En 15316-2-3
En 15316-2-3
En 15316-2-3
CEN/TC 228
Secretariat: DS
Systèmes de chauffage dans les bâtiments — Élément central — Partie 2-3 : Élément complémentaire
ICS:
Descriptors:
Contents Page
Foreword..............................................................................................................................................................3
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................4
1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................5
2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................5
3 Symbols, units and indices ..................................................................................................................5
4 Principle of the method and definitions ..............................................................................................7
5 Electrical energy demand – Auxiliary energy demand ......................................................................8
5.1 General....................................................................................................................................................8
5.2 Design Hydraulic power........................................................................................................................8
5.3 Detailed Calculation Method.................................................................................................................9
5.3.1 Input- / Output data................................................................................................................................9
5.3.2 Calculation Method............................................................................................................................. 10
5.3.3 Correction factors............................................................................................................................... 11
5.3.4 Expenditure energy factor ................................................................................................................. 13
5.3.5 Intermittent operation......................................................................................................................... 17
5.4 Deviations from the detailed calculation method............................................................................ 20
5.5 Monthly energy demand .................................................................................................................... 20
5.6 Recoverable auxiliary energy ............................................................................................................ 21
6 Heat emission of distribution systems............................................................................................. 21
6.1 General................................................................................................................................................. 21
6.2 Detailed Calculation Method.............................................................................................................. 21
6.2.1 Input- / Output data............................................................................................................................. 21
6.2.2 Calculation method ............................................................................................................................ 21
6.2.3 Heat emission of accessories ........................................................................................................... 23
6.2.4 Recoverable and non-recoverable heat emission........................................................................... 23
6.2.5 Total heat emission ............................................................................................................................ 23
6.3 Calculation of linear thermal transmittance (W/mK):...................................................................... 23
7 Calculation of mean part load of distribution per zone .................................................................. 24
8 Calculation of supply and return temperature depending on mean part load of distribution.... 25
Annex A (informative) Preferred procedures ................................................................................................ 26
A.1 Simplified Calculation Method of annual electrical auxiliary energy demand ............................. 26
A.1.1 Input- / Output data............................................................................................................................. 26
A.1.2 Calculation method ............................................................................................................................ 27
A.1.3 Correction factors............................................................................................................................... 28
A.1.4 Expenditure energy factor ................................................................................................................. 29
A.1.5 Intermittent operation......................................................................................................................... 30
A.2 Tabulated calculation method of annual electrical auxiliary energy demand.............................. 30
A.2.1 Tabulated calculation of annual electrical auxiliary energy demand............................................ 30
A.3 Simplified Calculation Method of heat emission............................................................................. 32
A.3.1 Input- / Output data............................................................................................................................. 32
A.3.2 Approximation of the length of pipes per zone in distribution systems ...................................... 33
A.3.3 Approximation of U-Values................................................................................................................ 34
A.3.4 Equivalent length of valves ............................................................................................................... 34
A.4 Tabulated Calculation Method of annual heat emission ................................................................ 35
A.5 Tabulated calculation of annual heat emission............................................................................... 35
A.6 Example ............................................................................................................................................... 36
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Foreword
This document (prEN 15316-2-3:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 228 “Heating
systems in buildings”, the secretariat of which is held by DS.
- methods for calculation of the design heat loss and heat loads;
Heating systems also include the effect of attached systems such as hot water production systems.
All these standards are systems standards, i.e. they are based on requirements addressed to the system as a
whole and not dealing with requirements to the products within the system.
Where possible, reference is made to other European or International Standards, a.o. product standards.
However, use of products complying with relevant product standards is no guarantee of compliance with the
system requirements.
The requirements are mainly expressed as functional requirements, i.e. requirements dealing with the function
of the system and not specifying shape, material, dimensions or the like.
The guidelines describe ways to meet the requirements, but other ways to fulfil the functional requirements
might be used if fulfilment can be proved.
Heating systems differ among the member countries due to climate, traditions and national regulations. In
some cases requirements are given as classes so national or individual needs may be accommodated.
