B. Tech. Iv, Semester Vii Mechanical Engineering: Finite Elements METHODS (MH-067)

B. TECH.
IV, SEMESTER VII

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FINITE ELEMENTS
METHODS (MH-067)
LABORATORY MANUAL
(2019-2020)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY
FINITE ELEMENTS METHODS (MH-067) - YEAR 2019-2020
DHARMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY, NADIAD
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Experiment
Title of the Experiment
No.
1 Introduction to Finite Element Analysis
2 Grid Independent Analysis
3 Stepped Bar Analysis
4 Planar Truss Analysis
5 Beam Analysis
6 Bicycle Frame Analysis
7 Plane Stress Analysis
8 Plane Strain Analysis
9 Buckling Analysis
10 Conduction And Convection Analysis
11 Contact Analysis
EXPERIMENT 1
INTRODUCTION TO FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, DHARMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY, NADIAD

OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this experiment is to study the general procedure to perform Finite
Element Analysis on any system.
DESCRIPTION:
A system is any arranged and particular collection of matter, whose behavior is being
examined. All other matter which is outside the system is termed as the surroundings or
atmosphere. The system and the surroundings altogether build up the universe (fig.1.1). The
process of determining the behavior of the system when it is subjected to some sort of excitation
is known as analysis (fig.1.2).
Fig.1.1 system and surrounding Fig.1.2 system analysis
The most of the engineering systems are governed by various physical laws or principles of
science. There are basically two methods to solve analysis problem of any engineering system i.e.
theoretical methods and experimental methods. Experimental methods basically require building
of the physical model (protoptype) of the system which is to be analyzed. The prototype is then
subjected to certain experimental tests and results are obtained. The experimental method is most
reliable. However, when the analysis is to be performed on various concepts of the system in
early stages of design process, this method is expensive in terms of time, efforts and money.
Theoretical methods are mainly analytical methods and numerical methods.
Fig.1.3 cylindrical bar Fig.1.4 complex object
In analytical methods the system is modeled mathematically on the basis of various

equations governing the system. After that, this mathematical model is directly solved using
various analytical equations to obtain results. i.e. let’s assume a cylindrical bar subjected to axial
tensile load (P) at both ends (fig.1.3). The axial deflection (Q) of the bar can be determined easily
provided that the stiffness of the material (K) is known. See equation 1.1.
P=K×Q 1.1
Stress (σ) can also be determined directly by following equation 1.2,

σ=P/A 1.2
Where, A = π × r2 and r = radius of cylindrical bar.
Strain (ε) can be determined by following equation 1.3,
ε=σ/E 1.3
Where, E = modulus of elasticity.
It is very easy to solve the given problem by an analytical method since the geometry is
very simple, for which the analytical equations are easy to formulate. The results obtained by
analytical method are exact. However, if the geometry is complex as shown in fig.1.4, on which
the load is exerted in any direction and also if the problem is boundary value problem involving
solution of partial differential equations it is very difficult to solve such problems by analytical
method. This type of analysis problems are solved by numerical methods.
Like analytical methods, in numerical method also the system is modeled mathematically
on the basis of various equations governing the system. After that, this mathematical model is
solved by assuming some initial solution and based on the obtained solution the error is
determined. Subsequently, the model is again solved with previously obtained solution to
minimize the error. This is carried out in iterative manner until the accurate results are obtained.
Numerical methods have the limitation that the results obtained are approximate.
There are different numerical methods i.e. FEM, FDM, BEM, FVM etc. Finite element
method (FEM) is one of the widely used numerical method for solution of complex analysis
problems. The method is explained in detail in the subsequent topic.
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD:

A finite element method (FEM) is a numerical technique to obtain an approximate
solution to a class of problems governed by elliptic partial differential equations. Such problems
are called as boundary value problems as they consist of a partial differential equation and the
boundary conditions. The finite element method converts the elliptic partial differential equation
into a set of algebraic equations which are easy to solve.
In FEM the entire part of the analysis problem is subdivided in a large number of
smallerregular parts, called finite elements as shown in fig.1.5. This finite elements are connected
at different points, called nodes and are separated by element boundaries. The simple algebraic
equations are written for all these finite elements based on governing law and these equations are
then assembled into a larger set of equations that models the entire problem. The elemental
equations are solved to determine the response at the nodes. By algebraically summing up the
nodal responses of individual elements the response of entire part is determined. In other words,
it follows part to whole approach for solving the analysis problem. FEM uses Weak
form/Weighted-residual approach or Variational approach to approximate a solution by
minimizing an error function. The analysis performed on the model representing the problem, by
using FEM is known as Finite element analysis (FEA).

Fig.1.5 Discretized model of jet plane.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS:

A general procedure of Finite element analysis of any problem is divided in three stages
namely; Pre-processing, Solution and Post-processing.
❖ Pre-processing
This stage of FEA is to define the finite element model of the given problem. These
problems may be static/dynamic structural (both linear and non-linear) problem, heat transfer and
fluid problems, as well as acoustic and electro-magnetic problems. The following information are
provided during this stage of FEA,
⮚ Domain of analysis: The first thing in FEA is to observe the nature of problem and decide
whether it is structural, fluid or heat flow problem.
⮚ Geometry: The next step is creating geometry using points, lines, areas and volumes, which
represents the continuum body of the given problem.
⮚ Material Assignment: After defining the geometry the next step is assignment of the
material and its properties to the geometric model.
⮚ Element type: The next step is defining element type. Different element types are available
for the solution of the problem i.e. link, beam, plane, solid, etc., it is very important to select
appropriate element type and associated element options.
⮚ Meshing or Discretization: The next step is meshing of the geometric model in large no. of
small finite elements.
⮚ Loading and Boundary conditions: After meshing, a load i.e. force, moment etc. of given
magnitude is applied on the model in given direction. Also, various boundary conditions are
applied on the model i.e. clamped, simply supported etc.
❖ Solution/Processing
Once the Finite element model is ready for the analysis. The algebraic equations are
formulated for various elements and part as a whole. These equations are then solved with

