DIgSILENT PowerFactory

Technical Reference Documentation

MV Load
ElmLodmv, TypDistrf
 DIgSILENT GmbH

Heinrich-Hertz-Str. 9
72810 - Gomaringen
Germany

T: +49 7072 9168 0

F: +49 7072 9168 88

http://www.digsilent.de
info@digsilent.de
Version: 2016
Edition: 1

Copyright © 2016, DIgSILENT GmbH. Copyright of this document belongs to DIgSILENT GmbH.
No part of this document may be reproduced, copied, or transmitted in any form, by any means
electronic or mechanical, without the prior written permission of DIgSILENT GmbH.

MV Load (ElmLodmv, TypDistrf) 1

Contents

Contents

1 General Description 4

2 Load-Flow Analysis 4

2.1 Balanced Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.1.1 Calculation Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.2 Unbalanced Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.2.1 3PH-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.2.2 3PH PH-E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.2.3 3PH-’YN’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.2.4 2-Phase Loads (2PH PH-E, 2PH-’YN’) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.2.5 1-phase loads (1PH PH-PH, 1PH PH-N, 1PH PH-E) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.2.6 Calculation Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3 Short-Circuit 14

3.1 Complete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3.1.1 Short-Circuit Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

The Subtransient Short-Circuit Contribution Impedance . . . . . . . . . . 15

The Transient Short-Circuit Contribution Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

”Impedance” Load Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

”Current Source” Load Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4 RMS Simulation 17

4.1 Balanced RMS Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4.1.1 Load, No Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4.1.2 Load with Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4.2 Unbalanced RMS Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4.2.1 Load, No Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4.2.2 Load with Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4.2.3 3PH-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

4.2.4 3PH PH-E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

4.2.5 3PH-’YN’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

MV Load (ElmLodmv, TypDistrf) 2

Contents

5 EMT Simulation 22

6 Harmonics 22

6.1 Impedance Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

6.1.1 Purely Inductive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

6.1.2 Purely Capacitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

6.1.3 Mixed Inductive/Capacitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

6.2 Current Source Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

List of Figures 25

MV Load (ElmLodmv, TypDistrf) 3

2 Load-Flow Analysis

1 General Description

The Medium-Voltage Load represents an aggregation of general loads and static generation.
Optionally, they can be connected through a MV-LV transformer. In this case, the specification
and measurement of electric quantities is done on the MV side of the transformer.

Representations of the MV load model (with and without distribution transformer) are provided
in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1: PowerFactory MV load model.

Note: The MV load element in PowerFactory may be used in conjunction with the Distribution
Transformer Type. The load element contains all of the operational data associated with
the particular load being modelled, and the type contains the non-specific data required
for the modelling of that particular class of power system equipment, in addition with the
MV-LV transformer. The terms ’element’ and ’type’ used throughout this document refer to
these PowerFactory objects.

2 Load-Flow Analysis

The Load Flow tab available in the MV load element’s dialogue allows the user to specify
whether the load is balanced or unbalanced. Additionally, on the Load Flow tab the user can
specify the input parameters for the load by using the Input Mode drop-down menu. Based on
the load data available to the user, the appropriate combination of parameters can be selected
from the following:

• P,cosphi: Enter active power and power factor for the load and for the generation parts
• S,cosphi: Enter apparent power and power factor for the load and for the generation parts
• E,cosphi: Enter yearly energy consumption, power factor, and consumption profile for the
load part, and active power and power factor for the generation part

For load flow analysis, it suffices to only specify the electrical consumption and generation of
the MV load on the MV side.

Other data characterizing a MV load, such as the number of phases, are defined in the distri-
bution transformer type. If no Type is specified on the Basic Data tab of the MV load element,
a technology configuration is assumed based on the technology of the bus to which the load is
connected.

MV Load (ElmLodmv, TypDistrf) 4

2 Load-Flow Analysis

2.1 Balanced Calculations

Figure 2.1 shows the load model used for balanced load flow analysis.

Figure 2.1: Load model used for balanced load-flow analysis

All loads specified as 2-phase or 1-phase loads are only considered in unbalanced load flow
calculations. They are ignored when a balanced load flow is performed.

