This document contains 34 multiple choice questions related to civil engineering topics such as soil mechanics, structural analysis, hydraulics, and surveying. The questions cover concepts like critical gradient, bending moment, roughness coefficients, stress calculations, types of spillways, Mach number significance, soil activity, foundation types, magnetic declination, and flow measurement devices. The questions have 4 answer choices each, with one being the correct answer.
This document contains 34 multiple choice questions related to civil engineering topics such as soil mechanics, structural analysis, hydraulics, and surveying. The questions cover concepts like critical gradient, bending moment, roughness coefficients, stress calculations, types of spillways, Mach number significance, soil activity, foundation types, magnetic declination, and flow measurement devices. The questions have 4 answer choices each, with one being the correct answer.
This document contains 34 multiple choice questions related to civil engineering topics such as soil mechanics, structural analysis, hydraulics, and surveying. The questions cover concepts like critical gradient, bending moment, roughness coefficients, stress calculations, types of spillways, Mach number significance, soil activity, foundation types, magnetic declination, and flow measurement devices. The questions have 4 answer choices each, with one being the correct answer.
This document contains 34 multiple choice questions related to civil engineering topics such as soil mechanics, structural analysis, hydraulics, and surveying. The questions cover concepts like critical gradient, bending moment, roughness coefficients, stress calculations, types of spillways, Mach number significance, soil activity, foundation types, magnetic declination, and flow measurement devices. The questions have 4 answer choices each, with one being the correct answer.
1. A good malleable material possess (ii) Air striking mountains
____________. Which of these is/are correct? (a) low degree of plasticity (a) Only i (b) high degree of plasticity (b) Only ii (c) necessarily great strength (c) Both of the above (d) necessarily high degree of ductility 2. Ultimate load method of designing a RCC (d) Neither i nor ii structure w.r.t. elastic theory method is: 10. The magnitude of dip at the equator is: (a) More economical (a) 0° (b) 22.50° (b) More costly (c) 90° (d) 180° (c) Equal in cost 11. As compared to high rate filter, standard rate (d) Not comparable in costing filter requires ________ land area. 3. If e represents the void ratio of the soil and (a) more (b) less G is its specific gravity, the critical gradient (c) equal (d) no is: (a) G+1/1–e (b) G+1/1+e 12. Vorticity of a fluid is equal to: (c) G–1/1–e (d) G–1/1+e (a) Rotational component 4. With tuberculation of the pipes, roughness (b) Half the rotational component of the pipes _________ and carrying capacity (c) Double the rotational component of the pipes ___________. (d) One fourth the rotational component (a) increases, increases 13. Which of the following is not a brittle (b) increases, decreases material? (c) decreases, increases (a) Copper (b) Cast iron (d) decreases, decreases (c) Concrete (d) Glass 5. At hinge, bending moment will be: (a) Zero (b) Low 14. When the flow is such that one third of the static head is consumed in pipe friction, the (c) Moderate (d) Maximum power delivered by the given pipeline will be: 6. Which of the following is used to determine the small colour densities? (a) Zero (a) Turbiditimeter (b) Unity (b) Nephelometer (c) Same as always (c) Tintometer (d) Maximum (d) Hygrometer 15. Both the end stations are free from local 7. For 1st class bricks, the water absorption attraction if the difference between fore and capacity should not be more than ________ back bearing of a line is: of its weight. (a) 0° (b) 90° (a) 10% (b) 20% (c) 180° (d) 270° (c) 30% (d) 40% 16. If a thin cylinder is subjected to a fluid 8. Tacheometric distance formula, D=f.s/I pressure of 0.2 N/mm2 whose thickness is +(f+d) is applicable