In cases where the standards contradict with national regulations, the latter should be followed.
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Introduction
In a distribution system, energy is transported by a fluid from the heat generation to the heat emission. As the
distribution system is not adiabatic, part of the energy carried is emitted to the surrounding environment.
Energy is also required to distribute the heat carrier fluid within the distribution system. In most cases this is
electrical energy required by the circulation pumps. This leads to additional thermal and electrical energy
demand.
The thermal energy emitted by the distribution system and the electrical energy required for the distribution
may be recovered as heat if the distribution system is placed inside the heated envelope of the building.
The detailed calculation method describes the basics and the physical background of the general calculation
method. The required input data are part of the detailed project data assumed to be available (such as length
of pipes, type of insulation, manufacturer's data for the pumps, etc.). The detailed calculation method provides
the most accurate energy demand and heat emission.
For the simplified calculation method, some assumptions are made for the most relevant cases, reducing the
required input data (e.g. the length of pipes are calculated by approximations depending on the outer
dimensions of the building and efficiency of pumps are approximated). This method may be applied if only few
data are available (in general at an early stage of design). With the simplified calculation method, the
calculated energy demand is generally higher than the calculated energy demand by the detailed calculation
method. The assumptions for the simplified method depend on national designs. Therefore this method is part
of Annex A.
The tabulated calculation method is based on the simplified calculation method with some further assumptions
being made. Only input data for the most important influences are required with this method. The further
assumptions depend on national design also. Therefore the tabulated method is part of Annex A also.
Other influences, which are not reflected by the tabulated values, shall be calculated by the simplified or the
detailed calculation method. The energy demand determined from the tabulated calculation method is
generally higher than the calculated energy demand by the simplified calculation method. Use of this method
is possible with a minimum of input data.
The general calculation method for the electrical energy demand of pumps consists of two parts. The first part
is calculation of the hydraulic demand of the distribution system and the second part is calculation of the
expenditure energy factor of the pump. Here, it is possible to combine the detailed and the simplified
calculation method. For example, calculation of pressure loss und flow may be done by the detailed
calculation method and calculation of the expenditure energy factor may be done by the simplified calculation
method (when the data of the building are available and the data of the pump are not available) or vice versa.
In national annexes, the simplified calculation method as well as the tabulated calculation method could be
applied through a. o. relevant boundary conditions of each country, thus facilitating easy calculations and
quick results. In national annexes it is only allowed to change the boundary conditions. The calculation
methods must be used as described. The recoverable energy of the auxiliary energy demand is given as a
fixed ratio and is therefore also easy to determine.
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1 Scope
This standard provides a methodology to calculate/estimate the heat emission of water based distribution
systems for heating and the auxiliary energy demand, as well as the recoverable energy. The actual
recovered energy depends on the gain to loss ratio. Different levels of accuracy corresponding to the needs of
the user and the input data available at each design stage of the project are defined in the standard. The
general method of calculation can be applied for any time-step (hour, day, month or year).
Pipework lengths for the heating of decentralised non-domestic ventilation systems equipment are to be
calculated in the same way as for water based heating systems. For central non-domestic ventilation systems
equipment the length is to be specified in accordance with its location.
NOTE: It is possible to calculate the heat emission and auxiliary energy demand for cooling systems with the same
calculation methods as shown in this standard. Specifically, determination of auxiliary energy demand is based on the
same assumtions for efficiency of pumps, because the standard curve is an approximation for inline and external motors.
It has to be decided by the standardisation group of CEN if the extension for cooling systems should be made in this
standard. This is also valid for distribution systems in HVAC (in ducts) and also for special liquids.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 12831, Heating systems in buildings - Method for calculation of the design heat load
EN ISO 13790, Thermal performance of buildings - Calculation of building energy demand for heating (ISO
13790: 2004)
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ϑs supply temperature [° C]
ϑr return temperature [° C]
ϑsa design supply temperature [° C]
ϑra design return temperature [° C]
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Key
1 Next heating circuit
2 pump
3 room
4 emission
5 buffer-storage
6 pump
7 generator
8 generation
9 distribution
10 primary heating circuits
11 secondary heating circuits
Controls in distribution systems are thermostatic valves at the emitter which throttles the flow or room
thermostats which shut on/off the pump. Only if the flow is throttled the control of the pump (speed control) is
valid.
