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    Chapter 5

    Uploaded by

    Rajat Bansal
    This document contains R code for exploring and visualizing distributions of sample data. Several functions are used such as hist(), density(), stem(), and qqnorm() to examine the distributions and compare them to theoretical normal distributions. Samples are taken from the data and random numbers are generated from Poisson and uniform distributions. Normality tests like Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov are applied.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Chapter 5

    Uploaded by

    Rajat Bansal
    27 views22 pages
    This document contains R code for exploring and visualizing distributions of sample data. Several functions are used such as hist(), density(), stem(), and qqnorm() to examine the distributions and compare them to theoretical normal distributions. Samples are taken from the data and random numbers are generated from Poisson and uniform distributions. Normality tests like Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov are applied.

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    chapter 5

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    This document contains R code for exploring and visualizing distributions of sample data. Several functions are used such as hist(), density(), stem(), and qqnorm() to examine the distributions and compare them to theoretical normal distributions. Samples are taken from the data and random numbers are generated from Poisson and uniform distributions. Normality tests like Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov are applied.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    27 views22 pages

    Chapter 5

    Uploaded by

    Rajat Bansal
    This document contains R code for exploring and visualizing distributions of sample data. Several functions are used such as hist(), density(), stem(), and qqnorm() to examine the distributions and compare them to theoretical normal distributions. Samples are taken from the data and random numbers are generated from Poisson and uniform distributions. Normality tests like Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov are applied.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 22

    5.

    DATA: DISTRIBUTION

    > data2

    [1] 3 5 7 5 3 2 6 8 5 6 9 4 5 7 3 4

    > table(data2)

    data2

    23456789

    13242211

    > stem(data2)

    The decimal point is at the |

    2 | 0000

    4 | 000000

    6 | 0000

    8 | 00

    > stem(data2,scale=2)

    The decimal point is at the |

    2|0

    1
    3 | 000

    4 | 00

    5 | 0000

    6 | 00

    7 | 00

    8|0

    9|0

    > data4

    [1] 23.0 17.0 12.5 11.0 17.0 12.0 14.5 9.0 11.0 9.0 12.5 14.5 17.0 8.0 21.0

    > stem(data4)

    The decimal point is 1 digit(s) to the right of the |

    0 | 899

    1 | 11233

    1 | 55777

    2 | 13

    > stem(data4,scale=2)

    The decimal point is at the |

    8 | 000

    2
    10 | 00

    12 | 055

    14 | 55

    16 | 000

    18 |

    20 | 0

    22 | 0

    > data2

    [1] 3 5 7 5 3 2 6 8 5 6 9 4 5 7 3 4

    > hist(data2)

    > hist(data2,breaks = 'sturges')

    3
    > hist(data2,breaks='scott')

    > hist(data2,breaks='FD')

    4
    > hist(data2,breaks=2:9)

    5
    > hist(data2,breaks=c(2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9))

    > hist(data2,breaks=c(2,4,5,6,9))

    6
    > hist(data2,col='gray75',main=NULL,xlab='size class for
    data2',ylim=c(0,0.3),freq=FALSE)

    7
    > dens=density(data2)

    > dens

    Call:

    density.default(x = data2)

    Data: data2 (16 obs.); Bandwidth 'bw' = 0.9644

    x y

    Min. :-0.8932 Min. :0.0002982

    1st Qu.: 2.3034 1st Qu.:0.0134042

    Median : 5.5000 Median :0.0694574

    Mean : 5.5000 Mean :0.0781187

    8
    3rd Qu.: 8.6966 3rd Qu.:0.1396352

    Max. :11.8932 Max. :0.1798531

    > names(dens)

    [1] "x" "y" "bw" "n" "call" "data.name" "has.na"

    > str(dens)

    List of 7

    $x : num [1:512] -0.893 -0.868 -0.843 -0.818 -0.793 ...

    $y : num [1:512] 0.000313 0.000339 0.000367 0.000397 0.000429 ...