only when line of sight is 5 mm and diameter is 20 mm. What is the __________ and staff is held truly ___________. magnitude of Hoop stress generated in it? (a) horizontal, horizontal (a) 0.2 N/mm2 (b) 0.4 N/mm2 (b) horizontal, vertical (c) 1.4 N/mm 2 (d) 0.8 N/mm2 (c) vertical, vertical 17. Water hammer pressure can be considerably (d) vertical, horizontal reduced using:- 9. Convective precipitation is caused due to:-. (a) Slow closing valves (b) Rapid closing valves (i) Upward movement of air warmer than (c) Both slow and rapid closing valves its surroundings (d) None of the valves Ph: 09999693344, 09999713344 1 18. ___________ is only suitable for small bunds (a) Seepage pressure or thin arch dams. (b) Passive Earth pressure (a) Straight Drop Spillway (c) Active Earth pressure (b) Ogee Spillway (d) Earth pressure at rest (c) Shaft Spillway 25. In smooth pipes, if R represents Reynold's (d) Side Channel Spillway Number, Friction factor for turbulent flow is 19. Where does the Mach number finds its given by: maximum significance? (a) 0.64/R (b) 64/R (a) Flow in closed conduit pipe (c) 0.316/R¼ (d) 0.316/4/5 (b) In cavitation studies 26. The chemical name of calcite is: (c) Where fluid compressibility is (a) Calcium Carbonate important (b) Calcium Chloride (d) In capillary studies (c) Calcium Fluoride 20. Presence of ___________ in water enhances (d) Calcium Sulphate the process of leaching. 27. In a ductile material, post elastic strain is (a) Nitrogen ____________. (b) Carbondioxide (a) 1% (b) 2-3% (c) Sulphur (c) 3-5% (d) Sulphurdioxide (d) Greater than5% 21. A clay which contains Kaolinite has an 28. For the construction of domes: activity value of: (a) Heavier stones are preferred (a) 1 (b) 0 (b) Lighter stones are preferred (c) 0.4 (d) 0.8 (c) Stones are not preferred 22. The following figure represents: (d) Both lightier and heavier stones are preferred 29. Which of the following gas develops explosive tendency in water? (a) Sulphur (b) Methane (c) Oxygen (d) Fluorine 30. If the difference in the reduced levels of the end points is H, slope correction for a slope distance 'l' will be (a) H/l (b) H/2l 2 (c) H /l (d) H2/2l 31. Which of the following foundation is used to transfer the heavy structural loads from (a) Vaulted Ceiling Truss columns t o soils hav ing low bear ing (b) Bow String Truss capacity? (c) Arched Truss (a) Inverted arc footing (d) Cannot be determined (b) Cantilever footing 23. The resistance offered to slipping of steel (c) Grillage footing bars from concrete is due to: (d) Combined footing i. Pure adhesion 32. ___________ is particularly desirable in the ii. Frictional resistance materials which are subjected to shock iii. Mechanical resistance loading. Which of these is/are correct? (a) Ductility (b) Brittleness (a) only i (c) Malleability (d) Toughness (b) ii and iii / ii 33. If at a place, the magnetic bearing of the sun (c) i and iii / i at noon is 182°30', the magnetic declination (d) i, ii and iii at that point will be: (a) 2°15' (b) –2°30' 24. The minimum pressure exerted by the soil on the retaining wall is known as: (c) 2°30' (d) 3°30'
Ph: 9999693344, 09999713344 2
34. Piezometer is suitable for fluid related 43. In a venturimeter, to avoid flow separation, measurements which are __________. angle of divergence should not be greater (a) small and positive than: (b) small and negative (a) 3º (b) 7º (c) large and positive (c) 12º (d) 20º (d) large and negative 44. Gauge pressure has __________ value. 35. Hydraulic pump will start pumping only when (a) zero pressure head is _____________ manometric (b) positive head. (c) negative (a) equal to (d) zero, positive or negative (b) greater than 45. English bonds used in bricks is: (c) lower than (a) Very cheap (d) greater than or equal to (b) Costly 36. Yield of well will be _________ if permeability (c) Economical of the soil is more. (d) Cheap as well as costly (a) zero (b) less 46. Due to excessive pressure of the retained (c) more (d) uncertain soil, the retaining wall will tend to move: 37. The moment of resistance of a balanced (a) Away from the backfill reinforced section is obtained by multiplying (b) Towards the backfill the lever arm with: (c) Nowhere (a) Compressive force (d) At its own position i.e. vibration (b) Tensile force 47. In Marcus's method of designing two way (c) Either compressive or tensile force slabs, thickness of slab is generally taken (d) Compressive and tensile force both to be _____________ of shorter span. 38. If L represents the staff reading and 'x' as (a) 1/10 (b) 1/20 the angle of inclination, error due to (c) 1/30 (d) 1/40 nonverticallity of the staff will be:. 