DIgSILENT PowerFactory

Technical Reference Documentation

Complex Load
ElmLod,TypLodind

DIgSILENT GmbH
Heinrich-Hertz-Str. 9
72810 - Gomaringen
Germany
T: +49 7072 9168 0
F: +49 7072 9168 88
http://www.digsilent.de
info@digsilent.de
Version: 15.2
Edition: 1

Copyright 2014, DIgSILENT GmbH. Copyright of this document belongs to DIgSILENT GmbH.
No part of this document may be reproduced, copied, or transmitted in any form, by any means
electronic or mechanical, without the prior written permission of DIgSILENT GmbH.
Complex Load (ElmLod,TypLodind)

Contents

Contents
1 General Description
1.1 Load-Flow Analysis

3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.1 Balanced Load-Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.2 Voltage dependency (static part) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.3 Voltage dependency (dynamic part) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.4 Load Scaling factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2 Short-Circuit Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3 Harmonic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.4 RMS Simulation (Transient Stability) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.5 EMT Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10

2 Input/Output Definition of the Dynamic Model

11

2.1 Three-Phase Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

2.1.1 RMS-Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

2.1.2 EMT-Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

2.2 Single-, Two-Phase Load and DC-Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

A Parameter Definitions

13

A.1 General Load Type (TypLod) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

A.2 General Load Element (ElmLod) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

List of Figures

15

List of Tables

16

Complex Load (ElmLod,TypLodind)

General Description

General Description

In power systems, electrical load consists of various different types of electrical devices, from
incandescent lamps and heaters to large arc furnaces and motors. It is often very difficult to
identify the exact composition of static and dynamic loads in the network.
In most cases the general load model (see Technical Reference Manual for the General Load)
is sufficient to model the static and dynamic load characteristic for load-flow and dynamic simulations. Although for modelling industrial loads with a large portion of induction motors the
general load model might not be adequate. Therefore a second load model is available, which
is representing a composition of a static load and an induction generator.
The complex load model diagram is shown in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1: PowerFactory Complex Load Model.

1.1

Load-Flow Analysis

In the element window for the load, the user is free to choose whether the load is balanced or
unbalanced. Furthermore the user can specify the input parameters for the load using the Input
Mode drop down menu as shown in Figure 1.2 below. Based on the available data, the user
can select the relevant combination of parameters from S (apparent power), P (real power), Q
(reactive power), cos(phi) (power factor) and I (current).
For load-flow analysis, it suffices to only specify the loads electrical consumption.
Other data characterizing a load, such as the number of phases or voltage dependency factors
(see also 1.1.2) are defined in the Load Type. If no load type is specified, a balanced, threephase load is assumed having default parameters for voltage dependency kpu=1.6 and kqu=1.8
(see also section 1.1.2).

Complex Load (ElmLod,TypLodind)

General Description

Figure 1.2: Specifying the input parameters for the load model.

1.1.1

Balanced Load-Flow

Depending on the selected input mode, the user needs to specify two input parameters. Figure
1.3 shows the load model used for balanced load-flow analysis, where only P0 and Q0 are
specified.

Figure 1.3: Load model used for balanced load-flows.

1.1.2

Voltage dependency (static part)

Voltage dependency of loads can be modelled using a potential approach, as shown in (1) and
(2). In these equations, the subscript 0 indicates the initial operating condition as defined in the
input dialogue box of the Load Element.

 e aP
 e bP
 e cP 
P = P0 aP vv0
+ bP vv0
+ (1 aP bP ) vv0


Q = Q0

aQ

v
v0

e aQ

Complex Load (ElmLod,TypLodind)


+ bQ

v
v0

e bQ


+ (1 aQ bQ)

v
v0

(1)

e cQ !
(2)

General Description

or

G = G0


B = B0

V
V0

kpu2

V
V0

kqu2

(3)

(4)

By specifying the respective kpu and kqu values (kpu/kqu >= 0) the inherent load behaviour
can be modelled. Table 1.1 indicates the values for kpu and kqu to achieve constant power,
current and impedance behaviour.
Table 1.1: Selection of kpu/kqu values for different load model behaviour
Ratio
kpu/kqu
kpu/kqu
kpu/kqu

Value
0
1
2

Constant
power
current
impedance

Figure 1.4: Specification of the voltage dependency factors

Note: These factors are only considered if the Consider Voltage Dependency of Loads is
checked in the Load-flow Calculation window, as shown in Figure 1.5.

Complex Load (ElmLod,TypLodind)

General Description

Figure 1.5: Load-flow Calculation window indicating the use of voltage dependency terms for
load-flow calculations

1.1.3

Voltage dependency (dynamic part)

The impedance and thus the power demand is split between the static and the dynamic part as
shown in (3) and (4).

G0 =

P0
(1 Tm0 /100)
u20

(5)

where Tm0 is the percentage dynamic load.

B0 =

Q0 Tm0 /100 P0 s0 /scr

u20

(6)

where s0 is the operating slip and scr the critical slip in %.