The total active power of the MV load is the substraction of the generation active power (Pgen )
from the consumption active power (Pload ):

Ptotal = Pload − Pgen

With

Pload = slini ∗ coslini ∗ scale0 ∗ zonescale ∗ scLoadF ac

Pgen = sgini ∗ cosgini ∗ gscale ∗ scGenF ac

Where

• slini is the specified load apparent power

• coslini is the specified load power factor
• scale0 is the load scaling factor

• zonescale is the zone scaling factor, if available

• scLoadF ac is the load scaling factor of the load flow analysis command
• sgini is the specified generation apparent power
• coslini is the specified generation power factor

• gscale is the generation scaling factor

• scGenF ac is the generation scaling factor of the load flow analysis command

MV Load (ElmLodmv, TypDistrf) 5

2 Load-Flow Analysis

The corresponding reactive power is calculated:

Qtotal = Qload − Qgen

With

( √
slini · 1 − coslini2 · scale0 · zonescale · scLoadF ac, if load is inductive
Qload = √
−slini · 1 − coslini2 · scale0 · zonescale · scLoadF ac, if load is capacitive.
( p
sgini · 1 − cosgini2 · gscale · scGenF ac, if generation is inductive
Qgen = p
2
−sgini · 1 − cosgini · gscale · scGenF ac, if generation is capacitive.

Where

• slini is the specified load apparent power

• coslini is the specified load power factor
• scale0 is the load scaling factor
• zonescale is the zone scaling factor, if available
• scLoadF ac is the load scaling factor of the load flow analysis command
• sgini is the specified generation apparent power
• coslini is the specified generation power factor
• gscale is the generation scaling factor
• scGenF ac is the generation scaling factor of the load flow analysis command

2.1.1 Calculation Quantities

Depending on the tap position of the transformer defined in the load flow, the actual voltage on
the LV side is calculated as follows:

z trf = r1 + x1
imv
imv0 =
dutap
1+ · (nntap − nnenutral)
100
 
dutap
umv0 = umv · 1 + · (nntap − nneutral)
100
z trf 

P fe

 · umv0 − imv0 ·
iP f e = 1000 · Snom 2
0, if |i
P f e | > |imv 0 |

ilv0 = imv0 − iP f e
 z trf 
ulv = tratio · umv0 − · (imv0 + ilv0 )
 
2

Where

MV Load (ElmLodmv, TypDistrf) 6

2 Load-Flow Analysis

• r1 is the positive-sequence resistance of the transformer in p.u.

• x1 is the positive-sequence reactance of the transformer in p.u.

• z trf is the transformer impedance in p.u.
• imv is the current on the MV side in p.u.

• dutap is the additional voltage per tap in %

• nntap is the actual tap position
• nnenutral is the neutral tap position
• umv is the voltage on the MV side in p.u.

• iP f e is the current due to iron losses

• Pf e is the no load losses magnetizing impedance in kW
• Snom is the rated power in M W
• tratio is the transformer ratio

• ulv is the calculated voltage on the LV side in p.u.

The iron losses, Gmload, are calculated as:

n  z trf  o
Gmload = < i∗P f e · umv0 − imv0 · · 1000 in kW
2

And the total losses are calculated as:

z trf
Gmload
Losses = · |imv0 |2 − |ilv0 |2 + in MW/Mvar
2 1000

2.2 Unbalanced Calculations

The total per-phase active power of the MV load is the substraction of the generation active
power per phase from the consumption active power per phase:

Pr = Ploadr − Pgenr
Ps = Ploads − Pgens
Pt = Ploadt − Pgent

With

MV Load (ElmLodmv, TypDistrf) 7

2 Load-Flow Analysis

Ploadr = slinir ∗ coslinir ∗ scale0 ∗ zonescale ∗ scLoadF ac

Ploads = slinis ∗ coslinis ∗ scale0 ∗ zonescale ∗ scLoadF ac
Ploadt = slinit ∗ coslinit ∗ scale0 ∗ zonescale ∗ scLoadF ac
Pgenr = sginir ∗ cosginir ∗ gscale ∗ scGenF ac
Pgens = sginis ∗ cosginis ∗ gscale ∗ scGenF ac
Pgent = sginit ∗ cosginit ∗ gscale ∗ scGenF ac