48. The pH of water used in concrete must not (a) L(sin x – 1) (b) L(tan x – 1) be less than:- (c) L(sec x –1) (d) L(cosec x –1) (a) 7.4 (b) 7 39. In determining the bearing capacity of piles, (c) 6.6 (d) 6 empirical factor C is assumed __________ for 49. If the velocity of pressure wave generated is drop hammers. 2 m/s, the value of critical time is: (a) 0.25 (b) 1.5 (a) 2s (b) 4s (c) 2.5 (d) 3.5 (c) 1s (d) 0.5s 40. The tangent distance of a curve of radius 'r' 50. A number of filteration wells are connected deflected through an angle of 60 degrees will through porous pipes to a sump well known be: as __________. (a) r (b) r 3 (a) Open well (c) r/ 3 (d) Infinite (b) Spring (c) Ranney well 41. If P is the weight of a prismatic bar and L is its length, what is the deflection of the bar (d) Jack well due to self weight if AE is the Axial Rigidity: 51. For laminar flow, Kinetic energy correction (a) PL/AE (b) 2PL/AE factor is:.. (c) PL/8E (d) PL/2AE (a) 1 (b) 1.33 42. As compared to Stone masonry, brick (c) 2 (d) 2.7 masonry is more: 52. In the design of singly reinforced simply (a) Fire resistant supported beams, the maximum bending moment will be (Given W is the maximum (b) Costly load and l is the length): (c) Skilled practice (a) Wl/64 (b) W/8l2 (d) Strong 2 (c) Wl /8 (d) Wl2/32 Ph: 09999693344, 09999713344 3 53. If the whole circle bearing of a line is 150°, 65. Pneumatic tyred rollers are used for its reduced bearing will be:- compaction of ________ soil of low plasticity. (a) S (b) W (a) sandy (b) loamy (c) S60ºE (d) S30ºE (c) silty (d) plastic 54. Aqueducts are designed to carry __________ 66. The excess of silica _________ the cohesion of full supply. between earth particles. (a) 10% –25% (b) 25% –50% (a) highly increases (c) 50% –75% (d) 100% (b) slowly increases 55. In ___________ method of plane table (c) does not affects surveying, maximum number of ground (d) destroys measurements are made. 67. In Unconfined compression test of a soil, it (a) Radiation (b) Intersection is assumed that _________ moisture is lost. (c) Resection (d) Traversing (a) no (b) 30% 56. Number of arithmetical checks in Rise and (c) 70% (d) 100% Fall method is:- 68. Which of the following defects in timber is (a) 1 (b) 2 caused by growth of layers over wounds left (c) 3 (d) 4 after the branches been cut off? 57. Surface profile of a forced vortex flow is:- (a) Rind-galls (b) Rupture (a) Straight line (b) Ellispe (c) Hyperbolic (d) Parabolic (c) Twisted fibres (d) Knots 58. The consumptive use coefficient for crops 69. A RCC column is said to be short if length to like wheat, barley, flax and other small diameter ratio is: grains is approximately: (a) Less than 50 / 50 (a) 0.6 (b) 0.66 (b) Less than 30 / 30 (c) 0.9 (d) 1.1 (c) Less than 25 / 25 59. If a vertical circular plate of diameter 'd' is submerged in water, what is the depth of (d) Less than 15 / 15 centre of pressure from the water surface? 70. How many horizontal web members are there (a) d/2 (b) 3d/5 in Compound fink truss? (c) 5d/8 (d) 4d/7 (a) 1 (b) 2 60. The central triangle is said to be equilateral (c) 3 (d) 4 if slope of simple fink truss is: 71. If 'd' is the diameter of a bubble and 's' (a) 30° (b) 45° represents the surface tension, what is the (c) 60° (d) 90° pressure inside the bubble? 