various linear and nonlinear numerical techniques to obtain the solution to given problem.
❖ Post-processing:
The significant part of FEA is Post-processing of the obtained results. This mainly
involves the viewing of results obtained at different nodes and elements. It is possible to create
lists of nodal displacements, element forces and moments. It is also possible to create deflection
plots and stress contour diagrams.
Finally, based on the result of FEA, it is very important to have realization about the
behavior of the actual system and possibility that the system will be safe or not under given
conditions.
FEA SOFTWARES:
There are various FEA packages, both commercial and non commercial FEA packages
available in the market. Some of them are general purpose whereas some are specific to certain
domains. These software are capable to solve almost all types of physics problems i.e.
Static/dynamic structural (both linear and non-linear) problem, heat transfer and fluid problems,
as well as acoustic and electro-magnetic problems.
These FEA software are, ANSYS, MSC/ NASTRAN, ABAQUS, ALGOR, LS-DYNA,
NEI NASTRAN, RADIOSS, ADINA, ADAMS, COMSOL etc.
SUMMARY:
From this experiment, we come to learn the different steps to slove any FEM model and also
learned the different application where these model is applied and come to know about basics of
these software.
EXPERIMENT2
GRID INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this experiment is to study the effect of mesh size on the results of the
system considered for Finite Element Analysis.
DESCRIPTION:
An engineering system which is subjected to some excitation, either internal or external
undergoes change in its state. If it is required to know behavior of the system in early stages of
design, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) on model representing that system can be carried out with
an FEA software under CAD environment.
As discussed in experiment 1, during Pre-processing stage of FEA the geometric model of

the system is prepared. After assigning material properties to this geometric model the next step
is discretization (meshing or grid formation) of the entire geometric model in number of finite

elements by an element which is specific to the type of problem i.e. structural, structural acoustic,
thermo mechanical etc. The model so prepared is referred as, ‘finite element model’.
If the global size of the element is less than more elements are required for discretization
of the entire geometric model, called fine finite element model. Whereas, if the global size of the
element is more, then less elements are required for discretization of the entire geometric model,
called coarse finite element model. The size of the finite element model significantly affects the
results of the analysis. Since the FEA is based on numerical method, it is apparent that if the
finite element model is fine (large no. of elements), the results so obtained are more accurate
comparatively. However, this also increases the number of equations involved with the problem
solving task and hence, computation time required by FEA software. It is a general practice to
solve any problem by initially taking a course size of finite element model, since it takes very less
time for the analysis run. The subsequent analysis runs are carried out by gradually taking fine
size of finite element models until satisfactory results are obtained.
In order to understand the influence of grid size on the results of the FEA of a particular
system, following problem is considered.
PROBLEM DEFINITION:
A wall bracket as shown in fig. 2.1 is subjected to an eccentric load P = 20 kn.It is made of
steel material having Modulus of elasticity (E) equal to 2×10 5 MPa. and Poisson’s ratio (μ) equal
to 0.3. Determine max. total displacement, equivalent stress and equivalent strain at any point
within the bracket. Thickness of bracket is 50 mm.
Fig. 2.1. Wall bracket
PROCEDURE:
The present FEA problem can be categorized under structural domain problem. In this
experiment, the FEA is carried out on the model by using ‘Ansys’ software in its Mechcanical
APDL module. The important steps required to perform FEA on the model are explained as
following,
❖ Pre-processing:

This stage of FEA is to define the finite element model of the given problem. The
following information are provided during this stage of FEA,
⮚ Domain of analysis: The present problem is of structural domain. Specification of the domain in
FEA software simplifies the task of selecting an element type, since it reduces the element
library.
⮚ Geometry: A 3D geometric model of the wall bracket as shown in fig. 2.1 is created in Ansys
software using various modeling tools i.e. key points, lines, areas and volumes. The complete
geometric model is shown in fig. 2.2., which represents the continuum body of the given
problem.
⮚ Material Assignment: Once the geometric model of the wall bracket is created the next step is
assignment of the material to the geometric model. The material of the wall bracket is steel
having following material properties,
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 2×105 MPa. Poisson’s

ratio (μ) = 0.3
⮚ Element type: Since, this is structural problem and the geometric model is 3 dimensional,
structural elements with 3D capability can be used for discretization of the continuum body.
Different element types are available for the solution of the problem. For the current problem
SOLID185 element as shown in fig. 2.3. is selected for analysis.
Fig. 2.2. Geometric model Fig. 2.3. Solid185 element
It is generally used for 3D modeling of solid structures. It is basically a hexahedron

element defined by eight nodes having three degrees of freedom at each node: translations in
the nodal x, y, and z directions. It allows for prism, tetrahedral, and pyramid degenerations
when used in irregular regions. The element has plasticity, hyper-elasticity, stress stiffening,
creep, large deflection, and large strain capabilities.
⮚ Meshing: The next step is meshing of the geometric model in large no. of small finite elements
using Solid185 element. To understand the influence of mesh size on the FEA results of the wall
bracket, analysis runs are carried out on different finite element models with varying global
element sizes as shown in table 2.1. The discretized model 3 with global element size ‘5 mm’ is
shown in fig. 2.4.