Where

• slinir, slinis, and slinit are the specified load apparent power per phase
• coslinir, coslinis, and coslinit are the specified load power factor per phase
• scale0 is the load scaling factor
• zonescale is the zone scaling factor, if available
• scLoadF ac is the load scaling factor of the load flow analysis command
• sginir, sginis, and sginit are the specified generation apparent power per phase
• coslinir, coslinis, and coslinit are the specified generation power factor per phase
• gscale is the generation scaling factor
• scGenF ac is the generation scaling factor of the load flow analysis command

The corresponding total per-phase reactive power values are calculated as follows:

Qr = Qloadr − Qgenr
Qs = Qloads − Qgens
Qt = Qloadt − Qgent

With

( √
slinir · 1 − coslinir2 · scale0 · zonescale · scLoadF ac, if load is inductive
Qloadr = √
−slinir · 1 − coslinir2 · scale0 · zonescale · scLoadF ac, if load is capacitive.
( √
slinis · 1 − coslinis2 · scale0 · zonescale · scLoadF ac, if load is inductive
Qloads = √
2
−slinis · 1 − coslinis · scale0 · zonescale · scLoadF ac, if load is capacitive.
( √
slinit · 1 − coslinit2 · scale0 · zonescale · scLoadF ac, if load is inductive
Qloadt = √
2
−slinit · 1 − coslinit · scale0 · zonescale · scLoadF ac, if load is capacitive.
( p
sginir · 1 − cosginir2 · gscale · scGenF ac, if generation is inductive
Qgenr = p
2
−sginir · 1 − cosginir · gscale · scGenF ac, if generation is capacitive.
( p
sginis · 1 − cosginis2 · gscale · scGenF ac, if generation is inductive
Qgens = p
2
−sginis · 1 − cosginis · gscale · scGenF ac, if generation is capacitive.
( p
sginit · 1 − cosginit2 · gscale · scGenF ac, if generation is inductive
Qgent = p
−sginit · 1 − cosginit2 · gscale · scGenF ac, if generation is capacitive.

MV Load (ElmLodmv, TypDistrf) 8

2 Load-Flow Analysis

Where

• slinir, slinis, and slinit are the specified load apparent power values per phase
• coslinir, coslinis, and coslinit are the specified load power factors per phase
• scale0 is the load scaling factor

• zonescale is the zone scaling factor, if available

• scLoadF ac is the load scaling factor of the load flow analysis command
• sginir, sginis, and sginit are the specified generation apparent power values per phase

• coslinir, coslinis, and coslinit are the specified generation power factors per phase
• gscale is the generation scaling factor
• scGenF ac is the generation scaling factor of the load flow analysis command

2.2.1 3PH-D

Figure 2.2: Load model used for unbalanced 3-phase Delta connection

The voltages for this model are calculated as follows:

ur = ua − ub
us = ub − uc
ut = uc − ua

MV Load (ElmLodmv, TypDistrf) 9

2 Load-Flow Analysis

2.2.2 3PH PH-E

Figure 2.3: Load model used for unbalanced 3-phase PH-E connection

The voltages for this model are calculated as follows:

ur = ua
us = ub
ut = uc

If the load has a distribution transformer type assigned, then the voltages are:

ur = ua − u0
us = ub − u0
ut = uc − u0

2.2.3 3PH-’YN’

Figure 2.4: Load model used for unbalanced 3-phase YN connection

The voltages for this model are calculated as follows:

MV Load (ElmLodmv, TypDistrf) 10

 Figure 6: 3-phase, Technology 3PH PH-E load model diagram
2 Load-Flow Analysis

ur = ua − un
us = ub − un
ut = uc − un

If the load has a distribution transformer type assigned, then the voltages are:

ur = ua − un − u0
ub − un − u03PH ‘YN’ load model diagram
us =Technology
Figure 7: 3-phase,
ut = uc − un − u0

2.2.4 2-Phase Loads (2PH PH-E, 2PH-’YN’)

1.1.2.2 2-Phase Loads (2PH PH-E, 2PH-’YN’)
This load type can be used for modelling loads in two-phase or bi-phase systems as shown in
Figure 2.5 and Figure Such
2.6. a load type can be used for modelling loads in two-phase or bi-phase systems.

