Thesis Statement

Kashmir is a disputed region between India and Pakistan, which has vitiated the political environment of the
Indian Subcontinent. The Kashmir issue stands as a debacle for nearly six decades and there has been almost
no progress in resolving the problem.

Introduction

Kashmir is a mountainous region, which enjoys a very important geo-political situation. It is surrounded by
Pakistan in the west and China embraces it in the east. The Indian provinces of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab
are in the south. Its northern fringes touch the borders of Afghanistan too. The area is famous for its extra-
ordinary natural beauty and resources. Presently, the northern and western sides of the region are occupied by
Pakistan while the southern and eastern parts are controlled by the Indian Union. For over six decades, the
region has been devastated by confrontations between the two countries. Both India and Pakistan are nuclear
powers and in the case of another shooting war between them; the entire subcontinent including Kashmir may
be destroyed. Presently, it is at the diplomatic hyper point of the bilateral relationships between the two
countries.

Pre-history of the Conflict

The British Indian Empire was formed of hundreds of princely states spread all over the Indian Subcontinent.
After the World War II, when the British finally decided to bring their rule to an end, the fate of these princely
states was brought under scrutiny. The Princely states were now supposed to join either India or Pakistan after
the British authorities leave. In regards of this process of the evolution of India and Pakistan, Jyoti Trehan
remarks, “The process of integration of princely states was not without its highs and lows.”(Trehan 201)

Finally in June, 1947, the British accepted Pakistan Plan. But the Hindu Maharajah Sir Hari Singh (the ruling
monarch of the erstwhile princely state of Kashmir) was hesitating to join either Pakistan or India. However,
the census of 1941 shows that almost 77% of the population of Kashmir was comprised of Muslims (Das 264).
Since the Maharajah had acceded to neither side until the formation of India and Pakistan in August, 1947,
Pakistan decided to act along communal lines. Being a Muslim dominated state, it decided to ‘liberate’
Kashmir and backed the Azad Kashmir Force. In October, 1947, Pakistan invaded Kashmir and captured its
northern and western parts. On the Maharajahs request and accession to India, the authorities in Delhi now
reacted by sending troops to the region and Pakistani advances were arrested soon. Thus, the southern and
eastern parts of the region were retained in the Indian Union and constituted as the state of Jammu and
Kashmir.

Causes of the Conflict

To understand the causes of the conflict, the historic Partition of India has to be referenced. Under the British
Rule, Indian Subcontinent was mainly inhabited by the two major religious groups, Hindus and Muslims. The
two communities had friendly relationships and they offered a united struggle to achieve independence from
the British Rule during the later half of the Nineteenth Century. But undercurrents of tension between the two
communities became forceful with the lapse of time. Power politics between All India Muslim League and
Indian National Congress (the two major political powers of the undivided India) culminated at widespread
communal tension and violence during the 1930s and early 1940s. Consequently, the colossal task of
partitioning India became unavoidable. After the Partition in 1947, Pakistan emerged as a Muslim dominated
state while India emerged as a secular, democratic country. And the province of Kashmir, which is situated at
the border of the two countries, got tangled and entrapped between them.

The Course of Indo-Pak Confrontations

1940 – In the Lahore Resolution, M. A. Jinnah puts forward the Two-nation Theory and the demand of
Pakistan is raised.

1946 – Muslim Conference takes on the Azad Kashmir Resolution.

October, 1947 – War breaks out between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir issue.

1965 – Indo-Pak War breaks out again. Pakistan is defeated and the Tashkent Pact is signed.

1971 – Indo-Pak War breaks out once again over the East Pakistan.

1972 – East Pakistan is liberated and the Bangladesh Republic is formed.

1978 – Military Rule in Pakistan. Proxy war with India begins. Pakistan affirms its support for the separatist
organizations in Punjab and Kashmir.

1999 – Kargil War takes place between India and the Pakistan backed infiltrators.

2008 – Successful Assembly Elections in the Jammu and Kashmir State in India. National Conference emerges
as a major political power in the state.

The Current State of Affairs

With the lapse of time, Pakistan has shown tendencies towards Military Rule and autocratic governance. On
several occasions, India has alleged that Pakistan has sponsored the different terrorist organizations in
Kashmir. Moreover, India holds Pakistan responsible for several devastating terrorist attacks directed against
India. On the other hand, Pakistan affirmatively sticks to its policy of extending ‘moral support’ to the
separatists in Kashmir. In such a state of affair, the common Kashmiris are suffering most. The innocent
people are being victimized by baneful separatist propaganda. Confrontations between Indian military and
armed separatists have caused huge loss of property, money, and lives so far. Moreover, the specter of Al
Qaeda and Taliban has made the situation more complicated and dangerous in this part of the world.

Conclusion

Kashmir issue has been the primary cause of diplomatic, political, and military stand off between India and
Pakistan. Of late, both the sides are showing interest to begin bilateral talks once again. According to Farah
Ibrahim, the solution of the issue lies in a planned conflict Resolution (Ibrahim 289). The way to this conflict
resolution lies in the methods of psychological intervention. Psychological perspective of the problem is more
propound than its military, political, and diplomatic dimensions and interpretations. Unlike the “sharp rise in
the ideal of Hindu nationalism” (Wirsing 163), solution to Kashmir issue lies in the acceptance of the fact that
the common Kashmiris deserve to live a normal and peaceful life. India and Pakistan both must come forward
to eradicate the terrorist organizations functional in Kashmir, and continue the bilateral talks. The confidence
building measures must be initiated meaningfully. In this way, by mutual goodwill, the political authorities of
India and Pakistan can bring peace to the doomed province.

Works Cited

Das, Taraknath. "The Kashmir Issue and the United Nations."Political Science Quarterly 65.2 (1950): 264.
Print.

Ibrahim, Farah "Peace in Kashmir: A Worldview, Psychological Intervention."International Journal for the
Advancement of Counselling 27.2 (2005): 289-297. Print.

Trehan, Jyoti. "Terrorism and the Funding of Terrorism in Kashmir."Journal of Financial Crime 9.3 (2002):
201-211. Print.

Wirsing, Robert "Indian Policy in Jammu and Kashmir."India , Pakistan and the Kashmir Dispute: On
Regional Conflict and Its Resolution. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998. 163. Print.

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