Fig. 2.4. Finite element model
Sr. No. Global element Size (mm) No. of elements No. of nodes
1 20 1779 2704
2 15 3776 5275
3 10 10375 13440
4 5 74670 85734
5 4 151931 169372
Table 2.1 Description of finite element models
⮚ Loading and Boundary conditions: A new static analysis type is defined to address the solver.
After that Loading and Boundary conditions are defined. A load of 20 kN is acting at bottom end
of the bracket exactly on the internal cylindrical surface of the hole. This load must be applied as
a bearing pressure on it and not as a point load. The model subjected to bearing pressure is shown
in fig. 2.5.

Fig. 2.5. Pressure applied Fig. 2.6. Boundary condition
Bearing pressure (pb) = P/A = 20000/5000 = 4 MPa.
Where, P = static load acting at free bracket end.

A = Projected area = 100×50= 5000 mm2.
Also it is clear from the figure that, internal cylindrical surface of the hole at top end
of the bracket is constrained to move along any direction. Hence, Fixed boundary condition is
applied on it as shown in fig. 2.6. These information can also be provided during Solution
stage of FEA.
In this stage of FEA, the Finite element model of wall bracket is solved to obtain
solution to given problem.
The post-processing stage of FEA mainly involves viewing of results obtained at
different nodes and elements of the model. The max. total displacement, von-mises stress and
von-mises strain at any point within the bracket are listed in table 2.2. It is quite obvious that
accuracy of the results obtained increases as the global size of the element reduces. The
results obtained for ‘4 mm’ and ‘5 mm’ global size of the element are very close which shows
that the results are accurately converged and need not require further analysis runs on finite
element models having very fine global element size,
Sr. Global element Total displacement Von-mises stresses Von-mises strains

No. Size (mm) (δ)(mm) (σeq)(MPa) (εeq)
1 20 0.3195 31.8337 0.162×10-3
2 15 0.3200 33.1933 0.168×10-3
3 10 0.3202 34.6417 0.170×10-3
4 5 0.3203 36.3516 0.182×10-3
5 4 0.3203 36.3796 0.182×10-3
Table 2.2 Results for various finite element models
FOR 20mm GLOBAL ELEMENT SIZE

FIG.2.7 Total Displacement
FIG.2.8 Von-mises Stress

FIG.2.9 Von-mises Strain
The contour plot of the total displacement at different nodes within the finite element
model having ‘5 mm’ global element size is shown in fig. 2.7. Apparently, the displacement is
maximum at free end of the bracket. The contour plot of von-mises stress at different nodes
within the model is shown in fig. 2.8. The von-mises stress and strain values are maximum at
fixed end of the bracket in the vicinity of hole.
CONCLUSION:
From these experiment, we solved the problem of wall bracket with help of the different steps of
FEM, and plotted the results of von-mises stress,von-mises strain,and total displacement and also
obtained the nodal solution of each node .

EXPERIMENT 03
STEPPED BAR ANALYSIS

OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this experiment is to study the behavior of the stepped bar subjected to
axial tensile or compressive load by performing FEA on it. Also, to study the application of link
element in analysis of such axially loaded members of structures.
DESCRIPTION:
A stepped bar is an axially loaded member having no. of steps of different diameters along
its length. A structure consists of number of members, either continuous cylindrical bars or
stepped cylindrical bars. Under the action of an axial load it undergoes axial displacement. This
also induces axial compressive or tensile stress in the stepped bar. A stpped bar subjected to axial
load is shown in fig. 3.1.
Fig. 3.1. Stepped bar
In order to determine axial defection, stress and strain of the stepped bar subjected to
static axial load, FEA is carried out on it, manually as well as using the Ansys software.
PROBLEM DEFINITION:
An axial stepped bar is shown in figure. It has two steps with areas viz 2400 mm2 and 600 mm2
and its young modulus of elasticity is 70 x 103 MPa and 70 x 103 MPa respectively. We solve it
using ANSYS Mechanical APDL by executing following steps.
❖ Pre-processing:
1) Select Structural under preferences.

2) Select link180 as element type
3) Create 2 material models
1) E1=70 x 103 MPa

2) E2=70 x 103 MPa

4) Create two sections:

1) A1=2400 mm2
2) A2=600 mm2
�Modeling
5) For modeling, first create 3 key points:
1) X=0
2) X=300
3) X=700
6) Next, create lines joining 1&2 and 2&3 keypoints.
�Meshing
7) Using Mesh tool select appropriate element attributes for each line element.
8) Then mesh the two line elements in any number of divisions, but since this is an axial
element, number of divisions has no relation with accuracy of results. So, select no. of
div=1.
�Loading
9) Add displacement constraints at key points 1&3, where all DOF are zero.
10) Add Force load F=20 kN at keypoint 2.
Solve the model and plot the results.
different nodes and elements of the model. The results are as follows:
● Von Mises Stress
MINIMUM VALUES
NODE 2 1 7 2 2
VALUE 0.0000 0.0000 -11.628 3.1008 3.1008
MAXIMUM VALUES
NODE 1 1 1 7 7
VALUE 5.4264 0.0000 0.0000 11.628 11.628

● Von Mises Strain
MINIMUM VALUES
NODE 7 1 7 2 2
VALUE 0.0000 0.0000 -0.58140E-004 0.96899E-005 0.96899E-005
MAXIMUM VALUES
NODE 1 1 1 1 1
VALUE 0.77519E-004 0.0000 0.0000 0.77519E-004 0.77519E-004