Figure 2.5: 2-phase, Technology 2PH PH-E load model

Figure 8: 2-phase, Technology 2PH PH-E load model diagram

General Load Model

Figure 9: 2-phase, Technology 2PH-‘YN’ load model diagram

Figure 2.6: 2-phase, Technology 2PH-’YN’ load model

MV Load (ElmLodmv, TypDistrf) 11

1.1.2.3 1-phase loads (1PH PH-PH, 1PH PH-N, 1PH PH-E)

2 Load-Flow Analysis

2.2.5 1-phase loads (1PH PH-PH, 1PH PH-N, 1PH PH-E)

The 1PH PH-PH load model can be used for representing single-phase loads connected be-
tween two phases (see Figure 2.7).

Figure 2.7: 1-phase, Technology 1PH PH-PH load model

The 1PH PH-N load model can be used for a load connected between one phase and the neutral
phase (see Figure 2.8).

Figure 11: 1-phase, Technology 1PH PH-N load model diagram

Figure 2.8: 1-phase, Technology 1PH PH-N load model
The “1PH PH-E” load model can be used for a load connected between one phase and earth (see Figu
Figure 11: 1-phase, Technology 1PH PH-N load model diagram
The 1PH PH-E load model can be used for a load connected between one phase and earth
(see Figure 2.9). The “1PH PH-E” load model can be used for a load connected between one phase and

Figure 12: 1-phase, Technology 1PH PH-E load model diagram

Figure 12: 1-phase, Technology 1PH PH-E load model diagram

Figure 2.9: 1-phase, Technology 1PH PH-E load model
1.1.3 DC loads
DC-loads are always “single-phase”, as shown in Figure 10. For load flow analysis, the load is characte
the active power flow P. Inductive effects are only considered in transient simulations.

MV Load (ElmLodmv, TypDistrf)1.1.3 DC loads 12

DC-loads are always “single-phase”, as shown in Figure 10. For load flow analysis, the
the active power flow P. Inductive effects are only considered in transient simulations.
2 Load-Flow Analysis

2.2.6 Calculation Quantities

Depending on the tap position of the transformer defined in the load flow, the actual voltage on
the LV side is calculated as follows:

z trf = r1 + x1
ir(mv)
ir(mv)0 =
dutap
1+ · (nntap − nnenutral)
100
is(mv)
is(mv)0 =
dutap
1+ · (nntap − nnenutral)
100
it(mv)
it(mv)0 =
dutap
1+ · (nntap − nnenutral)
100 
dutap
ur(mv)0 = ur(mv) · 1 + · (nntap − nneutral)
100
 
dutap
us(mv)0 = us(mv) · 1 + · (nntap − nneutral)
100
 
dutap
ut(mv)0 = ut(mv) · 1 + · (nntap − nneutral)
100
   
i00 ir(mv)0
 i10  = A−1  is(mv)0 
i20 it(mv)0
   
u00 ur(mv)0
 u10  = A−1  us(mv)0 
u20 ut(mv)0
z trf 

Pf e 
 · u10 − i10 ·
i1(P f e) = 1000 · Snom 2
0, if |i
1(P f e) | > |i10 |
z trf 

Pf e 
 · u20 − i20 ·
i2(P f e) = 1000 · Snom 2
0, if |i
2(P f e) | > |i20 |

i1(lv)0 = i1(mv)0 − i1(P f e)

i2(lv)0 = i2(mv)0 − i2(P f e)
 z trf 
u1(lv) = tratio · u1(mv)0 − · (i1(mv)0 + i1(lv)0 )
 
2
 z trf 
u2(lv) = tratio · u2(mv)0 − · (i2(mv)0 + i2(lv)0 )
 
2
u0(lv) = 0
    
ulv:a 
 u0(lv) 
 ulv:b  = A  u1(lv)  in p.u.
 
ulv:c  u2(lv) 

Where

• r1 is the positive-sequence resistance of the transformer in p.u.

