Fem 1
Fem 1
B.E (Mechanical) :
NED University of Engineering Technology, Pakistan
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Reference Books
Reference Book
Introduction
Mathematical Modeling
Algorithm Design
Matrix Algebra
F=ma
Dependent Forcing
Variable F=ma function
a=F/m
A parameter
F=ma
F
a
m
dv F
(A)
dt m
F Fd + Fg
Forces
Fg mg
Fd cv
Now,
dv mg cv
(A)
dt m
dv c
g v (B)
dt m
If the parachutist is initially at rest (v = 0 at t = 0), using calculus
Dependent Independent
Variable Variable
(B) v(t )
gm
c
1 e
( c / m )t
Parameters
Forcing
Function
Dr. S. Kamran Afaq
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Mathematical Modeling
Engineering Problem solving
Analytical Solution
m = 68.1 kg
c = 12.5 kg/sec
Gives,
v(t )
gm
c
1 e ( c / m )t
v(t ) 53.39 1 e 0.18355t
Analytical Solution
v(t ) 53.39 1 e 0.18355t
t v(t)
0 0 50
45
2 16.4 40
4 27.77 35
30
6 35.64
v
25
20
8 41.1 15
10
10 44.87 5
0
12 47.49 0 5 10 15
53.39 t
Real
y y( xi + x) y ( xi ) dy y( xi + x) y( xi )
x lim 0
x x dx x
f (1.8 + h) f (1.8)
h f (1.8) f (1.8 + h)
h
0.1 0.5877867 0.6418539 0.5406720
0.01 0.5877867 0.5933268 0.5540100
0.001 0.5877867 0.5883421 0.5554000
Assignment 2.5 Write a Matlab code for Numerical Differentiation
Dr. S. Kamran Afaq
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Mathematical Modeling
Engineering Problem solving
Numerical Solution
dv c
g v
dt m
By the definition of Differentiation
d (ti +1 ) (ti )
dt t (ti +1 ti )
v(ti +1 ) v(ti ) c
g v(ti )
(ti +1 ti ) m
c
v(ti +1 ) v(ti ) + g v(ti )(ti +1 ti )
m
Numerical Solution
c
v(ti +1 ) v(ti ) + g v(ti )(ti +1 ti )
m
At t = 0 => v = 0 (boundary condition)
ti+1= 2 sec
12.5
v(2) 0 + 9.8 (0) (2)
68.1
v 19.60
Dr. S. Kamran Afaq
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Mathematical Modeling
Engineering Problem solving
Numerical Solution c
v(ti +1 ) v(ti ) + g v(ti )(ti +1 ti )
m
t v(t)
0 0 60
2 19.6 50
40
4 32.00
v
30
6 39.85
20
8 44.82
10 Analytical
10 47.97
0
12 49.96 0 5 10 15
53.39 t
Assignment-FEM-1.1
Assignment-FEM-2.1
Write a code to evaluate area of a circle by a triangular element
approximation. Display results with increasing N Dr. S. Kamran Afaq
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Basic Concept :
Any continuous solution field such as stress, displacement, temperature,
pressure, etc. can be approximated by a discrete model composed of a set of
piecewise continuous functions defined over a finite number of sub-
domains.
T T
Approximate
Exact Analytical Piecewise Linear
Solution Solution
x x
T T
T1 T1
T2 T2
T3 T3
T4 T5 T4 T5
x x
Piecewise Linear Approximation Piecewise Quadratic Approximation
Temperature Continuous but with Temperature and Temperature Gradients
Discontinuous Temperature Gradients Continuous
Dr. S. Kamran Afaq
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Introduction
Mathematical Modeling
Algorithm Design
Matrix Algebra
Algorithm
Flow Chart
Flow of logic
Process
Input/Output
Decision
Example Begin
Input
Process
Condition
False
True
Output
End
Dr. S. Kamran Afaq
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Assignment-FEM-2.2
c
v(ti +1 ) v(ti ) + g v(ti )(ti +1 ti )
m
Introduction
Mathematical Modeling
Algorithm Design
Matrix Algebra
Accuracy
How close is a computed or measured value to the
true value.
Precision
How close is a computed or measured value to
previously computed or measured values.
Error Definitions
True error
Dr. S. Kamran Afaq
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Error Definitions
Error Definitions
true error
True fractional relative error
true value
true error
True percent relative error, t 100%
true value
Error Definitions
true error
True percent relative error, t 100%
true value
Example
Rivet Bridge
1 1
True percent relative error t 100% t 100%
10 10000
t 10% t 0.01%
Error Definitions
For numerical methods, the true value will be known only when we deal
with functions that can be solved analytically (simple systems). In real
world applications, we usually not know the answer a priori. Then
Iterative approach (+ / -)
Error Definitions
Computations are repeated until stopping criterion is satisfied.
a s Pre-specified % tolerance
based on the knowledge of
your solution
If the following criterion is met
s (0.5 10 (2- n)
)%
Error Estimation
Assignment 2.3
Mathematical functions can be represented by infinite series
2 3 n
x x x
e x 1 + x + + + ............ +
2! 3! n!
Error Estimation
Assignment 2.4
Maclaurin Series expansion of Sin(x)
x3 x5 x7
Sin ( x) x + + ...............
3! 5! 7!
Introduction
Mathematical Modeling
Algorithm Design
Matrix Algebra
Thank you