61. On increasing the watercement ratio, (a) 4s/d (b) 4d/s strength of cement paste:- (a) Increases (c) 4s/3d (d) 8s/d (b) Decreases 72. In surveying, a 20 m chain contains:- (c) May increase or decrease (a) 50 links (d) Doesn't change (b) 100 links 62. In context with Water Supply, working head (c) 150 links is generally taken as __________ of the (d) 250 links critical depression head. 73. Excess of ___________ is responsible for (a) three times (b) onethird brick's decay. (c) two times (d) half (a) Magnesia (b) Alumina 63. The obtained graph in Maximum Principal Strain theory is a/an:- (c) Lime (d) Silica (a) Square (b) Rhombus 74. The articles prepared from refractory clays (c) Hexagon (d) Ellipse mixed with stone and crushed pottery are 64. Rivet joint is: called: (a) A lap joint (a) Tiles (b) Terra cotta (b) A butt joint (c) Porcelain (d) Stonewares (c) Lap and butt joint both (d) Neither lap nor a butt joint Ph: 9999693344, 09999713344 4 75. Which of the following will least affect the (c) Furrow Irrigation per capita demand of water in a city? (d) Border Irrigation (a) Size of the city 84. Shear and bond stresses of Simply Supported (b) Type of population slabs is usually:- (c) Climatic conditions (a) zero (b) very low (c) moderate (d) high (d) Festivals celebrated 85. If an incompressible fluid enters a pipe with 76. If pressure due to submerged weight of the a velocity of 4 cm/s and moves out with a soil is equal to the seepage pressure, the velocity of 2 cm/s, calculate the cross effective pressure: sectional area of the inlet if the diameter (a) Remains the same of the pipe at the outlet is 7 cm. (b) Becomes zero (a) 154 sq.cm. (b) 77 sq.cm (c) Becomes unity (c) 14 sq.cm (d) 7 sq.cm (d) Becomes maximum 86. Increase in capillary rise of water in soils 77. Frog is provided onto the bricks to: depends upon: i. indicate the manufacturer's name i. Void ratio ii. provide a key for mortar ii. Grain size Correct among these is/are correct? The correct amongst these is/are:- (a) Only i (b) Only ii (a) Only i (b) Only ii (c) Both i and ii (d) Neither i nor ii (c) Both i and ii (d) Neither i nor ii 78. If B is the width of footing, W is the load per metre and P is the safe bearing capacity of 87. Capillary action is due to:- the soil, then the correct relation amongst (a) Adhesion them will be: (b) Cohesion (a) W = B/P (b) B = W/P (c) Adhesion and cohesion both (d) (c) P = WB (d)B = WP Neither adhesion nor cohesion 79. If 'R' is the radius of the circle, so for a 20 m 88. For laminar flow conditions in saturated arc, the degree of a circular curve is: soils, the rate of percolation is ____________ (a) 1718.9/R (b) 2019/R the hydraulic gradient. (c) 1145.4/R (d) 1765.9/R (a) directly proportional to 80. Due to water logging of an area: (b) inversely proportional to (a) Soil temperature falls (c) directly proportional to the square of (b) Salt content decreases (d) inversely proportional to the square of (c) Carrying out cultivation operations becomes easier 89. The least horizontal dimension of plain concrete pier should not be less than (d) Decrease in wild vegetation is observed _________ of its height. 81. At the free end of a shaft, angle of twist is: (a) 1/2 (b) 1/8 (a) Zero (b) Low (c) 1/12 (d) 1/16 (c) Moderate (d) Maximum 82. The magnitude of Earth pressure at rest is 90. With respect to temperature, viscosity of generally _____________ than limiting liquids:- active pressure and _______than passive (a) Increase pressure. (b) Decrease (a) higher, higher (c) May increase or decrease (b) lower, lower (d) Remains unchanged (c) higher, lower 91. In hard wood, annual rings are:..... (d) lower, higher (a) Clearly visible and nearer to each other 83. Which of the following irrigation technique is preferred where area has a irregular (b) Less distinct and far apart topography with excessive slope? (c) Clearly visible and far apart (a) Sprinkler Irrigation (d) Less distinct and nearer to each other (b) Sub-surface Irrigation Ph: 09999693344, 09999713344 5 92. The centre of adjacent rivets in the same iii. Internal friction row are separated by a distance known as: Which of these is/are NOT correct? (a) Edge distance (a) Only i (b) Lap (b) Only iii (c) Pitch (c) ii and iii (d) Gauge distance (d) None of the above 99. At constant discharge, to increase the head, 93. _________ are used for the pipes laid in rivers hydraulic pumps are:. with uneven bed. (a) Connected in series (a) Mechanical joint (b) Connected in parallel (b) Flexible joint (c) Connected in series or parallel (c) Socket joint (d) Not connected (d) Spigot joint 100. In Surveyor's compass, the graduated ring 94. For a body submerged in water, metacentric is attached to the:.. height for rolling condition will be (a) Box (b) Needle ____________ etacentric height for pitching (c) Sight vane (d) Jewel bearing condition. 