Effects of Some Weather Elements On The Cova 22

EFFECTS OF SOME WEATHER ELEMENTS ON THE OCCURRENCE OF MALARIA,
TYPHOID AND TUBERCULOSIS IN KARU LGA, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA.
BY
JENNIFER OGADIMA OZURUMBA

NSU/SS/1302/15/16
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI

NASARAWA STATE
NIGERIA
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR DEGREE OF SCIENCE (B.Sc) IN GEOGRAPHY
NOVEMBER, 2019
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page ………………………………………………………………………………… i
Declaration …………………………………………………………………………........ ii
Certification ……………………………………………………………………….…….... iii
Dedication ......……………………………………………………………………………… iv
Abstract……………….……………………………………………………………………... vi
Table of Contents…...………………………………………………………………….…. viii
List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………………...xiv
List of Appendices ..………………………………………………..………………...… List xv
of Figures ……………………………………………………………………………... xvii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study…………………………………………………… 1
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem……………………………………………… 6
1.3 Aim and Objectives……………………………………………………………………… 9
1.4 Research Hypothesis………………………………………………………………… 10

1.5 Scope of the Study………………………………………………………………… 10
1.6 Justification of the Study………………………………………………………… 11
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………… 12
2.2 Historical Evidence of the Relationship Between Climatic Conditions and the
Occurrence of Diseases……………………………………………………… 13
2.3 Climate Change and Infectious Diseases………………………………………… 15
2.4 Sensitivity of Infectious Disease to Climate………………………………………… 17
2.4.1 Sensitivity of infectious diseases to temperature………………………………… 17
2.4.2 Sensitivity of infectious diseases to precipitation…………………………………… 18
2.4.3 Sensitivity of infectious diseases to humidity……………………………………… 20
2.5 Seasonality of infectious diseases……………………………………………… 20
2.5.1 Seasonality of malaria…………………………………………………………… 21
2.5.2 Seasonality of typhoid……………………………………………………………28
2.5.3 Seasonality of tuberculosis……………………………………………………30

CHAPTER THREE: STUDY AREAANDMETHODOLOGY
3.1 The Study Area……………………………………………………………… 33
3.1.1 Location and size………………………………………………………………… 33
3.1.2 Climate………………………………………………………………… 36
3.1.3 Relief and drainage……………………………………………………………… 36
3.1.4 Soils and vegetation…………………………………………………………… 37
3.1.5 Geology………………………………………………………………… 37
3.1.6 Population………………………………………………………………… 38
3.1.7 Human activities………………………………………………………………… 38
3.1.8 Environmental challenges……………………………………………………… 39
3.2 Methodology………………………………………………………………… 40
3.2.1 Types and sources of data……………………………………………………… 40
3.2.2 Sampling technique…………………………………………………………… 40
3.2.3 Presentation of data…………………………………………………………… 41
3.2.4 Data analysis………………………………………………………………… 41

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………… 42
4.2 Trends of the Weather Elements in the Study Area……………………………… 42
4.2.1 Trend in rainfall distribution (2004-2013)……………………………………… 42
4.2.2 Trend in temperature distribution (2004-2013)……………………………… 43
4.2.3 Trend in the distribution of relative humidity (2004-2013)…………………… 44
4.3 Trends in the Occurrence of the Common Diseases in the Study Area………… 46
4.3.1 Trend in the occurrence of malaria (2004-2013)……………………………… 46
4.3.2 Trend in the occurrence of typhoid (2004-2013)…………………………… 47
4.3.3 Trend in the occurrence of tuberculosis (2004-2013)…………………………… 48
4.4 Relationship Betweenthe Various Weather Elements and the Selected Diseases… 50
4.4.1 Relationship between rainfall and the occurrence of malaria……………… 51
4.4.2 Relationship between temperature and the occurrence of malaria…………… 51
4.4.3 Relationship between relative humidity and the occurrence of malaria………… 51
4.4.4 Relationship between rainfall and the occurrence of typhoid……………… 52

4.4.5 Relationship between temperature and the occurrence of typhoid…………… 52
4.4.6 Relationship between relative humidity and the occurrence of typhoid…… 52
4.4.7 Relationship between rainfall and the occurrence of tuberculosis………… 53
4.4.8 Relationship between temperature and the occurrence of tuberculosis……… 53
4.4.9 Relationship between relative humidity and the occurrence of tuberculosis…… 54
4.5 Seasonality of the Diseases in Onitsha North Local Government Area…… 55
4.5.1 Seasonality of the three diseases in (2004)……………………………… 55
4.5.2 Seasonality of the three diseases (2005)………………………………… 56
4.5.3 Seasonality of the three diseases (2006)…………………………………… 57
4.5.5 Seasonality of the three diseases (2008)…………………………………. 59