5.1 General
The auxiliary energy demand of hydraulic networks depends on the distributed flow, the pressure drop and the
operation condition of the pump. While the design flow and pressure drop is important for determining the
pump size, the part load factor determines the energy demand in a time step. The hydraulic power at the
design point can be calculated from physical basics. However, for calculation of the hydraulic power during
operation, this can only be achieved by a simulation. Therefore, for the detailed calculation method in this
standard correction factors are applied, which represent the most important influences on auxiliary energy
demand, such as part load, controls, design criteria, etc. The general calculation approach is to separate the
hydraulic demand, which depends on the design of the network, and the expenditure energy for operation of
the pump, which take into account the efficiency of the pump in general. However, for calculation of the
expenditure energy during operation, the knowledge of the efficiency of the pump at each operation point is
required, Therefore, for the detailed calculation method in this standard correction factors are applied also,
which represent the most important influences an expenditure energy, such as efficiency, part load, design
point selection and control.
All the calculations are made for a zone of the building with the affiliated area, length, width, height and levels.
For all the calculations, the hydraulic power and the differential pressure of the distribution system at the
design point are important. The hydraulic power is given by:
where:
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& of the zone (design heat load according to EN 12831) and the
The flow is calculated from the heat load Q N
3600 ⋅ Q& N
V& = [m³/h] (2)
c P ⋅ ρ ⋅ Δϑ HK
where:
The differential pressure for a zone at the design point is determined by the resistance in the pipes (including
components) and the additional resistances (the most important are listed below):
where:
The input data for the detailed calculation method are listed below. These are all part of the detailed project
data.
Phydr Hydraulic power at the design point for the zone [in W], calculated by the knowledge of
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The electrical energy demand for circulation pumps for water based heating systems is calculated by:
Wd ,e = Wd ,hydr ⋅ ed ,e (4)
where
The hydraulic energy demand for the circulation pumps in heating systems is determined from the hydraulic
power at the design point ( Phydr ), the mean part load of the distribution ( β D ) and the heating hours in the time
step ( t H ):
Phydr
Wd , hydr = ⋅ β D ⋅ t H ⋅ f S ⋅ f NET ⋅ f SD ⋅ f HB ⋅ f G , PM (kWh/year) (5)
1000
where:
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The correction factors, f S , f NET and f SD include the most important parameters related to dimensioning of
the heating system. The factor f HB take into account the hydraulic balance of the distribution system. The
correction factor f G , PM for generators with integrated pump management take into account the reduction of
operation time in relation to the heating time.
The correction factors are based on a wide range of simulations of different networks. Some of the correction
factors can not changed without changing the method. Correction factors which are based on assumptions
can be changed on national requirements (see Annex A.1.3).
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Key
Figure 1 — Correction factor f S for constant flow temperature and very much higher flow temperature
f NET = 1 for a two-pipe ring line horizontal layout (on each floor)
f NET see Table 2 for other types of layout
The star-shaped network design is also valid for floor heating systems.
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m ratio of flow over the heat emitter to flow in the ring [-]
For assessment of partial load conditions and control performance of the circulation pump, the expenditure
energy factor is determined by:
ed , e = fη ⋅ f PL ⋅ f PSP ⋅ f C (7)
where
With these four correction factors, the expenditure energy factor take into account the most important
influences on the energy demand, representing the design, the efficiency of the pump, the part load and the
control.
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Key
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13 Ppump,ref
14 V&PL 15 V&
PPL ,C Ppump
16 f PL = 17 f PSP =
PPL Ppump , ref
PPump , ref
fη = (8)
Phydr
The reference power input is calculated by means of the pump characteristic line:
⎛ ⎛ 200 ⎞ ⎞⎟
0,5
The correction factor for part load take into account the reduction of pump efficiency by partial load. It also
take into account the hydraulic characteristics of non-controlled pumps. The impact of the partial load on the
pipe system, and thus on the hydraulic energy demand, is taken into account by the mean part load of the
distribution β D , according to 5.3.2.
