=noofiter+1;
pg;
end
disp('the no of iterations required are')
noofiter
disp('the final value of lamda is')
lamdaprev
disp('the optimal loading of generators including penalty factors is')
pg
disp('the losses are')
pl

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 Power Systems Lab

Expected Output:
The no of iterations required are
noofiter = 21
The final value of lamda is
lamdaprev = 25
The optimal loading of generators including penalty factors is
Pg =
128.5714
125.0000
The losses are
PL =
16.5306
Result:
Hence by using MATLAB optimum loading of two units for the given load with penalty factors
are verified.

Viva-Questions:
1. What is Economic dispatch control?
2. What is the objective function of EDC
3. List the constraints of EDC.
4. What is the coordination equation with losses?
5. What is the coordination equation without losses?
6. Write the Power balance equation with and without losses.
7. Define Slack bus.
8. Define Load bus
9. Define Generator bus.
10. Types of Load flow solution methods.

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 Power Systems Lab

Experiment No:
Date:
DETERMINATION OF POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND ZERO
SEQUENCEIMPEDANCE OF 3 PHASE TRANSFORMERS.
Aim:
To determine the Positive,Negative and Zero sequence(sequence impedance) of given
three phase transformer.

Apparatus Required:
S.No Equipment Name Range Qty
1 Digital AC Ammeter 0–5A 1
2 Digital AC Voltmeter 0 – 60 V 1
3 3 Phase Transformer 400/200 Star/Star, Capacity: 1KVA 1
4 3 Phase Dimmerstat Closed type 4 amps 1
5 Connecting Wires As Per required

Theory:
The positive sequence impedance of a transformer equals the leakage impedance. It may be
obtained by the usual short-circuit test. Since the transformer is a static device, the leakage
impedance does not change, if the phase sequence is altered from RYB to RBY. Therefore the
negative sequence impedance of transformer is the same as the positive sequence
impedance.The zero sequence impedance of the transformer depends on the winding type (star
or delta) and also on the type of earth connection.The positive & negative sequence per unit
impedances are independent of whether the sequence currents are injected into the primary or
the secondary. However the zero sequence impedances will have different values, depending
upon whether the sequence currents are injected into the primary or the secondary.

Procedure:
Connect the given three phase transformer as shown in the Circuit Diagram Fig1
After short-circuiting the low voltage side adjusts the voltage on high voltage side with
the help of the auto transformer such that the rated current flows in the windings.
Note down the voltage and current.
From these readings determine the transformer positive sequence Impedance which is
also equal to negative sequence impedance.
Determine the zero sequence impedance of the transformer by making connections as
shown in the 4. Circuit Diagram Fig2.
Note down the voltage and current.

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 Power Systems Lab

Circuit Diagram:

Tabular Form:

S.NO V(In Volts) I(In Amps) Wm(Watts)

Result:
The Positive,Negative and Zero sequence(sequence impedance) of given three phase transformer are
Determined.

Viva-Questions:
1. Define Sequence Impedances.
2. Explain symmetrical components method.
3. Why +ve, -ve sequence impedances same for a transformer?

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 Power Systems Lab

Experiment No:
Date:

ABCD PARAMETERS OF TRANSMISSION NETWORK

Aim:
To determine ABCD constants of 3phase transmission line with
Distributed Connection
Nominal – T connection

Apparatus:
S.No Equipment Name Range Qty
1 Ammeter (0-10A)MI 1
2 Ammeter (0-1A)MI 1
3 Voltmeter (0-300V)MI 1
4 Voltmeter (0-30V)MI
5 Connecting Wires As Per required

Theory:
If a transmission line is erected, the constants are measured by conducting the OC&SC tests
at the two ends of the line.

Using equations
− = ( = )

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 Power Systems Lab

Circuit Diagrams:

Fig-1 (OC test on SE side)

Fig-2 (SC test on SE)

Fig-3 (OC test on RE side)

Fig.- 4 (SC test on RE side)

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 Power Systems Lab

Procedure:
OC & S.C. tests on SE side:
Connect the circuit as per fig.(1) for O.C. test on SE.
Set 230V on Voltmeter using variac and note Vs, Is and p.f. meter reading.
Connect the circuit as per fig (2) for S.C. test on SE.

4. Set rated current of the line on Ammeter and note Vs,Is and wattmeter readings.
OC & SC tests of RE side :
Connect the circuit as per fig (3) for O.C test on RE.
Set 230V in Voltmeter & note Vr, Ir & p.f meter reading.
Connect the circuit as per fig (4) for SC test on RE.
Set rated current of the line in Ammeter & note Vr, Ir & Wattmeter reading.