Mechanical load is based on rated mechanical torque mm according to (7), where n is the
rotational speed in per unit and mm is obtained from the load flow solution.

mm = mm0

Complex Load (ElmLod,TypLodind)

n
n0

tm1
(7)

General Description

Acceleration time constant Tj , is defining the mechanical behaviour of the induction generator:

Tj =

me mm
n

(8)

where me is the electromagnetic torque based on he mechanical torque.

The impedance of the induction motor part is defined as follows:

xd =

u20
s0 scr

Tm0 /100 P0 s20 + s2cr

(9)

where s0 is the operating slip and scr the critical slip in %.

rd =

(10)

(11)

i = (G + jQ) + id

(12)

id = 

1.1.4

scr
xd
100

rd
s0 /100

+ jxd

Load Scaling factors

Loads can be scaled individually by setting the Scaling Factor s of the Load Element (see also
Figure 1.6).
Together with the scaling factor, the actual load is calculated as follows:
P = scale P0

(13)

Q = scale Q0

(14)

If voltage dependency of loads is considered then (13) and (14) become;


P = scale P0


Q = scale Q0

V
V0

kpu

V
V0

kqu

(15)

(16)

Alternatively to explicit scaling factors, loads in radial feeders can be scaled based on the total
inflow into the feeder, as illustrated in Figure 1.7.
For considering a load in the feeder-load-scaling process, the option Adjusted by Load Scaling
(see Figure 1.6) has to be enabled. In this case, the individual Scaling Factor of the load is not
considered but overwritten by the feeder-scaling factor.
Complex Load (ElmLod,TypLodind)

General Description

The feeder-load-scaling function can be enabled or disabled globally using the corresponding
load-flow option (see also Figure 1.5).

Figure 1.6: Scaling factor specification

Figure 1.7: Diagram indicating load scaling (adjustment) in order to maintain the feeder settings
specified in the Feeder Definition

1.2

Short-Circuit Analysis

Short circuit calculations according to IEC 60909, VDE102/103 or ANSI C37 generally neglect
loads. Only motor contributions are considered here.
The COMPLETE short circuit method utilises constant impedance (Z), where Z is calculated
from a preceding load-flow analysis.

1.3

Harmonic Analysis

In the type data of the complex load model, the harmonic load model can only be specified as
constant impedance or with frequency dependent impedance characteristics for the dynamic
Complex Load (ElmLod,TypLodind)

General Description

and the static part individually. Figure 1.8 shows the input parameters of the harmonic load
model type.

Figure 1.8: Complex load model type for harmonic analysis

1.4

RMS Simulation (Transient Stability)

AS in the load flow the complex load is modelled in the RMS simulations as a combination
between a static and a dynamic/induction motor part.
The voltage and frequency dependency of the static portion is modelled as constant impedance
using a potential approach according to Eq. (17) and (18).

P = P0


Q = Q0

V
V0

kpu 

V
V0

kqu 

1 + kpf

f0

f
f0

1 + kqf

(17)

(18)

or

G = G0


B = B0

V
V0

kpu2 

V
V0

kqu2 

f
1 + kqf
f0

1 + kpf

f0


(19)

(20)

The dynamic part is described by the following equations

Complex Load (ElmLod,TypLodind)

General Description


x did  r
+
+ jx id
sn dt
s

(21)

te tm
Tj

(22)

n =

te = Tm0 /100

2 s s20 + s2cr
02 s0 s2 + s2cr

(23)

The fraction dynamic load is defined by the parameter Tm0 in %.

i = (G + jQ) + id

1.5

(24)

EMT Simulation

In EMT type simulations, all the loads are modelled as passive loads using the equivalent circuits
shown in the harmonics-section.
Note: The use of negative active power leads in EMT simulations to unstable behaviour, since
negative P is interpreted as negative resistance.

Complex Load (ElmLod,TypLodind)

10

Input/Output Definition of the Dynamic Model

2
2.1
2.1.1

Input/Output Definition of the Dynamic Model

Three-Phase Load
RMS-Simulation

Figure 2.1: Input/Output Definition of General Load Model (RMS-Simulation)

Table 2.1: Input Variables (RMS-Simulation)

Name
Pext
Qext

Description
Active Power Input
Reactive Power Input

Unit
MW
Mvar

Table 2.2: State Variables (RMS-Simulation)

Name
xu
xf
cosphiu
sinphiu

Description
Delayed Voltage (Time constant T1)
Delayed Frequency (Time constant T1)
cosine of voltage angle
sine of voltage angle

Unit
p.u.
p.u

Table 2.3: Additional Parameters and Signals (RMS-Simulation)

Name
fe
scale

2.1.2

Description
Electrical Frequency
Scaling Factor

Unit
p.u.

EMT-Simulation
Table 2.4: State Variables (EMT-Simulation)
Name
curLA
curLB
curLC

Description
Inductive Current, Phase A
Inductive Current, Phase B
Inductive Current, Phase C

Complex Load (ElmLod,TypLodind)

Unit
p.u.
p.u
p.u.