● Degree of freedom in X direction
MAXIMUM ABSOLUTE VALUES
NODE 2
VALUE 0.23256E-001

CONCLUSION:
In this experiment we learnt how to use ANSYS for solving one degree of freedom stepped bar problem.
We learnt how to model the problem, meshing it into number of elements, applying loading conditions and
finally accessing the results like stress, strain, displacement in x,y,z direction.
EXPERIMENT 4
PLANAR TRUSS ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this experiment is to study the behavior of the planar truss when it is
subjected to static concentrated load at various junctures of members.
DESCRIPTION:
A truss is a structure that consists of number of two-force members, where the members
are organized such that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object which is called
truss. One of the possible configuration of truss is shown in fig. 4.1. A two-force member is a
structural component where force is applied to only two points (end points). Although this

rigorous definition allows the members to have any shape connected in any stable configuration,
trusses typically comprise five or more triangular units constructed with straight members whose
ends are connected at joints referred to as nodes. In this typical context, external forces and
reactions to those forces are considered to act only at the nodes and result in forces in the
members which are either tensile or compressive. For straight members, moments (torques) are
explicitly excluded because all the joints in a truss are treated as revolute joints.
Fig. 4.1. Planar truss
A planar truss is one where all the members and nodes lie within a two dimensional plane,
while a space truss has members and nodes extending into three dimensions. The top beams in a
truss are called top chords and are typically in compression, the bottom beams are called bottom
chords and are typically in tension, the interior beams are called webs, and the areas inside the
webs are called panels.
In order to understand the behavior of the planar truss when it is subjected to static
concentrated load, FEA is carried out on the truss manually as well as using the Ansys software.
PROBLEM DEFINITION:
We have taken a sample one dimensional truss.
❖ Pre-processing:
1. Select Structural under preferences.
2. Select element type as link180.
3. Create material model with E=2x105 MPa
4. Create section with area A=400 mm2.
�Modeling:
5. Create keypoints:-
6. Create lines through keypoints:-
➔ Meshing
1. Mesh the lines in no. of divisions=1 and use the material model and section that was
created in previous steps.

�Loading
2. Apply Displacement constraints at keypoints 1&4, where all DOF are ZERO.
3. Apply Displacement constraints at keypoint 2, where UY and UZ are ZERO.
4. Apply Force at keypoint 2:-
Fx=75 kN
5. Apply Force at keypoint 3:-

Fy=-100kN
Solve the model and plot the results.
different nodes and elements of the model. The results are as follows:
MINIMUM VALUES
NODE 2 1 3 2 2
VALUE 0.0000 0.0000 -73.223 5.3616 5.3616
MAXIMUM VALUES
NODE 1 1 1 3 3
VALUE 57.138 0.0000 0.0000 73.223 73.223


MINIMUM VALUES
NODE 2 1 3 2 2
VALUE 0.0000 0.0000 -0.36612E-003 0.26808E-004 0.26808E-004
MAXIMUM VALUES
NODE 1 1 1 3 3
VALUE 0.28569E-003 0.0000 0.0000 0.36612E-003 0.36612E-003
● Displacement
NODE UX UY UZ USUM
1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.75000 0.0000 0.0000 0.75000
3 0.20711 -0.79289 0.0000 0.81950
4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

NODE 2 3 0 3
VALUE 0.75000 -0.79289 0.0000 0.81950

CONCLUSION:
In this experiment we learnt how to use ANSYS for solving planar truss problem. We learnt how to model
the problem, meshing it into number of elements, applying loading conditions and finally accessing the
results like stress, strain, displacement in x,y,z direction.
EXPERIMENT5
BEAM ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this experiment is to study the behaviour of the beam when it is subjected
to static transverse load or bending moment.
DESCRIPTION:
A beam is a structural member basically positioned in horizontal plane, which is subjected
to transverse load acting in the direction perpendicular to its neutral axis. As a result, bending

phenomenon occurs which induces bending stress due to bending moments acting at various
sections of the beam and also induces the shear forces at those sections. Beams are usually found
in construction of bridges, rail tracks, overhead cranes, automobile chassis etc. While analyzing
beam to determine lateral deflection and bending stress, it is very important to recognize
boundary conditions and loading conditions. The beam can be classified as shown in fig. 5.1
depending on types of supports (boundary conditions). Whereas, different loading conditions are
shown in fig 5.2.
Fig. 5.1. Boundary conditions Fig. 5.2. Loading conditions
In order to understand the behavior of the beam when it is subjected to static distributed
load, FEA is carried out on the beam using the Ansys software.
PROBLEM DEFINITION:
A distributed load of 1000 N/m (1 N/mm) is applied on a solid steel beam with a rectangular
cross section as shown in the fig. 5.3. The cross-section of the beam is 10mm x 10mm while the
modulus of elasticity of the steel is 200GPa and Poisson’s ratio is 0.3. Determine maximum
deflection at any point on the beam.