4.5.11 Meanannual seasonality of malaria, typhoid and tuberculosis (2004-2013)… 67
4.6 Discussion………………………………………… 68
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMARRY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary……………………………………………………………… 72
5.2 Conclusion…………………………………………………… 74
5.3 Recommendations……………………………………………………… 75
References………………………………………………………………………………… 76
Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………… 90

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EFFECTS OF SOME WEATHER ELEMENTS ON THE OCCURRENCE OF MALARIA,

TYPHOID AND TUBERCULOSIS IN KARU LGA, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA.

JENNIFER OGADIMA OZURUMBA

NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

Title Page ………………………………………………………………………………… i

Certification ……………………………………………………………………….…….... iii

Table of Contents…...………………………………………………………………….…. viii

List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………………...xiv

List of Appendices ..………………………………………………..………………...… List xv

of Figures ……………………………………………………………………………... xvii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study…………………………………………………… 1

1.2 Statement of the Research Problem……………………………………………… 6

1.3 Aim and Objectives……………………………………………………………………… 9

1.4 Research Hypothesis………………………………………………………………… 10

1.6 Justification of the Study………………………………………………………… 11

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.3 Climate Change and Infectious Diseases………………………………………… 15

2.4 Sensitivity of Infectious Disease to Climate………………………………………… 17

2.4.1 Sensitivity of infectious diseases to temperature………………………………… 17

2.4.2 Sensitivity of infectious diseases to precipitation…………………………………… 18

2.4.3 Sensitivity of infectious diseases to humidity……………………………………… 20

2.5 Seasonality of infectious diseases……………………………………………… 20

2.5.1 Seasonality of malaria…………………………………………………………… 21

2.5.2 Seasonality of typhoid……………………………………………………………28

2.5.3 Seasonality of tuberculosis……………………………………………………30

3.1 The Study Area……………………………………………………………… 33

3.1.1 Location and size………………………………………………………………… 33

3.1.3 Relief and drainage……………………………………………………………… 36

3.1.4 Soils and vegetation…………………………………………………………… 37

3.1.7 Human activities………………………………………………………………… 38

3.1.8 Environmental challenges……………………………………………………… 39

3.2.1 Types and sources of data……………………………………………………… 40

3.2.2 Sampling technique…………………………………………………………… 40

3.2.3 Presentation of data…………………………………………………………… 41

3.2.4 Data analysis………………………………………………………………… 41

4.2 Trends of the Weather Elements in the Study Area……………………………… 42

4.2.1 Trend in rainfall distribution (2004-2013)……………………………………… 42

4.2.2 Trend in temperature distribution (2004-2013)……………………………… 43

4.2.3 Trend in the distribution of relative humidity (2004-2013)…………………… 44

4.3.1 Trend in the occurrence of malaria (2004-2013)……………………………… 46

4.3.2 Trend in the occurrence of typhoid (2004-2013)…………………………… 47

4.3.3 Trend in the occurrence of tuberculosis (2004-2013)…………………………… 48

4.4.1 Relationship between rainfall and the occurrence of malaria……………… 51

4.4.2 Relationship between temperature and the occurrence of malaria…………… 51

4.4.3 Relationship between relative humidity and the occurrence of malaria………… 51

4.4.4 Relationship between rainfall and the occurrence of typhoid……………… 52

4.4.6 Relationship between relative humidity and the occurrence of typhoid…… 52

4.4.7 Relationship between rainfall and the occurrence of tuberculosis………… 53

4.4.8 Relationship between temperature and the occurrence of tuberculosis……… 53

4.4.9 Relationship between relative humidity and the occurrence of tuberculosis…… 54

4.5 Seasonality of the Diseases in Onitsha North Local Government Area…… 55

4.5.1 Seasonality of the three diseases in (2004)……………………………… 55

4.5.2 Seasonality of the three diseases (2005)………………………………… 56

4.5.3 Seasonality of the three diseases (2006)…………………………………… 57

4.5.4 Seasonality of the three diseases (2007)…………………………………… 58

4.5.5 Seasonality of the three diseases (2008)…………………………………. 59