Figure 3 shows the correction factor for part load of the pump depending on the mean part load of the
distribution.
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Key
12 Correction factor fPL [-]
13 Mean part load of distribution ßD
14 Mean part load Ratio (PLR)
The correction factor for design point selection f PSP is given by the relation between the actual power input of
the pump and the reference power input at the design point:
PPump
f PSP = (10)
PPump , ref
where
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Key
1 Correction factor for control of the pump fC [-]
2 Ppump,max / Ppump
3 Δp const - control
4 Δp var i - control
5 Pump control
The constant pressure difference control of the pump keeps the pressure difference of the pump within the
whole flow area constant at the design value. The variable pressure difference control varies the pressure
difference of the pump from the design value at design flow to mostly the half of the design value at zero flow.
If a wall hanging generator with integrated pump management has a modulation control of the pump depend
on the temperature difference between supply and return then the correction factor for Δp var i is valid.
For intermittent operation there are three different phases (see Figure 5):
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⎯ boost period;
⎯ regular mode.
Key
1 Room temperature
2 time
3 Set back
4 boost
5 Regular mode
6 Set back
The total electrical energy demand for intermittent operation is given by the sum of energy demand for each
phase:
For the the regular mode operation, the energy demand is determined by multiplication with a time factor for
the proportional time of regular mode operation, α r :
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⎯ turn off mode, for which the energy demand of the pump is zero - Wd ,e ,setb = 0
⎯ set back of supply temperature and minimum speed of the pump. When the pump is operated at
minimum speed, the power is assumed to be constant as follows:
and the electrical energy demand is determined by multiplication with a time factor for the proportional time
of set back operation, α setb :
PPump ,setb
Wd ,e ,setb = α setb ⋅ ⋅ tH (14)
1000
⎯ set back of supply temperature. If thermostatic valves in this mode are not set back, the flow
compensates the lower supply temperature and the energy demand is not reduced. The energy demand
for set back operation can be calculated as for the regular mode operation. The correction factor for
control is f C = 1 in case of room temperature control with constant value (no changes between regular
mode and set back mode) and in case of room temperature control with set back, f C depends on the
type of pump control (see figure 4).
For the boost mode operation, the power Pboost is equal to the power PPump at the design point. The electrical
energy demand for the boost mode operation is determined by multiplication with a time factor for the
proportional time of boost mode operation, α b :
PPump ,boost
Wd ,e ,booth = α b ⋅ ⋅ tH (15)
1000
The time factors can be calculated as relations of time periods.
The regular mode time factor, αr , expresses the number of hours of regular mode operation t r per total
number of hours per time period t P (period could be day, week, month or year):
tr
αr = (16)
tP
The boost mode time factor, α b , expresses the number of hours of boost mode operation per total number of
hours per time period t P . The number of hours of boost mode operation is typically one or two hours per day
as an average over the year or can be calculated in accordance to EN ISO 13790:
tboost
αb = (17)
tP
The set back mode time factor, α setb , expresses the number of hours of set back mode operation per total
number of hours per time period t P and is determined from αr and αb :
α setb = 1 − α r − α b (18)
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For some applications, deviations from the detailed calculation method are taken into account:
⎯ Overflow valves
Overflow valves are used to ensure a minimum flow at the heat generator or a maximum pressure
difference at the heat emitter. The function of the overflow valve is given by the interaction between the
pressure loss of the system, the characteristics of the pump and the set point of the overflow valve. The
influence on hydraulic energy demand can be estimated by applying a corrected mean part load of
distribution, β D′ :
V&
β D′ = β D + (1 − β D ) ⋅ min (19)
V&
where:
The minimum volume flow take into account the requirements of the heat generator or the maximum pressure
loss of the heat emitter.