    $ bw : num 0.964

    $n : int 16

    $ call : language density.default(x = data2)

    $ data.name: chr "data2"

    $ has.na : logi FALSE

    - attr(*, "class")= chr "density"

    > plot(dens$x,dens$y)

    9
    > plot(density(data2),main="",xlab='size bin classes')

    10
    > hist(data2,freq=F,col='gray85')

    > lines(density(data2),lty=2)

    > lines(density(data2,k='rectangular'))

    11
    > rnorm(20,mean=5,sd=1)

    [1] 4.079572 5.742426 4.463164 3.954680 4.359709 5.825043 5.649413 3.823335 3.722325
    5.145951

    [11] 3.862853 4.442077 5.239563 4.148004 5.109675 6.373912 5.599388 5.136036 4.826468
    5.324387

    > pnorm(5,mean=5,sd=1)

    [1] 0.5

    > qnorm(0.5,5,1)

    [1] 5

    > dnorm(c(54,5,6))

    [1] 0.000000e+00 1.486720e-06 6.075883e-09

    > dnorm(c(54,5,6),mean=5,sd=1)

    [1] 0.0000000 0.3989423 0.2419707

    > dnorm(c(4,5,6))

    12
    [1] 1.338302e-04 1.486720e-06 6.075883e-09

    > qnorm(c(0.05,0.95),mean=5,sd=1)

    [1] 3.355146 6.644854

    > data2.norm=rnorm(1000,mean(data2),sd(data2))

    > hist(data2,freq=FALSE)

    > lines(density(data2.norm))

    13
    > hist(data2.norm,freq=F)

    > lines(density(data2))

    14
    > hist(data2.norm,freq=F,border='gray50',main='comparing two distributions',xlab='data2
    size classes')

    15
    > lines(density(data2),lwd=2)

    > rpois(50,lambda=10)

    [1] 12 13 11 7 14 5 10 10 6 10 3 9 14 14 6 8 8 8 7 7 9 14 12 11 6 11 15 9 10 10 12 11

    [33] 15 15 14 12 6 15 4 6 9 11 13 14 12 8 8 10 6 14

    > pbinom(c(3,6,9,12),size=17,prob=0.5)

    [1] 0.006362915 0.166152954 0.685470581 0.975479126

    > qt(0.975,df=c(5,10,100,Inf))

    [1] 2.570582 2.228139 1.983972 1.959964

    > (1-pt(c(1.6,1.9,2.2),df=Inf))*2

    [1] 0.10959858 0.05743312 0.02780690

    > pt(c(1.6,1.9,2.2),Inf)

    [1] 0.9452007 0.9712834 0.9860966

    > runif(10)

    [1] 0.03654488 0.38184345 0.32327513 0.79359610 0.90218825 0.64389728 0.15583453


    16
    0.32216108

    [9] 0.90528344 0.72820431

    > punif(6,min=0,max=10)

    [1] 0.6

    > data2

    [1] 3 5 7 5 3 2 6 8 5 6 9 4 5 7 3 4

    > sample(data2[data2<5])

    [1] 2 3 4 3 4 3

    > sample(data2[data2>5],size=3)

    [1] 7 7 6

    > sample(data2[data2>5])

    [1] 7 6 8 9 6 7

    > sample(data2[data2>8])

    [1] 3 8 9 7 5 1 6 4 2

    > data2

    [1] 3 5 7 5 3 2 6 8 5 6 9 4 5 7 3 4

    > set.seed(4)

    > sample(data2,size=3)

    [1] 8 9 7

    > set.seed(4)

    > sample(data2[data2>8])

    [1] 8 3 9 7 4 6 2 1 5

    > data2

    [1] 3 5 7 5 3 2 6 8 5 6 9 4 5 7 3 4

    > shapiro.test(data2)

    17
    Shapiro-Wilk normality test

    data: data2

    W = 0.96332, p-value = 0.7223

    > shapiro.test(rpois(100,lambda=5))

    Shapiro-Wilk normality test

    data: rpois(100, lambda = 5)

    W = 0.9735, p-value = 0.04122

    > ks.test(data2,"pnorm",mean=5,sd=2)

    One-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test

    data: data2

    D = 0.125, p-value = 0.9639

    alternative hypothesis: two-sided

    Warning message:

    In ks.test(data2, "pnorm", mean = 5, sd = 2) :

    ties should not be present for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test

    > qqnorm(data2)

    18
    > qqnorm(data2,main = 'QQ plot of example data',xlab = 'theoretical',ylab='quantiles for data2')

    > qqline(data2,lwd=2,lty=2)

    19
    > qqplot(rpois(50,5),rnorm50(,5,1))

    > qqplot(data2,data1)

    20
    > qqp=qqplot(data2,rnorm(50,5,1))

    > abline(lm(qqp$y~qqp$x))

    21
    22

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