❖ Pre-processing:
This stage of FEA is to define the finite element model of the given problem. The
following information are provided during this stage of FEA,
⮚ Domain of analysis: The present problem is of structural domain. Specification of the domain in
FEA software simplifies the task of selecting an element type, since it reduces the element
library.
⮚ Geometry: A 3D geometric model of beam is shown in fig.5.3 is created in ANSYS software

using various modeling tools i.e. key points, lines, areas and volumes.
⮚ Material Assignment: Once the geometric model of the wall bracket is created the next step is
assignment of the material to the geometric model. The material of the wall bracket is steel
having following material properties,
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 2×105 MPa.
Poisson’s ratio (μ) = 0.3
⮚ Element type: Since, this is structural problem and the geometric model is 3 dimensional,
structural elements with 3D capability can be used for discretization of the continuum body.
Different element types are available for the solution of the problem. For the current problem
SOLID185 element as shown in fig. 2.3. is selected for analysis.
➢ Meshing: The next step is meshing of the geometric model in

large no. of small finite elements using Solid185 element.
⮚ Loading and Boundary conditions: A new static analysis type is defined to address the solver.
After that Loading and Boundary conditions are defined. A load of 20 kN is acting at bottom end
of the bracket exactly on the internal cylindrical surface of the hole. This load must be applied as
a bearing pressure on it and not as a point load. The model subjected to bearing pressure is shown
in fig. 2.5.
Bearing pressure (pb) = P/A = 20000/5000 = 4 MPa.
Where, P = static load acting at free bracket end.

A = Projected area = 100×50= 5000 mm2.
Also it is clear from the figure that, internal cylindrical surface of the hole at top end
of the bracket is constrained to move along any direction. Hence, Fixed boundary condition is
applied on it as shown in fig. 2.6. These information can also be provided during Solution
stage of FEA.
In this stage of FEA, the Finite element model of wall bracket is solved to obtain

solution to given problem.
different nodes and elements of the model. The max. total displacement, von-mises stress and
von-mises strain at any point within the bracket are listed in table 2.2. It is quite obvious that
accuracy of the results obtained increases as the global size of the element reduces. The
results obtained for ‘4 mm’ and ‘5 mm’ global size of the element are very close which shows
that the results are accurately converged and need not require further analysis runs on finite
element models having very fine global element size,
● Displacement

NODE 52
VALUE -62.500


CONCLUSION:
In this experiment we learned how to use ANSYS for solving loading problem of beam in
accordance with Euler Bernoulli theory. We learned how to model the beam, apply boundary
conditions, meshing it and finally accessing the results like stress, strain, deflections

EXPERIMENT6
BICYCLE FRAME ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this experiment is to know the behavior of a bicycle frame when it is
subjected to load during operating condition. Also, to study the application of pipe element in
analysis of frames consisting of hollow pipes.
DESCRIPTION:
A bicycle frame is the main component of a bicycle, onto which wheels and other
components are fitted. There are various types of bicycle frames. The modern and most common
frame design consists of two triangles, a main triangle and a paired rear triangle. This is known as
the diamond frame, see fig.6.1. Frames are required to be strong, stiff and light, which is possible
by combining different materials and shapes.
Fig. 6.1. Bicycle Frame
PROBLEM DEFINITION:
A diamond type bicycle frame is shown in fig. 6.2. The frame is to be built of hollow
aluminum tubing having an outside diameter of 25 mm and a wall thickness of 2 mm. Aluminum
material has following material properties, Young’s modulus (E) = 70 GPa. and Poisson’s ratio (μ)
= 0.33. Human weight of 600N and max. Pedal load of 200 N are likely to act on the frame.
Determine max. total displacement, von-mises stress and strain at any point within the frame. Also
determine max. bending moment.

Fig. 6.2. Diamond type bicycle Frame
❖ Pre-processing
problems is structural problem. The following information are provided during this stage of FEA,
⮚ Domain of analysis: In our case the problem is structural problem.

⮚ Geometry: The next step is creating geometry using points, lines which represents the
continuum body of the given problem.
⮚ Material Assignment: After defining the geometry the next step is assignment of the material
and its properties to the geometric model. Young’s modulus (E) = 70 GPa. and Poisson’s ratio
(μ) = 0.33.
⮚ Element type: The next step is defining element type. We are selecting PIPE 288 2 NODE
element and we also provide the sections of the pipe.
⮚ Meshing or Discretization: In this step we are mesh the given element. The length of the
meshing element is equal to 10 mm.
applied on the model i.e. clamped, simply supported etc.

formulated for given structural element. These equations are then solved with various linear and
nonlinear numerical techniques to obtain the solution to given problem.
Finally, based on the result of FEA, we plotted the displacement vector sum,von mises
stress, total mechanical strain and bending moment for given structural problem as shown in
Fig6.4:Deform shape
Fig 6.5: Von mises stress

Fig6.6:total mechanical strain
CONCLUSION:

From this experiment, we come to learn the different steps to solve this 3D FEA model. We also
seen the response of the given structural 3D problem by plotting the displacement curve, von
mises stress, total mechanical strain, bending moment diagram.
EXPERIMENT7
PLANE STRESS ANALYSIS
The objective of this experiment is to study plane stress theory and on the basis of that to

perform FEA of the system in order to know the behavior of it under given service conditions.
Also, to study the application of plane element in analysis of plane stress problem.
DESCRIPTION:
Assume a thin plate loaded by forces applied at the boundary, parallel to the plane of the
plate and distributed uniformly over the thickness as shown in fig.7.1. The stress components σz,
τyz, τyz on the face of the plate and within the plate are assumed as zero. Thus a plane stress
problem is specified by σx, σy, τxy only and are independent of Z, i.e. they do not vary along the
thickness. The assumption of plane stress is applicable for bodies whose dimension is very small
in one of the coordinate directions. Thus the analysis of thin plates loaded in the plane of the plate
can be made using the assumptions of plane stress. Although these assumptions violate some of
the compatibility conditions, they are sufficiently accurate for all practical purposes, provided the
plate is thin. The advantage of these assumptions are that a 3D problem can be conveniently
expressed in a 2D form.
Fig. 7.1. Plane stress problem
Let’s consider a system in order to understand how 3D problem can be simplified as 2D

problem and analyzed using plane stress theory. FEA of the system considered here, is carried out
using Ansys software.
PROBLEM DEFINITION:
Determine Plane stresses for a plate as shown in fig. 7.2. The bracket is made from 20 mm
thick steel plate. This plate will be fixed at the two small holes on the left and have a load applied
to the larger hole on the right. Assume, Modulus of elasticity (E) = 200 GPa. and Poisson’s ratio
(μ) = 0.30. Take bearing load P = 6000 N.