The detailed calculation method, as well as the simplified and tabulated calculation methods, determines an
annual energy demand. Where necessary, the monthly energy demand is calculated by:
β D ,M ⋅ t H ,M
Wd ,e ,M = Wd ,e ,Y ⋅ (20)
β D ,Y ⋅ t H ,Y
where:
Calculation of βD is given in 7.
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For pumps operated in heating circuits, part of the electrical energy demand is converted to thermal energy.
Part of the thermal energy is recovered as heat transferred to the water and another part of the thermal
energy is recoverable as heat transferred to the surrounding air. This both parts are partially recoverable:
Qd , r , w = f P , rec ⋅ Wd , e (21)
Qd , r , a = (1 − f P , rec ) ⋅ Wd , e (22)
6.1 General
The heat emission of a distribution system depends on the mean temperature of the supply and return and the
temperature of the surroundings. Also the kind of insulation has an important influence on the heat emission.
The input data for the detailed calculation method are listed below. These are all part of the detailed project
data:
The heat emission for the sum of the pipes j in a time step is given by
QD = ∑ U L , j ⋅ (ϑm − ϑi , j ) ⋅ L j ⋅ t H (23)
j
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where:
For parts of the distribution system with the same linear thermal transmittance, the same mean medium
temperature and the same surrounding temperature, the heat emission is given by a shorter term:
QD = ∑ q& D , j ⋅ L j ⋅ t H (24)
j
The mean medium temperature of heating circuits, with outdoor temperature compensation of the supply
temperature, depends on the mean part load of distribution and the temperature difference between mean
emission system design temperature and room temperature. Calculation of the mean medium temperature is
given in 7.
Therefore, the heat emission per length in a space with surrounding temperature ϑi depends on the mean
part load of distribution and is given by:
⎯ constant supply temperature ϑm not depending on the mean part load of distribution.
ΔϑU = ϑi − ϑu (26)
⎯ the linear thermal transmittance U L ,U L ,U per length for pipes in heated and unheated spaces,
respectively
the heat emission in unheated spaces is given as a function of the heat emission in heated spaces (so that the
heat emission of the pipes has to be calculated only once for parts with the same boundary conditions):
⎛U ΔϑU ⎞
q& D ,u (β D ) = q& D (β D ) ⋅ ⎜⎜ L ,U + U L ,U ⋅ ⎟ (27)
⎝ UL q& D (β D ) ⎟⎠
U L ,U ΔϑU
fu = + U L ,U ⋅ (28)
UL q& D (β D )
and the heat emission in unheated spaces depends only on the heat emission in heated spaces and a factor
which contains the relation between the different U-Values per length and the temperature difference in
heated and unheated spaces:
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Given the sum of pipe length LH in heated spaces and LU - for parts of the distribution system with the same
values of linear thermal transmittance U L in heated spaces and U L ,U in unheated spaces, the recoverable
part of the heat emission is given by:
LH
an = (30)
U ⎛ ΔϑU ⎞
LH + L ,U ⋅ LU ⋅ ⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟
UL ⎝ ϑm (β D ) − ϑa ⎠
The heat emission of a distribution system is not only given by the emission of the pipes. The heat emission of
accessories such as valves and hangers is also taken into account.
To take the heat emission of hangers into account, an additional equivalent length of 15 % could be used as
an approximation. If special insulated pipe hangers are used with their thermal resistance equal to the one of
the pipe insulation, the additional heat emission due to the hangers should not be taken into account.
In heated rooms the heat emission of the pipes is a part of useful heat demand. So this part of heat emission
is recoverable. In uncontrolled or unheated rooms the heat emission of pipes is not recoverable.