101. In the graphical method of obtaining flow (a) less than (b) more than nets, if the lowest flow line conforms to the (c) equal to (d) unrelated to bottom boundary conditions, the flow net : 95. The following figure represents: (a) Is correct 1 bat (b) Needs a small adjustment Queen (c) Needs a bigger adjustment closer (d) Can't be corrected 3 bat 102. The safe limit of chloride content in public 2 supplies is generally:- (a) 45 ppm (b) 115 ppm (c) 250 ppm (d) 375 ppm 103. Plastic strain is generally ____________ times the elastic strain. (a) 2 to 4 (b) 5 to 10 gth (c) 10 to 15 (d) 20 to 25 Wi Len dth 104. If both ends of a 20 m long column are fixed, for Euler's load calculations, its effective (a) Stretcher bond length is taken to be: (b) Header bond (a) 20 m (b) 40 m (c) English bond (c) 10 m (d) 20 2 (d) Flemish bond 96. Because of lar ge str eam dischar ge, 105. In design of a fillet weld, size of weld for __________ irrigation is more suitable for rounded toe of rolled section must not be permeable soil. more than ___________ of the thickness of (a) Free flooding (b) Check flooding the toe. (c) Check basin (d) Furrow (a) 1/4 (b) 1/2 97. A single acting steam hammer weighing (c) 3/4 (d) 5/4 2000 kg and falling through a height of 2 m 106. For single riveted joints, the expected drives a pile an average penetration of 0.5 efficiency of the steel pipe joint s is cm under the last few blows. What will be approximately: the allowable load (in tonnes) for the pile? (a) 0.47 (b) 0.63 (a) 40 (b) 80 (c) 0.75 (d) 0.9 (c) 88.88 (d) 92.44 107. The curing time in cast-in-situ concrete 98. The shearing strength of the soil is due to: piles is:- i. Cohesion (a) Less (b) Moderate ii. Structural resistance (c) High (d) Very high Ph: 9999693344, 09999713344 6 108. When temperature increases, viscosity of (a) Equal (b) Less the soil ________whereas its permeability (c) More (d) Less or more ________. 118. Zone of the soil affected by capillary action (a) increases, increases is:- (b) increases, decreases (a) Capillary fringe (c) decreases, increases (b) Capillary zone (d) decreases, decreases (c) Capillary fringe or Capillary zone (d) Neither capillary fringe nor capillary 109. Number of independent elastic constant for zone orthotropic materials such as wood is:- 119. Height of collimation method is ___________ (a) 2 (b) 9 and ____________ labour is required as (c) 14 (d) 21 compared to Rise and fall method. 110. Cement and water when poured into the (a) rapid, more (b) rapid, less form work for hardening normally takes (c) slow, less (d) slow, more __________ days to acquire fixed properties. 120. If P is the population (in thousands) of a city (a) 7 (b) 14 exceeding 50000, what will be the water (c) 21 (d) 28 requirement (in Kilo litres)? 111. If the porosity of a soil mass is 0.5, its void (a) 100P2 (b) 100 P ratio will be:- (a) 0.2 (b) 0.33 (c) 75 P (d) None of these (c) 0.5 (d) 0.71 121. _______________ support the masonry in opening of doors and windows. 