Fig. 7.2. Bracket
8
PLANE STRAIN ANALYSIS
The objective of this experiment is to study plane strain theory and on the basis of that to
perform FEA of the system in order to know the behavior of it under given service conditions.

DESCRIPTION:
Consider a long cylindrical or prismatic body where the dimension is long in the Z
direction as shown in fig.8.1. which are loaded perpendicular to the longitudinal elements and do
not vary along the length. If the cross- section along the length is uniform, it may be assumed in
this case that the displacement along the Z direction is zero. This is the condition of plane strains.
In this case, the strains εz, γyz and γxz are considered to be zero.
Fig. 8.1. Plane strain problems
Let’s consider a system in order to understand how a very long 3D body can be simplified
as 2D boy and analyzed using plane strain theory. FEA of the system considered here, is carried
out using an Ansys software.
PROBLEM DEFINITION:
A very long cylinder as shown in fig.8.2. is subjected to uniform internal pressure (p) = 10
2
kN/cm due to fluid stored inside it. The cylinder is made of steel material having Modulus of
elasticity (E) = 200 GPa. and Poisson’s ratio (μ) = 0.30. Determine, max. deflection , max. radial
stress, max. shear stress and max. von-mises stress induced in this pressure vessel.
Fig. 8.2. A cylinder subjected to fluid pressure

EXPERIMENT 9
BUCKLING ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this experiment is to study the theory of buckling and to perform the
buckling analysis.
DESCRIPTION:
A machine part subjected to an axial compressive force is called a strut. A strut may be
horizontal, inclined or vertical member. The vertical strut is known as the column or pillar. It has
been observed that when a column or strut is subjected to a compressive load, and load is
gradually increased, a stage will come when the column will be subjected to ultimate load.
Beyond this, column will fail by crushing. It is observed that the column does not fail entirely by
crushing, but also by bending, which is also known as buckling. The failure due to buckling
observed in long columns. Based on slenderness ratio column are classified in long column and
short column. Slenderness ratio is ratio of the effective length to the least radius of the gyration.
If long column is subjected to compressive load and the load is gradually increased the
column will start buckling. The load at which the column will have lateral displacement or tends
to buckle is known as buckling load, critical load or crippling load. The buckling takes place
about the axis having minimum radius of the gyration or least moment of inertia.
From the Euler’s column theory the formula for buckling load or crippling load has been
given. The formula is derived based on bending stress, and effect of the direct stresses is
neglected. Euler’s formula is applicable to long column only, as in short columns the direct
stresses are considerable.
Columns fail by buckling when their critical load is reached. Long columns can be
analyzed with the Euler column formula
Fb = n π2 E I / L2
Where,
Fb = Bucking load (N)

n = factor accounting for the end conditions
E = modulus of elasticity (N/m2)
L = length of column (m)
I = Moment of inertia (m4)
I = A K2
A = Radius of Gyration
PROBLEM DEFINITION:

A steel rectangular column is as shown in fig. 9.1 has a young’s modulus of elasticity E =
2 x 105 N/ mm2 and poison’s ratio μ = 0.3, Perform buckling analysis and determine the buckling
load. Length of the column = 5000 mm and Cross sectional area = 50 mm x 25 mm
Fig. 9.1 Column subjected to axial load
❖ Pre-processing
problems is structural problem. The following information are provided during this stage of FEA,
⮚ Domain of analysis: In our case the problem is structural problem.

⮚ Geometry: : A 3D geometric model of beam is shown in fig.9.1 is created in ansis software
using various modeling tools i.e. key points, lines, areas and volumes.
⮚ Material Assignment: After defining the geometry the next step is assignment of the material
and its properties to the geometric model. Young’s modulus (E) = 200 GPa. and Poisson’s
ratio (μ) = 0.3.
⮚ Element type: The next step is defining element type. We are selecting Solid185 element and
we also provide the sections of the pipe.
⮚ Meshing or Discretization: In this step we are mesh the given element. The length of the
meshing element is equal to 10 mm.
applied on the model i.e vertical force..
Stage1:
1. Analysis type Static

Unabrigel Menu Analysis Option include pre stress effect Yes

Define load Structural Displacement Keypoint KP1 All DOF=0
Force/moment KP KP2 Fy=-1
Solve
Stage2:
Click Finish
Solution Analysis Type New Analysis Giglen Buckling Analysis
Analysis Option Select no of nodes Randomly(5)
Solve Current LS
Stage3:
Click Finish
Solution Analysis Type Expansion Pass Click on Extension pass
Load step option Expansion pass Single Expand
Expand Mode Enter the number of node
Solve Current LS
Finally, based on the result of FEA, we plotted the displacement due to buckling .
Detailed Result of Buckling:
Displacement Results due to Buckling:

CONCLUSION:
From this experiment, we come to learn about how buckling affects 3D FEA model. We also seen
the response of the given structural 3D problem by plotting the displacement curve.