Given the sum of pipe length Lr , j in heated space, the heat emission of the time step, Q D ,r , which may be
recovered is calculated by:
QD , r = ∑ q& D , r , j ⋅ Lr , j ⋅ t H (31)
j
Given the sum of pipe length Lu ,i in uncontrolled or unheated space, the heat emission of the time step, QD ,u ,
which can not be recovered is calculated by:
QD ,u = ∑ q& D ,u , j ⋅ Lu , j ⋅ t H (32)
j
The total heat emission is the sum of the recoverable heat emission in heated spaces an the non-recoverable
heat emission in unheated spaces:
Q D = Q D , r + Q D ,u (33)
The linear thermal transmittance for insulated pipes in air with a total heat transfer coefficient including
convection and radiation at the outside is given by
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π
UL = (34)
⎛ 1 d 1 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⋅ ln a + ⎟
⎝ 2 ⋅ λD di α a ⋅ d a ⎟⎠
where:
d i, d a inner diameter (without insulation), outer diameter of the pipe (with insulation) (m)
αa outer total heat transfer coefficient (convection and radiation) (W/m²K)
λD thermal conductivity of the insulation (material) (W/mK)
π
U L , em = (35)
1⎡ 1 d 1 4⋅ z⎤
⎢ ⋅ ln a + ⋅ ln
2 ⎣ λD di λE d a ⎥⎦
where:
π
U L , non = (36)
1 d 1
⋅ ln p , a +
2 ⋅ λP d p ,i α a ⋅ d p , a
where:
As an approximation the linear thermal transmittance for non insulated pipes is given by
U L , non = α a ⋅ π ⋅ d p , a (37)
For heating systems, the inner total heat transfer coefficient must not be taken into account.
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Q
β D = & em,in (38)
QN ⋅ t H
where:
ϑm (β i ) = Δϑa ⋅ β i n + ϑi
1
(39)
ϑs (β i ) = (ϑsa − ϑi ) ⋅ βi n + ϑi
1
(40)
ϑr (β i ) = (ϑra − ϑi ) ⋅ β i n + ϑi
1
(41)
where:
n exponent of the emission system (standard value = 1,33 for radiators, 1,1 for floor heating systems)
ϑsa design supply temperature in °C
ϑra design return temperature in °C
ϑi room temperature in °C
For heating circuits between a hydraulic decoupling system or a storage vessel, the temperature is sometimes
not influenced by outside temperature control.
For heating systems, where the temperature of the decoupling system or a storage vessel does not depend
on the supply temperature of the emission system, the heat emission of the pipes between the heat generator
and the storage vessel has to be calculated with the fixed temperature given by the heat generator, i.e. non
gas- or oil fired burner.
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Annex A
(informative)
Preferred procedures
The input data for the simplified calculation method are listed below. These are all part of the detailed project
data.
Phydr Hydraulic power at the design point for the zone [in W], calculated by the knowledge of
emitter type
Intermittent operation
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For defined values of correction factors ( f S ⋅ f SD = 1,0) , the hydraulic energy demand can be expressed as a
function of heating hours per time step and the mean part load of distribution:
Phydr
Wd , hydr = ⋅ β D ⋅ t H ⋅ f NET ⋅ f HB ⋅ f G , PM (43)
1000
The correction factor for hydraulic networks f NET is only necessary to distinguish between one-pipe and two-
pipe heating systems.
An approximation for the differential pressure at the design point can be made with a fixed pressure loss per
length of heating circuit (100 Pa/m) and an additional pressure loss ratio for components of 0,3. Variables for
determining the differential pressure at the design point are thus only the maximum length of the heating
circuit in the zone and the pressure losses of the heat emission system and the heat generation system:
where:
This approximation is applicable for the primary heating circuit as well as for the secondary heating circuit.
If the manufacturer's data for ΔpFH and/or ΔpG is not available, the following default values can be applied:
where:
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The maximum length of the heating circuit in a zone can be calculated approximately from the outer
dimensions of the zone:
⎛ B ⎞
Lmax = 2 ⋅ ⎜ L + + nG ⋅ hG + lc ⎟ (m) (45)
⎝ 2 ⎠
where:
f NET = 8,6 ⋅ m + 0,7 for one-pipe heating systems, where m is the ratio of flow over the heat emitter to flow
in the ring [-]
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For the simplified calculation method, the expenditure energy factor is calculated similarly as for the detailed
calculation method, ref. equation (7) in 4.3.4, with the following additional assumptions:
PPump ,max
⎯ Correction factor for control, f C , is determined from figure 4 with = 1,11
PPump
⎯ Correction factor for design point selection f PSP = 1,5 (see figure 2)
⎯ Efficiency factor f e = fη ⋅ f PSP
−1
ed ,e = f e ⋅ (C P1 + C P 2 ⋅ β D ) (46)
where:
PPump
fe = (47)
Phydr
⎛ ⎛ ⎞
0.5
⎞
f e = ⎜⎜1,25 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ⋅ 1,5 ⋅ b
200
(48)
⎜P ⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ hydr ⎠ ⎠
where b = 1 for new buildings and b = 2 for existing buildings, and Phydr given in W.