• x1 is the positive-sequence reactance of the transformer in p.u.

MV Load (ElmLodmv, TypDistrf) 13

3 Short-Circuit

• z trf is the transformer impedance in p.u.

• ir(mv) , is(mv) , and it(mv) are the phase currents on the MV side in p.u.
• dutap is the additional voltage per tap in %
• nntap is the actual tap position
• nnenutral is the neutral tap position
• ur(mv) , us(mv) , and ut(mv) are the phase voltages on the MV side in p.u.
• i1(P f e) and i2(P f e) are the positive and negative sequence currents due to iron losses
• Pf e is the no load losses magnetizing impedance in kW
• Snom is the rated power in M W
• tratio is the transformer ratio
• ulv:a , ulv:b , and ulv:c are the calculated phase voltages on the LV side in p.u.

The iron losses, Gmload, are calculated as:

nh  z trf   z trf i o
Gmload = < i∗1(P f e) · u1(mv)0 − i1(mv)0 · + i∗2(P f e) · u2(mv)0 − i2(mv)0 · · 1000 in kW
2 2

And the total losses are calculated as:

z trf h   i Gmload
Losses = · |i1(mv)0 |2 − |i1(lv)0 |2 + |i2(mv)0 |2 − |i2(lv)0 |2 + in MW/Mvar
2 1000

3 Short-Circuit

3.1 Complete

3.1.1 Short-Circuit Contribution

The MV Load model for the ”complete” short-circuit calculation is the following:

Figure 3.1: Load model used for complete short-circuit

MV Load (ElmLodmv, TypDistrf) 14

3 Short-Circuit

Where

• Yload is the load admittance for ”Impedance” load type

• Iload is the load current for ”Current” load type
• Igen is the generation current for ”Impedance” load type
00
• Zshc is the sub-transient short-circuit contribution (load + generation)
0
• Zshc is the transient short-circuit contribution (load + generation)
• Uldf is the voltage value calculated with load-flow analysis

The total sub-transient short-circuit contribution is:

00 U 00 − Uldf
Ishc = U 00 · Iload + Iload − Igen + 00
Zshc

Where U 00 is the sub-transient short-circuit voltage.

The total transient short-circuit contribution is:

0 U 0 − Uldf
Ishc = U 0 · Iload + Iload − Igen + 0
Zshc

Where U 0 is the transient short-circuit voltage.

For the X/R ratio (X/R ratio break) calculation only the short-circuit contribution is considered,
the load impedance and load current are ignored.

The Subtransient Short-Circuit Contribution Impedance

00 1
Zshc = 00 · S 00
Sk,l l,ini · cosphil,ini · scale · zonescale + Sk,g · Sg,ini · cosphig,ini · zonescale + Skssf ix
00
00 Zshc
={Zshc }= p
1 + (R/X)2
00 00
<{Zshc } = R/X · ={Zshc }

Where

00
• Zshc is the subtransient short-circuit contribution
00
• Sk,l is the subtransient short-circuit level for load in MVA/MW
00
• Sk,g is the subtransient short-circuit level for generation in MVA/MW
• Skssf ix is the fixed subtransient short-circuit level in MVA

MV Load (ElmLodmv, TypDistrf) 15

3 Short-Circuit

• Sl,ini is the load apparent power operating point

• cosphil,ini is the load power factor
• Sg,ini is the generation apparent power operating point
• cosphig,ini is the generation power factor
• scale is the scaling factor
• zonescale is the zone scaling factor
• R/X is the R to X” ratio

The Transient Short-Circuit Contribution Impedance

0 1
Zshc = 0 ·S 0
Sk,l l,ini · cosphil,ini · scale · zonescale + Sk,g · Sg,ini · cosphig,ini · zonescale + Sksf ix
0
0 R Zshc
={Zshc }= ·p
X 1 + (R/X)2
q
0 0 )2 − (<{Z 0 })2
<{Zshc } = (Zshc shc