EXPERIMENT 10
THERMAL CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this experiment is to perform thermal analysis to find out temperature
distribution and heat transfer in the system subjected to conduction and convection condition.
DESCRIPTION:
Heat transfer is the exchange of the thermal energy between two bodies with the
temperature difference. The rate of heat transfer depends on temperature gradient and material
property. Heat is transferred from one place to another place by three different modes, by
conduction, convection and radiation. In solid body the heat is transferred from one point to
another point by vibrations of the atoms which are energized by heat energy. So, heat transfer in
solid body or bodies which are in the perfect contact, is by conduction. Heat transfer in fluids is
an example of heat transfer by convection. Third type of the heat transfer is known as radiation,
radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves through
space or vacuum.
Heat transfer through the conduction is given by the Fourier’s law,
Where,
Q = Heat transfer
K = Thermal conductivity
A = Area of heat flow
PROBLEM DEFINITION:
(1) Simple conduction problem

Find out the temperature distribution for the block as shown in fig. 10.1 for the block
material the thermal conductivity is given 10 W/ m 0C. Temperature conditions are as shown in
figure. Assume the length of block infinite. Take the cross section of the block 500 mm x 500 mm.

Fig. 10.1 Simple conduction problem
PROCEDURE:
The present FEA problem can be categorized under thermal domain problem. In this
experiment, the FEA is carried out on the model by using ‘Ansys’ software in its Mechanical
following,
❖ Pre-processing:
This stage of FEA is to define the finite element model of the given problem in our case it
is thermal structure.
Domain of analysis: The present problem is of thermal problem. Specification of the

domain in FEA software simplifies the task of selecting an element type, since it reduces the
element library.
⮚ Geometry: Conduction problem of simple cube is shown in fig. 10.1 is created in Ansys software
using various modeling tools i.e. areas and volumes.
⮚ Material Assignment: Once the geometric model of the cube is created the next step is
assignment of the material to the geometric model. The material of cube is having following
material properties,
Thermal conductivity= 10
⮚ Element type: Since, this is thermal problem and the geometric model is 3 dimensional thermal
elements with 3D capability can be used for discretization of the continuum body. Different
element types are available for the solution of the problem. For the current problem SOLID185
element as shown in fig. 2.3. is selected for analysis.
⮚ Meshing or Discretization: The next step is meshing of the model in large no. of small finite
elements as shown in figure.

Figure 10.2 meshing of element
⮚ Loading and Boundary conditions: After meshing, a load i.e. temperatures are provided at
four side of cube which is given in problem definition.
formulated for these thermal problem.These equations are then solved with various linear and
nonlinear numerical techniques to obtain the solution to given problem.
Finally, based on the result of FEA, we plotted the temperature distribution curve for
given conduction problem as shown in figure 10.3.
Figure 10.3 Tempreture distribution curvefor conduction

(2).Thermal Mixed Boundary condition example (Conduction / Convection

Insulation)
Find out the temperature distribution for the block as shown in fig. 10.2. For the block
material the thermal conductivity is given 10 W/ m 0C. Thermal loading conditions are as shown
in figure. Assume the length of block infinite.
Fig. 10.4 Mixed Boundary condition problem
❖ Solution/Processing:
These problem is similar to the conduction problem but only change is that applied
temperature. Here, in case of temperature we are given insulation at one side as shown in
figure 10.4, with in solution stage with loading condition.
Finally, based on the result of FEA, we plotted the temperature distribution curve for
given convection problem as shown in figure 10.5.
Figure 10.3 Temperature distribution curve for convection

CONCLUSION :
From these experiment we learnt the thermal problem in which heat transfer takes place with two
different medium , conduction and convection. With the help of FEM we solved the problem and
plotted the temperature curve for both the heat transfer medium.
EXPERIMENT-11
CONTACT ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE :
The objective of this experiment is to study the concept of Hertzian contact stress theory and on
the basis of that to determine contact pressure between surfaces of the bodies making contact by
performing FEA on the model representing them.
DESCRIPTION:
When two bodies with curved surfaces are in contact under an action of force, point or line
contact between these bodies changes to area contact, and 3-dimensional stresses are developed
within them. These stresses are known as Hertzian contact stresses, see fig.11.1. Since the contact
area between the two surfaces is very small, there exists intense pressure between them which is
known as contact pressure. The contact pressure (p) can be determined by following equation, p =
F/A. Here, ‘F’ is the force acting at the contact between the two bodies and ‘A’ is the contact area.
The knowledge of contact stresses and contact pressure is important in calculating strength of
bearings, gear and worm drives, ball and cylindrical rollers, and cam mechanisms which make
higher pairs otherwise components may fail by formation of cracks, pits, flaking in the surface
material.

Fig. 11.1. Hertzian contact stress

A contact defined between surfaces of two elastic bodies introduces boundary condition
nonlinearity. In boundary condition nonlinearity the stiffness of the assembly of these bodies may
change considerably when these two parts either contact or separate from each other. If they
separate each other over entire surface then solution cannot be achieved. Solution of the contact
problem requires static-nonlinear analysis.
Let’s consider a system of rail track and wheel of locomotive in order to understand how a static-
nonlinear contact analysis can be carried out using Ansys software.
PROBLEM DEFINITION:
A wheel and rail assembly is shown in fig. 11.2. Cylindrical surface of the wheel and flat surface
of rail make contact with each other. Both the components are made of steel with Young’s
modulus = 2.1 × 105 N/mm2, Poisson’s ratio = 0.3 and are assumed to be elastic bodies. Friction
coefficient at the interface between the wheel and rail is 0.1. Determine, contact pressure
developed at their contact surface. Take bearing pressure P = 50 MPa (on the wheel).