For existing installations, it is approximately correct to use the power rating given on the label at the pump for
PPump . (In case of non-controlled pumps with more than one speed level, PPump shall be taken from the speed
level at which the pump is operated).
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For the simplified calculation method, the boost mode time factor is assumed to be 3 %, and the electrical
energy demand is given by
The expression in the brackets represents the energy saving by intermittent operation.
The tabulated calculation method combines all the assumptions of the simplified method and provides, with
additional assumptions for specific types of heating systems, values for annual electrical energy demand.
National Annexes providing tabulated values for this method may be elaborated. The simplified calculation
method shall form the basis for determination of tabulated values at a national level and the tables should
follow the same structure as in A.2.1. The necessary boundary conditions which can be changed on national
requirements are given in A.2.1. also.
Annual electrical auxiliary energy demand is given in Table A.3. The values have been calculated from the
simplified method (see A.1) with some additional assumptions:
⎯ hight of a level = 3 m
⎯ length of the zone depending on the heated floor area: L = 11,4 + 0,0059 ⋅ A ,
⎯ width of the zone depending at the heated floor area: B = 2,72 ⋅ ln( A ) + 6,62
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Generators with standard water volume Generators with small water volume
Two-pipe-system with
A [m²] radiators
not controlled dpconst dpvariabel not controlled dpconst dpvariabel
100 99 64 53 105 68 57
150 126 82 68 151 98 82
200 151 98 82 206 134 112
300 196 127 106 349 226 189
400 238 154 129 544 352 294
500 278 180 150 799 517 432
600 316 205 171 915 592 495
700 354 229 192 1021 661 553
800 391 253 211 1125 728 609
900 427 276 231 1226 794 664
1000 463 299 250 1326 858 718
Two-pipe-system with
A [m²] floor-heating
not controlled dpconst dpvariabel not controlled dpconst dpvariabel
100 193 125 105 198 128 107
150 246 159 133 263 170 142
200 294 190 159 333 215 180
300 379 245 205 497 322 269
400 458 296 248 709 459 384
500 532 344 288 979 634 530
600 602 390 326 1122 726 607
700 671 434 363 1254 812 679
800 738 477 399 1384 895 749
900 803 520 435 1510 977 817
1000 867 561 469 1635 1058 885
One-pipe-system with
A [m²] radiators
not controlled not controlled
100 109 115
150 141 164
200 170 222
300 224 369
400 274 568
500 323 827
600 370 950
700 417 1063
800 463 1174
900 509 1283
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Generators with standard water volume Generators with small water volume
1000 554 1390
For a different number of heating hours than 5000 per year, the tabulated values can be corrected by
heating _ hours
multiplication with a factor f =
5000
For intermittent heating, the tabulated values can be corrected by multiplication with the factor f int :
Regular mode 06:00 – 22:00 h every day and set back mode for the remaining time: f int = 0,87 ;
If the pump is turned off during the set back mode: f int = 0,69
Regular mode 06:00 – 22:00 h on Monday – Friday and set back mode for the remaining time: f int = 0,87 ;
If the pump is turned off during the set back mode: f int = 0,60
The input data for the simplified calculation method are listed below. These are all part of the detailed project
data:
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For the simplified calculation method, approximations of the length of the pipes in a building or a zone (see
Figure 6) are made, based on the length (L) and width (B) of the building or zone, the storey height (hG) and
the number of storeys (nG), see Table A.4 and Table A.5.
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For the simplified calculation method, approximations of the U-Values are made for the different types of pipes
(see Table A.6). These should be constant values.