Where

0
• Zshc is the transient short-circuit contribution
0
• Sk,l is the transient short-circuit level for load in MVA/MW
0
• Sk,g is the transient short-circuit level for generation in MVA/MW
• Sksf ix is the fixed transient short-circuit level in MVA
• Sl,ini is the load apparent power operating point
• cosphil,ini is the load power factor
• Sg,ini is the generation apparent power operating point
• cosphig,ini is the generation power factor
• scale is the scaling factor
• zonescale is the zone scaling factor
• R/X is the R to X” ratio

”Impedance” Load Type

The load admittance is calculated as follows:

 2
Ildf Sgini
Yload = −
Uldf (Uldf )2

MV Load (ElmLodmv, TypDistrf) 16

4 RMS Simulation

The load current is set to zero:

Iload = 0

and

Sgini
Igen = when Sgini > 0
Uldf

”Current Source” Load Type

The load current is calculated as follows:

Iload + Igen = Ildf

The load admittance is set to zero

Yload = 0

4 RMS Simulation

4.1 Balanced RMS Simulation

4.1.1 Load, No Generation

If no generation is available, the load is modelled as a constant admittance.

Figure 4.1: RMS-Simulation model with load and no generation

The initialization for this model is thus:

MV Load (ElmLodmv, TypDistrf) 17

4 RMS Simulation

ildf
y load =
uldf

And the equation for this model is:

irms = y load · urms

4.1.2 Load with Generation

If generation is available, the load part is modelled as a constant admittance, while the gener-
ation part is modelled as a current source, with a magnitude of current injection (igen ) and the
angle with respect to the load-flow voltage (phiuigen ).

Figure 4.2: RMS-Simulation model with load and generation

The initialization equations for this model are thus:

ildf
y load =
uldf
 
igen = −ildf + y load · uldf 
 

phiuigen = angle(uldf ) − angle(igen )

The equation of the model is:

i∗rms · urms = (y load · urms )∗ − |urms | · igen · (cos(phiuigen ) + sin(phiuigen ))

4.2 Unbalanced RMS Simulation

4.2.1 Load, No Generation

If no generation is available, the load is modelled as a constant admittance. The initialization for
this model is thus:

MV Load (ElmLodmv, TypDistrf) 18

4 RMS Simulation

ir,ldf
y r,load =
ur,ldf
is,ldf
y s,load =
us,ldf
it,ldf
y t,load =
ut,ldf

And the equations for this model are:

ir,rms = y r,load · ur,rms

is,rms = y s,load · us,rms
it,rms = y t,load · ut,rms

4.2.2 Load with Generation

Initialization:

ir,ldf sr,gen
y r,load = − 2
ur,ldf ur,ldf
is,ldf ss,gen
y s,load = − 2
us,ldf us,ldf
it,ldf st,gen
y t,load = − 2
ut,ldf ut,ldf
 
ir,gen = −ir,ldf + y r,load · ur,ldf 
 
 
is,gen = −is,ldf + y s,load · us,ldf 
 
 
it,gen = −it,ldf + y t,load · ut,ldf 
 

phiuir,gen = angle(ur,ldf ) − angle(ir,gen )

phiuis,gen = angle(us,ldf ) − angle(is,gen )
phiuit,gen = angle(ut,ldf ) − angle(it,gen )

Equations:

ir,rms = (y r,load · ur,rms ) − |ir,gen | · cos(angle(ur,rms ) − phiuir,gen ) + sin(angle(ur,rms ) − phiuir,gen )


is,rms = (y s,load · us,rms ) − |is,gen | · cos(angle(us,rms ) − phiuis,gen ) + sin(angle(us,rms ) − phiuis,gen )


it,rms = (y t,load · ut,rms ) − |it,gen | · cos(angle(ut,rms ) − phiuit,gen ) + sin(angle(ut,rms ) − phiuit,gen )