112. In which of the following levels, the telescope is supported by rigid sockets at (a) Lintels (b) Purlins the either ends? (c) Girder (d) Rafters (a) Dumpy level 122. Which of the following is the longest? (b) Wye level (a) Base line (c) Reversible level (b) Tie line (d) Titling levels (c) Check line 113. In the vane shear test of soil, the length of (d) Both Base and Tie line vane is usually kept equal to__________ its 123. Which of the following is not a part of overall width. Prismatic compass? (a) half (b) onefourth (a) Lifting pin (c) double (d) four times (b) Objective vane 114. Water is termed as sweet, if the value of (c) Spring brake TDS is less than:- (d) Rider (a) 1000 (b) 1500 124. Which of the f ollowing theory over (c) 2000 (d) 3000 estimates the elastic strength of ductile 115. In the design of Doubly Reinforced Beams, material ? if actual neutral axis is greater than critical (a) Distortion energy theory neutral axis, the section is: (b) Haigh's theory (a) Balanced (c) Maximum principal strain theory (b) Balanced or over reinforced (d) Maximum principal stress theory (c) Over reinforced 125. If 'd' is the gross diameter, minimum pitch of a riveted joint must be:- (d) Under reinforced (a) 1.5 d (b) 2.5d 116. Production of incrustation and sediment (c) 3.5d (d) 4d deposits are found in:- 126. Overall depth of Tbeam for medium loading (a) Acidic water of continuous beams is assumed to be (b) Alkaline water ________ of the total span. (c) Acidic and alkaline water both (a) 1/12 to 1/15 (d) Neither acidic nor alkaline water (b) 1/10 to 1/12 117. Deflection of beams in prestressed concrete (c) 1/15 to 1/20 structures w.r.t. RCC structures is: (d) 1/20 to 1/24 Ph: 09999693344, 09999713344 7 127. Polar moment of inertia of a solid circular 135. Contour maps cannot be used for: shaft of diameter 'd' is:- i. Calculating wat er capacity of (a) pd/4 (b) pd/64 reservoirs (c) pd /32 4 (d) pd4/64 ii. Determing the catchment area of 128. When a bar of length L at temperature T drainage basin under load is free to expand, thermal stress Which of these is/are correct? generated is equal to:- ( a) LT (b) a T (a) Only i (c) La T (d) Zero (b) Only ii 129. For a given discharge through an orifice (c) Both i and ii meter, the magnitude of Coefficient of (d) Neither i nor ii discharge lies between: 136. Radius of visible horizon from top of a 134 (a) 0.51-0.65 (b) 0.64-0.76 m light house will be:- (c) 0.76-0.85 (d) 0.86-0.98 (a) 44.62 km (b) 54.5 km 130. Decrease in volume of soil mass under (c) 87.44 km (d) 89.67 km stress is called:- (a) Compaction 137. According to Transit rule, correction to latitude of a line should be proportional to (b) Compressibility the: (c) Consolidation (a) Length of transverse leg (d) Contraction (b) Departure 131. Which of the following controls the entry of silt and prevent river floods from entering (c) Sum of departur e and length of into the main canal? transverse leg (a) Head Works (d) Product of departure and length of (b) Branch Canals transverse leg (c) Distributaries 138. For basic requirements of water supply, (d) Field Channels drainage and sanitation, as per the IS code, what is the domestic water demand in 132. The pitch of the roof truss is usually Indian cities and towns? _______________of its slope. (a) 135 litres per head/day (a) half (b) one fourth (b) 200 litres per head/day (c) double (d) threefourth (c) 240 litres per head/day 133. The unit of strain is __________. (d) 340 litres per head/day (a) m 139. If area of the catchment is 62.5 sq.mm and (b) m2 axial length of the catchment is 10 mm, the (c) m –1 form factor will be: (d) strain is dimensionless (a) 0.625 (b) 0.31 134. The foundation whose length is (c) 6.25 (d) 1 considerable greater than its width is: 140. For perfectly dry soil, degree of saturation (a) Footing is:- (b) Combined footing (a) Zero (b) more than1 (c) Strip foundation (c) 1 (d) Infinite (d) Raft foundation
Ph: 9999693344, 09999713344 8
ANSWER KEY 1. b 19. c 37. d 55. a 73. a 91. c 109. b 127. c
2. a 20. b 38. c 56. c 74. d 92. c 110. d 128. d
3. d 21. c 39. c 57. d 75. d 93. b 111. c 129. b
130. a 4. b 22. a 40. c 58. c 76. b 94. a 112. c 131. a 5. a 23. d 41. d 59. c 77. c 95. d 113. c 132. a 6. c 24. c 42. a 60. a 78. b 96. b 114. a 133. d 7. b 25. c 43. b 61. b 79. c 97. c 115. c 134. c 8. b 26. a 44. d 62. b 80. a 98. d 116. b 135. d 9. a 27. d 45. b 63. b 81. d 99. a 117. b 136. a 10. a 28. b 46. a 64. b 82. c 100. a 118. c 137. b 11. a 29. b 47. c 65. c 83. a 101. a 119. b 138. b
12. c 30. d 48. d 66. d 84. b 102. c 120. b 139. a
13. a 31. c 49. c 67. a 85. b 103. c 121. a 140. a