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Lecture 3

The document discusses dynamic modeling of power system components, focusing on generator controllers, FACTS controllers, and load modeling. It outlines various static and dynamic load models, including constant impedance, current, and power models, as well as polynomial and dynamic load modeling approaches. The importance of accurately representing load characteristics for power system stability is emphasized, along with examples of load exponents for different devices.

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sinanharamine546
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Lecture 3

The document discusses dynamic modeling of power system components, focusing on generator controllers, FACTS controllers, and load modeling. It outlines various static and dynamic load models, including constant impedance, current, and power models, as well as polynomial and dynamic load modeling approaches. The importance of accurately representing load characteristics for power system stability is emphasized, along with examples of load exponents for different devices.

Uploaded by

sinanharamine546
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

3/23/2025

Dynamic Modeling of Power System


Components

Generator Controllers

• IEEE Type1 Exciter

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Generator Controllers

• Simple Exciter

Generator Controllers

• Power System Stabilizer (PSS)

(For details look at Kundur Book)

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Generator Controllers

• Governor and Prime Mover Model


(general purpose governor model)

FACTS Controllers

• SVC Model

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FACTS Controllers

• SVC Control Block


(SVC is modeled as a variable suceptance)

The additional control loop is used for oscillation damping

FACTS Controllers

• TCSC Control Block

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Load Modeling
• Stable operation of a power system depends on the
ability to continuously match the electrical output
of generating unit to the loads on the system.
• load characteristics have an important influence on
power system stability.
• The modeling of load is complicated because a
typical load bus represented in stability studies is
composed of a large number of devices.
• The composition changes are depending on many
factors including time (hour, day, season), weather
conditions, etc.

Load Modeling

• Even if the load composition were known exactly,


it would be impractical to represent each
individual component.
• Therefore, load representation in system is based
on a considerable amount of simplification.
• Load models are traditionally classified into two
broad categories:
– Static models
– Dynamic models.

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Load Modeling

• Dynamic load models are not important in the load


flow studies.
• However, dynamic load models are very important
in the small signal and transient stability studies.
• Static load models on the other hand are relevant
to load flow studies and static voltage stability
analysis.

Load Modeling
• Static Load Modeling:

• 1. Constant Impedance Load Model (Constant Z): A


static load model where the (active and reactive) power
variation is proportion to the square of the voltage
magnitude. It also referred to as constant admittance load
model.

• 2. Constant Current Load Model (Constant I): A


static load model where the (active and reactive) power
variation directly proportional to the voltage magnitude.

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Load Modeling
• Static Load Modeling (cont.):

• 3. Constant Power Load Model (Constant P): A static


load model where the (active and reactive) power does not
vary with changes in voltage magnitude. It is also know as
constant MVA load model.

• 4. Exponential Load Model: A static load model that


represents the power relationship to voltage as an
exponential equation in the following way:

Load Modeling

• Static Load Modeling (cont.):



V 
PL = Po  
 Vo 

V 
QL = Qo  
 Vo 

Where Po and Qo stand for the real and reactive powers


consumed at a reference voltage Vo, respectively. The
exponents  and  depend on the type of load that is being
represented

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Load Modeling
• Static Load Modeling (cont.):
• The above equations can also be used to represent
constant PQ, constant Current and constant
impedance load models.

– For constant PQ load models:  = =0;


– For constant current load models ==1;
– For constant impedance load models ==2;

• Interestingly, if we look at the exponents of some typical


loads used in power system, non of them falls into any of
the above.

Load Modeling

A Sample of Fractional Load Exponents

Load component  
Incandescent Lamps 1.54 -
Room Air Conditioner 0.50 2.50
Furnace Fan 0.08 1.60
Battery Charge 2.59 4.06
Compact Fluorescent Lamps 0.95-1.03 0.31-0.46
Fluorescent Lamps 2.07 3.21

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Load Modeling
• Polynomial Load Models: A static load model that
represents the power-voltage relationship as a polynomial
equation of voltage magnitude.
2
V  V 
PL = Po [a p   + b p   + c p ]
 Vo   Vo 
2
V  V 
QL = Qo [aQ   + bQ   + cQ ]
 o
V  Vo 

• Where ap+bp+cp=aQ+bQ+cQ=1, and Po and Qo are the real


and reactive power consumed at a reference voltage Vo.

Load Modeling
• Dynamic Load Modeling
• A major portion of the dynamic loads is induction
motor load.
To dVm Q Vm
=[ m − ]
X s − X dt
'
Vm X s − X '

d m P (X − X ')
=  R −  S + m 2s '
dt Vm To
d R
Mm = Pm − TL R
dt

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Load Modeling
• Where Vm<m is the voltage behind R+jX (internal
impedance of the motor),
R is the rotor speed,
Mm is the moment of inertia of induction machine,
To’ is transient time constant,
Xs and X’ are synchronous and transient reactance,
Pm, Qm are real and reactive power drawn at internal node
TL is load torque (TL= Ao+BoR+CoR2).

Load Modeling
• Dynamic load model 1:

If Ps+jQs and PD+jQD are the static and dynamic


components, respectively, then Ps=Pl (constant), Qs=Ql
(constant).
d dV
PD = Po + K p + K pv (V + T )
dt dt
d
QD = P0 + K q + K qv1V + K qv2V 2
dt

• Where Kp, Kpv, T, Kq, Kqv1 and Kqv2 are the load
coefficients.

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Load Modeling
• Dynamic load model 2 , Load Model Suggested in (by
Dobson)
• The composite load consisting of static and dynamic
components can be written as

d dV
PD = l ( pf ) + D +a
dt dt
d dV
QD = l 1 − ( pf ) 2 + b +K
dt dt
• Where l is the nominal MVA demand and pf is the power
factor. D, a, b, and K are load coefficients.

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