11

Input/Output Definition of the Dynamic Model

2.2

Single-, Two-Phase Load and DC-Load

Constant impedance load models. No input or output variables.

Complex Load (ElmLod,TypLodind)

12

Parameter Definitions

A
A.1

Parameter Definitions
General Load Type (TypLod)
Table A.1: Input parameter of load type (TypLod)
Parameter
loc name
systp
nlnph
cnm
kpu
kqu
i csrc
lodst
loddy
i nln
i pure
pgrd
qcq
t1
kpf
kqf
kpu
kqu
tpf
tqf
tpu
tqu
udmax
udmin
Prp
xt

A.2

Description
Name
System Type
Phases
Connection
Static Voltage Dependence on P
Static Voltage Dependence on Q
Load Model
Percentage: Static (const Z)
Percentage: Dynamic
Percentage: Nonlinear Model
Load Model
Capacitive/Inductive Reactive Power: QL/QC
Capacitive/Inductive Reactive Power: QC/Q
Dynamic Load Time Constant
Dynamic Active Load: Frequ. Dependence on P
Dynamic Reactive Load: Frequ. Dependence on Q
Static Voltage Dependence: Volt. Dependence on P
Static Voltage Dependence: Volt. Dependence on Q
Dynamic Active Load: Transient Frequency Dependence
Dynamic Reactive Load: Transient Frequency Dependence
Dynamic Active Load: Transient Voltage Dependence
Dynamic Reactive Load: Transient Voltage Dependence
Voltage Limits: Upper Voltage Limit
Voltage Limits: Lower Voltage Limit
Static Portion
Transformer Short Circuit Reactance

Unit

%
%

%
%
s

s
s
s
s
p.u.
p.u.
%
%

General Load Element (ElmLod)

Table A.2: Input parameter of load element (ElmLod)
Parameter
loc name
outserv
mode inp
i sym
plini
qlini
slini
ilini
coslini
pf recap
u0
scale0
i scale
plinir

Description
Name
Out of Service
Input Mode
Balanced/Unbalanced
Operating Point: Total Active Power Load
Operating Point: Total Reactive Power Load
Operating Point: Total Apparent Power
Operating Point: Current
Operating Point: Power Factor
Operating Point: Power Factor
Operating Point: Voltage
Operating Point: Scaling Factor
Operating Point: Adjusted by Load Scaling
Phase a: Active Power

Complex Load (ElmLod,TypLodind)

Unit

MW
Mvar
MVA
kA

p.u.

MW
13

Parameter Definitions

qlinir
slinir
ilinir
coslinir
pf recapr
plinis
qlinis
slinis
ilinis
coslinis
pf recaps
plinit
qlinit
slinit
ilinit
coslinit
pf recapt
i rem
p cub
NrCust
i prty
shed
trans
pTrans
pSCDF
OptCost
OptMeth
pStoch
pCurve

Phase a: Reactive Power

Phase a: Apparent Power Load
Phase a: Current
Phase a: Power Factor
Phase a: Power Factor
Phase b: Active Power
Phase b: Reactive Power
Phase b: Apparent Power
Phase b: Current
Phase b: Power Factor
Phase b: Power Factor
Phase c: Active Power
Phase c: Reactive Power
Phase c: Apparent Power
Phase c: Current
Phase c: Power Factor
Phase c: Power Factor
Remote Control
Controlled Branch (Cubicle)
Number of connected customers
Priority
Load shedding/transfer: Shedding steps
Transferable
Alternative Supply (Load)
Interruption costs: Time dependent rate
Interruption costs
Characteristic
Stochastic model
Area Model (StoChalod)

Complex Load (ElmLod,TypLodind)

Mvar
MVA
kA

MW
Mvar
MVA
kA

MW
Mvar
MVA
kA

StoLod

14

List of Figures

List of Figures
1.1 PowerFactory Complex Load Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2 Specifying the input parameters for the load model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3 Load model used for balanced load-flows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.4 Specification of the voltage dependency factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.5 Load-flow Calculation window indicating the use of voltage dependency terms for
load-flow calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.6 Scaling factor specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.7 Diagram indicating load scaling (adjustment) in order to maintain the feeder settings specified in the Feeder Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.8 Complex load model type for harmonic analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.1 Input/Output Definition of General Load Model (RMS-Simulation) . . . . . . . . .

11

Complex Load (ElmLod,TypLodind)

15

List of Tables

List of Tables
1.1 Selection of kpu/kqu values for different load model behaviour . . . . . . . . . .

2.1 Input Variables (RMS-Simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

2.2 State Variables (RMS-Simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

2.3 Additional Parameters and Signals (RMS-Simulation)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

2.4 State Variables (EMT-Simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

A.1 Input parameter of load type (TypLod) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

A.2 Input parameter of load element (ElmLod) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

Complex Load (ElmLod,TypLodind)

16