Fig. 11.2. A pair of wheel and rail
PROCEDURE:
The present FEA problem can be categorized under structural domain problem. In this
experiment, the FEA is carried out on the model by using ‘Ansys’ software in its Mechanical
following,
❖ Pre-processing:
For this problem preference is set as structural.
Element Type :
For this problem Brick 8 node 185 element is selected.
SOLID185 Element Description :

SOLID185 is used for 3-D modeling of solid structures. It is defined by eight nodes
having three degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the nodal x, y, and z
directions. The element has plasticity, hyperelasticity, stress stiffening, creep, large
deflection, and large strain capabilities. It also has mixed formulation capability for
simulating deformations of nearly incompressible elastoplastic materials, and fully
incompressible hyperelastic materials.

Modeling :
If we observe model carefully then we can see that model is having symmetry about X
and Y axis. If we do not provide symmetry to the model and try to solve it then we will
have to divide model in fine element to get accurate answer and it will eventually
increase computational time while solution. When we provide symmetry then model size
is reduced and we can divide the symmetry model to fine mesh which will give better
result than the first case in less time. So we will create a quarter of the original geometry
and will provide symmetry boundary condition.
Key Points:
1 (0, -5, 0) 2 (10, -5, 0)

3 (10, -10, 0) 4 (5, -10, 0)
5 (5, -15, 0) 6 (20, -15, 0)
7 (20, -25, 0) 8 (0, -25, 0)
Meshing :
Mesh at contact region of cylinder and flat surface is made fine by using line mesh.
Smart Size option is used with Hex element and Sweep method to create mesh having
fine elements at contact region and getting corse at other regions.

(Image : Meshed Model)
Contact Pair :
For contact analysis it is required to tell software at which contact analysis is required to
be carried out. For that we have to create contact pair. ANSYS APDL provides a separate
Contact Wizard to create contact pair. In Contact Wizard we have to provide Target
Surface and Contact Surface.Target Surface is the one in which Contact Surface will try
to penetrate.We have selected cylindrical surface of cylinder as Contact Surface and flat
Surface as Target Surface. Contact Friction is given 0.1 in the problem. There is no
information about initial penetration is provided so in software this option is deselected.
❖ Solution/processing:
In this step boundary conditions are provided. The bottom surface of the model is provided all
degrees of freedom zero. 50 Mpa pressure is applied on the top flat surface of the cylinder and
Symmetry Boundary condition is applied as shown in image. After applying these boundary
conditions solution is carried out with current load steps.

In this step required results are fetched from software. Here we are getting value of Degree of
Freedom=0.022517 mm , Von-Mises stress = 914.363 Mpa and Contact Pressure =1508.26 Mpa.
(Image : Total Degree of Freedom)
(Image : Von-Mises Stress)

(Image : Von-Mises Stress)
(Image : Contact Pressure)
CONCLUSION:
In this experiment we learnt how to use ANSYS for solving contact analysis problem. We learnt how to
model the problem, meshing it into number of elements, applying loading conditions and finally accessing

the results like stress, strain, contact pressure etc.

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B. TECH.

IV, SEMESTER VII

DHARMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY, NADIAD

2 Grid Independent Analysis

3 Stepped Bar Analysis

4 Planar Truss Analysis

6 Bicycle Frame Analysis

7 Plane Stress Analysis

8 Plane Strain Analysis

10 Conduction And Convection Analysis

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, DHARMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY, NADIAD

Fig.1.1 system and surrounding Fig.1.2 system analysis

Fig.1.3 cylindrical bar Fig.1.4 complex object

In analytical methods the system is modeled mathematically on the basis of various

Stress (σ) can also be determined directly by following equation 1.2,

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, DHARMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY, NADIAD

Where, A = π × r2 and r = radius of cylindrical bar.

Strain (ε) can be determined by following equation 1.3,

Where, E = modulus of elasticity.

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD:

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, DHARMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY, NADIAD

Fig.1.5 Discretized model of jet plane.

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS:

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, DHARMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY, NADIAD

As discussed in experiment 1, during Pre-processing stage of FEA the geometric model of

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, DHARMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY, NADIAD

Fig. 2.1. Wall bracket

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, DHARMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY, NADIAD

Modulus of elasticity (E) = 2×105 MPa. Poisson’s

Fig. 2.2. Geometric model Fig. 2.3. Solid185 element

It is generally used for 3D modeling of solid structures. It is basically a hexahedron

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, DHARMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY, NADIAD

Fig. 2.4. Finite element model

Table 2.1 Description of finite element models

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Fig. 2.5. Pressure applied Fig. 2.6. Boundary condition

Bearing pressure (pb) = P/A = 20000/5000 = 4 MPa.

Where, P = static load acting at free bracket end.

Sr. Global element Total displacement Von-mises stresses Von-mises strains

FOR 20mm GLOBAL ELEMENT SIZE

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, DHARMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY, NADIAD

FIG.2.7 Total Displacement

FIG.2.8 Von-mises Stress

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, DHARMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY, NADIAD

FIG.2.9 Von-mises Strain

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, DHARMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY, NADIAD

STEPPED BAR ANALYSIS

Fig. 3.1. Stepped bar

1) Select Structural under preferences.

1) E1=70 x 103 MPa

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, DHARMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY, NADIAD

4) Create two sections:

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● Von Mises Strain

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● Degree of freedom in X direction

MAXIMUM ABSOLUTE VALUES

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