MV Load (ElmLodmv, TypDistrf) 19

4 RMS Simulation

4.2.3 3PH-D

Figure 4.3: Load model used for unbalanced 3-phase Delta connection

The phase voltages for this model are calculated as follows:

ur = ua − ub
us = ub − uc
ut = uc − ua

The phase currents are calculated as:

ir = ia − ib
is = ib − ic
it = ic − ia

4.2.4 3PH PH-E

Figure 4.4: Load model used for unbalanced 3-phase PH-E connection

The voltages for this model are calculated as follows:

MV Load (ElmLodmv, TypDistrf) 20

4 RMS Simulation

ur = ua
us = ub
ut = uc

The phase currents are calculated as:

ir = ia
is = ib
it = ic

If the load has a distribution transformer type assigned, then the voltages are:

ur = ua − u0
us = ub − u0
ut = uc − u0

ir = ia − i0
is = ib − i0
it = ic − i0

4.2.5 3PH-’YN’

Figure 4.5: Load model used for unbalanced 3-phase YN connection

The voltages for this model are calculated as follows:

ur = ua − un
us = ub − un
ut = uc − un

MV Load (ElmLodmv, TypDistrf) 21

6 Harmonics

ir = ia
is = ib
it = ic

If the load has a distribution transformer type assigned, then the voltages are:

ur = ua − un − u0
us = ub − un − u0
ut = uc − un − u0

ir = ia − i0
is = ib − i0
it = ic − i0

5 EMT Simulation

A constant admittance model is used. Generation is ignored.

6 Harmonics

6.1 Impedance Model

Figure 6.1: Harmonics: Impedance model

The load admittance is calculated from the load flow analysis results:

ildf sgen
y load = − 2
uldf uldf

MV Load (ElmLodmv, TypDistrf) 22

6 Harmonics

6.1.1 Purely Inductive

If the imaginary part of y load is negative, the load is modelled as an inductive load:

Figure 6.2: Harmonics: Impedance model, Purely Inductive

with:

( )
1
rload = <
y load
( )
1
=
y load
lload =
2πfnom

6.1.2 Purely Capacitive

If the imaginary part of y load is positive, the load is modelled as a capacitive load:

Figure 6.3: Harmonics: Impedance model, Purely Capacitive

with:

( )
1
rload = <
y load
n o
= y load
cload =
2πfnom

MV Load (ElmLodmv, TypDistrf) 23

6 Harmonics

6.1.3 Mixed Inductive/Capacitive

Figure 6.4: Harmonics: Impedance model, Mixed Inductive/Capacitive

with:

n o
= y load
cload =
(1 − ppgrd) · 2πfnom
1
z rea =
={y load } · ppgrd
<{y load } − 
1 − ppgrd
rload = <{z rea }
={z rea }
lload =
2pifnom

6.2 Current Source Model

Figure 6.5: Harmonics: Current Source Model

Initialization:

i1 = ildf − uldf · y 1

Equation:

i = y 1 · u + i1

MV Load (ElmLodmv, TypDistrf) 24

List of Figures

List of Figures

1.1 PowerFactory MV load model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.1 Load model used for balanced load-flow analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.2 Load model used for unbalanced 3-phase Delta connection . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.3 Load model used for unbalanced 3-phase PH-E connection . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.4 Load model used for unbalanced 3-phase YN connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.5 2-phase, Technology 2PH PH-E load model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.6 2-phase, Technology 2PH-’YN’ load model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.7 1-phase, Technology 1PH PH-PH load model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.8 1-phase, Technology 1PH PH-N load model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.9 1-phase, Technology 1PH PH-E load model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3.1 Load model used for complete short-circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4.1 RMS-Simulation model with load and no generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4.2 RMS-Simulation model with load and generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4.3 Load model used for unbalanced 3-phase Delta connection . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

4.4 Load model used for unbalanced 3-phase PH-E connection . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

4.5 Load model used for unbalanced 3-phase YN connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

6.1 Harmonics: Impedance model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

6.2 Harmonics: Impedance model, Purely Inductive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

6.3 Harmonics: Impedance model, Purely Capacitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

6.4 Harmonics: Impedance model, Mixed Inductive/Capacitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

6.5 Harmonics: Current Source Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

MV Load (ElmLodmv, TypDistrf) 25