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Interconnected System

This document discusses two methods for assessing the reliability of interconnected power systems: the probability array method and the equivalent assisting unit method. The probability array method develops capacity outage models for each system and obtains simultaneous outage probabilities to determine loss of load situations. The equivalent assisting unit method converts one system's assistance levels into an equivalent multi-state unit that is added to the other system's capacity model. Both methods aim to evaluate the risk level of an interconnected system as if it were a single system.

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Chowdhury, A Hasib
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
227 views

Interconnected System

This document discusses two methods for assessing the reliability of interconnected power systems: the probability array method and the equivalent assisting unit method. The probability array method develops capacity outage models for each system and obtains simultaneous outage probabilities to determine loss of load situations. The equivalent assisting unit method converts one system's assistance levels into an equivalent multi-state unit that is added to the other system's capacity model. Both methods aim to evaluate the risk level of an interconnected system as if it were a single system.

Uploaded by

Chowdhury, A Hasib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Interconnected Systems

Interconnected Systems
• Interconnection improves adequacy of generating
capacity
• Reserve requirement at a given risk level lower
with interconnection
– diversity in probabilistic occurrence of load and
capacity outages in different systems
• Benefits depend on
– installed capacity in each system
– tie capacity and FOR of tie lines
– load levels and their residual uncertainties in each
system
– type of agreement between systems
Interconnected Systems contd.
• Loss of load expectation (LOLE) approach used for
reliability assessment of interconnected system
generation
• Approaches for calculating LOLE indices in
interconnected systems
– Probability array method
– Equivalent assisting unit method
• Probability array method capacity model developed for each
system and an array of simultaneous capacity outage
existence probabilities obtained from individual models
• Equivalent assisting unit method assisting system as
an equivalent assisting unit which can be moved
through tie lines and added into existing capacity
model of assisted system
Probability Array Method - Concept
• Loss of load (LoL) occurs when assistance through
interconnections cannot offset capacity deficiency due
to capacity outages and load demands
• LOLE index therefore depends on simultaneous
occurrences of capacity outages in both systems
• Generating facilities represented by a two-dimensional
probability array covering all possible combinations of
capacity outages in both systems
• Amalgamated array represents overall interconnected
system capacity model with ideal interconnections
• This representation then be modified by including load
levels in each system and tie line constraints
Probability Array Method - Concept
contd.

• Step 1 develop capacity model of each system

• Step 2 obtain probability array of various simultaneous outage


probabilities in two systems from individual system tables

• Step 3 determine LoL situations in each system from


simultaneous capacity outage conditions, emergency
assistance available over tie lines, and respective system daily
peak loads
Probability Array Method - Concept
contd.

• Period of study a single day → sum of simultaneous outage


probabilities associated with LoL situations in each system is
the system risk expressed as a loss of load expectation in days
per day

• Longer study period → repeating calculation for each of


subsequent days and summing LOLE values
Probability Array Method - Concept
contd.
Probability Array Method - Evaluation
Techniques

• Operating agreement between systems → each system will provide


assistance only up to point at which it begins to share neighboring system
difficulty
Probability Array Method - Evaluation
Techniques contd.

• System A fail to meet load demand when capacity on outage


greater than 25 MW
• Cumulative probability for a capacity outage of 30 MW becomes
LOLE index in System A (LOLEA)
• System B reserve → (60 – 40) = 20 MW
• System B encounter a LoL situation for any capacity outage greater
than 20 MW to give LOLEB
Probability Array Method - Evaluation
Techniques contd.
Probabilities less than 10-8 neglected
Probability Array Method - Evaluation
Techniques contd.
Probability Array Method - Evaluation
Techniques contd.
Various simultaneous capacity outage probabilities in two systems calculated from individual system tables

X
Probability Array Method - Evaluation
Techniques contd.

LOLEA and LOLEAB


Expected load losses
ELLA and ELLAB

• System risk in System A (LOLEAB) → Sum of simultaneous


outage probabilities associated with non-zero load losses
Equivalent Assisting Unit Approach
• System A → assisted system System B → assisting system
• Capacity assistance level for a particular outage state in System B
given by minimum of tie capacity and available system reserve at
that outage state
• All capacity assistance levels greater than or equal to tie capacity
replaced by a single assistance level which is equal to tie capacity
• Capacity assistance table converted into capacity model of an
equivalent multi-state unit which is added to existing capacity
model of System A
• Risk level evaluated as if assisted system is a single area system
Equivalent Assisting Unit Approach contd.

• System B reserve → 20 MW
– maximum assistance it can provide without sharing potential
difficulties in System A
• Capacity assistance levels of System B obtained from capacity
outage probability table
Converted to a capacity outage probability
table for an equivalent assisting unit model
of System B
Equivalent Assisting Unit Approach contd.

• 10 MW tie line constrains capacity assistance from


System B
– equivalent assisting unit is also tie-line constrained

• Equivalent multi-state unit added to existing capacity


model of System A
– new installed capacity : 75 + 10 = 85 MW
Equivalent Assisting Unit Approach contd.

• Daily peak load in System New System A capacity outage probability table
A 50 MW → LoL situation
occurs when capacity
outage in System A greater
than reserve 85 - 50 = 35
MW
• Cumulative probability for
a capacity outage of 40
MW is therefore the risk
with interconnection:

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