Table A.A.6 — A.Typical Values of linear thermal transmittance [W/mK] for new and existing buildings
Age class of building Distribution
V S SL
From 1995 – assumed that insulation 0,2 0,3 0,3
thickness approximately equals to pipe external
diameter
1980 to 1995 - assumed that insulation 0,3 0,4 0,4
thickness approximately equals to half of pipe
external diameter
Up to 1980 0,4 0,4 0,4
Non-insulated pipes
A <=200 m² 1,0 1,0 1,0
200 m² < A <=500 m² 2,0 2,0 2,0
A > 500 m² 3,0 3,0 3,0
* (total = total heat emission of the pipe, usable = recoverable heat emission)
Table A.7 gives the equivalent length of valves including flanges depending on the kind of insulation:
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The tabulated calculation method combines all the assumptions of the simplified method and provides, with
additional assumptions regarding the design system temperature, values for annual heat emission. National
Annexes providing tabulated values for this method may be elaborated. The simplified calculation method
shall form the basis for determination of tabulated values at a national level and the tables should follow the
same structure as in A.5.
⎯ length of the zone depending on the heated floor area: L = 11,4 + 0,0059 ⋅ A ,
⎯ width of the zone depending on the heated floor area : B = 2,72 ⋅ ln( A ) + 6,62
⎯ A = m² of the zone
⎯ U-value for pipes of part V of the distribution system, in unheated spaces U = 0,2 W/mK
⎯ U-value for shafts and connecting pipes of the distribution system, in heated spaces U = 0,255 W/mK
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Heated
Area 90 / 70 °C 70 / 55 °C 55 / 45 °C 35 / 28 °C
unheated heated unheated heated unheated heated unheated heated
space space space space space space space space
A [m²] Q D ,u QD , r Q D ,u QD ,r Q D ,u QD ,r Q D ,u QD ,r
100 1133 2375 865 1681 674 1187 388 446
150 1265 3562 966 2522 753 1781 433 669
200 1383 4749 1056 3363 823 2375 473 893
300 1592 7124 1216 5044 948 3562 545 1339
400 1783 9499 1362 6726 1061 4749 611 1785
500 1964 11873 1499 8407 1169 5937 672 2231
600 2138 14248 1632 10088 1272 7124 732 2678
700 2308 16623 1762 11770 1373 8311 790 3124
800 2475 18998 1890 13451 1473 9499 847 3570
900 2641 21372 2016 15133 1572 10686 904 4016
1000 2805 23747 2142 16814 1669 11873 961 4463
Note: The values have to be checked
For a different number of heating hours than 5000 per year, the tabulated values can be corrected by
heating _ hours
multiplication with a factor f =
5000
A similar table could be created for one-pipe heating systems.
A.6 Example
In this example, application of the simplified calculation method is shown.
Given:
Building: Length: 10 m, Width: 8 m, Number of floors: 2, floor height: 3 m, Heated floor: 160 m²
Heat emitters: standard radiators -> ΔpFH = 0 , Generator -> ΔpG = 1 kPa, New building : b = 1
Calculations:
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⎛ B ⎞
Lmax = 2 ⋅ ⎜ L + + nG ⋅ hG + lc ⎟ -> Lmax = 60 m
⎝ 2 ⎠
Phydr = 2,141 W
f e = 16,373
ed ,e = 18,829
Wd ,e = 80,6 kWh/year
Intermittent Operation: regular mode: 15 h/day, boost mode: 3 % -> αr = 0,625, αb = 0,03, α setb = 0,345
Example: January: mean part load of distribution β D, J = 0,8, Heating hours = 744 h/month
Wd ,e , Jan = 24,0 kWh/month, in intermittent operation: Wd ,e,int erm, Jan = 20,7 kWh/month
Recoverable energy:
Heat emission:
Given:
Lv = 28,6 m
Ls = 12 m
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La = 88 m
Calculations:
Lu = Lv = 28,6 m, Lh = Ls + La = 100 m
QD = 2552 kWh/year
Recoverable energy:
QD ,r = QD ,h = 1921 kWh/year
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