Tabular forms:
O.C. & S.C. tests on SE side:

Test Vs in volts Is in Amps p.f/Wattmeter

O.C(Ir=0) 230

S.C(Vr=0)

O.C. & SC tests of RE side

Test Vr in volts Ir in Amps p.f /Wattmeter

O.C(Is=0) 230

S.C(Vs=0)

5. Procedure is repeated for Nominal – T Connection.

Result:
ABCD constants of 3phase transmission line with Distributed Connection And Nominal – T
connection were determined.

Viva-questions:
What are A, B, C, D constants?
Prove AD-BC =1.
Mention ABCD constants for short,medium,long transmission lines
Mention units of ABCD constants.

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 Power Systems Lab

Experiment No:
Date:
DI-ELECTRIC STRENGTH OF TRANSFORMER OIL

Aim: - To determine the dielectric strength of oil

Apparatus:
Oil Testing Kit, Transformer Oil

Theory:
Every large organization operating on bulk electrical power has to install a transformer for
converting to system voltage to suit the requirement. Large transformers are always oil
cooled and the oil plays and important part in the function of the same. The oil acts as
medium to decrease the chances of electrical breakdown. The second preliminary function
is to cool the whole transformer and also to bring thermal equilibrium for all the internal
parts.

Circuit Diagram:

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 Power Systems Lab

Procedure:
1. The test cell (cup) with oil is placed on overhangs in the unit.
2. Set the gap between the two electrodes to 2MM.
3. Switch on the mains by means of main switch.
4. Slowly increase the voltage until flashover between the two Electrodes placed
in the oil and note down the voltage readings.
5. Repeat the step 3 and 4times.

Tabular column:

SNO Voltage KV
1
2
3
4
5
6

Determine the di-electric strength of KV/mm

(The average value of KV divided by electrode gap.)

Precaution: - Do not raise the voltage at a faster speed than recommend.

Results:
The dielectric strength of Transformer oil is determined.

Viva-questions:
1. If we change the distance between electrodes, do we need to apply more or
less voltage for flashover?
2. What is the Breakdown strength of Air?
3. Why flash over occurs at a less voltage if we repeat the expt. With time gap
for the same distance between electrodes?
4. How are the insulating materials used in HV work can classified?

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 Power Systems Lab

Experiment No:
Date:
CALIBRATION OF TONG TESTER

Aim:
To calibrate the tong tester with standard meter up to 100 amps AC.

Apparatus Required:
S.No Equipment Name Range Qty

1 Ammeter Standard (0-100AAC) 1

2 Tong Tester (0-100A) 1
3 Transformer 230 / 10V,100A 1
4 Standard Resistor 1

Theory:
Clamp Meter (Tong Tester)
Clamp meter is often known as Tong Tester also. It is easy to use test
equipment and is useful in the measurement of a live-conductor without interrupting /
breaking the circuit. One of the biggest advantage of this equipment is that one may take
the measurement of a high value current even without powering off/shutting down the
circuitry under test.
There are two basic types of tong testers available in the market depending
on the nature of current to be measured. One is for measuring DC (Direct Current) and
the another-one is for measuring AC (Alternating Current). This test equipment is
advantageous as compared to rest of current-measuring test equipment’s in terms of its
ability to measure current without damaging/powering down the circuit. The only
disadvantage of this test equipment (Clampmeter or Tongtester) is that the accuracy of the
tong-tester is considerably low.
Normally, Tong Tester functions on the fundamentals of Current-
transformer. Whenever a current flows through a conducting material, it causes the
generation of magnetic-flux. Now, letus assume that the conducting material from which
the current is passing through is the primary arm of the transformer. Due to the current’s
movement, a magnetic-flux is generated in it. When the arm of tong tester is placed for
measurement, it acts as a secondary winding of the transformer. The arm of tong tester
senses the magnetic flux of the primary winding (i.e.conductor) and hence a current in
proportion to the primary-current is generated by electromagnetic-induction. This arm of
the tong tester is connected to a measurement circuitry
which inturn provides the current-reading finally.

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 Power Systems Lab

Tong tester's block diagram:

Circuit Diagram:

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 Power Systems Lab

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply, adjust the auto transformer till rated current flow in the
ammeter (25A).
3. Note down the Tong tester reading in(Amps).
4. Repeat the steps 1, 2, 3 for 50, 75 and 100 Amperes.

Tabular Form:
S.No Current in Amp Tong tester Reading(It) Error(Is-It)
Standard(Is)

Result:
The tong tester with standard meter up to 100 amps AC is calibrated.

Viva-questions:
1.Define tong tester.
2.Features of tong tester.
3.What are another names for tong tester.
4.what are the Wide Variety of Jaw Sizes and Ranges for tong tester.
5.What are the units for tong tester.
6.what are types of current clamps.
7.explain about Rogowski Coil

46