Operating conditions and standards in pneumatics

What must be observed when using Festo products?

The limit values specified in the technical when using Festo products in safety- • The ambient conditions and conditions • You are unsure about the product’s
data and any specific instructions must oriented applications. of use or the operating medium differ suitability for use in safety-oriented
be adhered to by the user in order to en- Unauthorised conversions or modifica- from the specified technical data. applications.
sure correct functioning. tions to products and systems from Festo • You are unsure about the product’s All technical data are correct at the time
The user must ensure that pneumatic involve a safety risk and are thus not per- suitability for use in the planned appli- of going to print.
components are operated using correctly mitted. cation.
prepared compressed air free of aggres- Festo does not accept any liability for re-
sive media. sulting damages. You should contact Fe-
The relevant national and international sto’s advisors if one of the following ap-
regulations must always be adhered to ply to your application:

Standards in pneumatics
Standards also have great significance in nally as well as internationally. with dimensions, safety and quality.
pneumatics. Standards mean harmonisa- Standards in industry describe the state Festo has for many years been actively
tion (standardisation). Standardisation is of the art. They provide a common basis participating in the relevant national and
also the basis for the free trade of goods for the evaluation of technical aspects. international standards organisations.
and services between companies natio- Standards relevant for pneumatics deal

Chapter 1 – Pneumatic drives

• Standards-based cylinders • Standards-based cylinders to • Rod clevises to ISO 8140 • Rod eyes to ISO 12240-4, dimensio-
to ISO 6432. ISO 15552 (ISO 6431, DIN ISO 6431, and DIN 71752. nal series K.
• Standards-based cylinders VDMA 24562), NFE 49003.1
to ISO 21287. and UNI 10290.

Chapter 8/9 – Valves/valve terminals

• Valve terminals for standard valves. • Solenoid and pneumatic valves with • Valve sub-bases with port pattern to • Solenoid valves with port pattern
• Solenoid and pneumatic valves with port pattern to ISO 5599-1. ISO 5599-1 and external dimensions to VDI/VDE 3845 (Namur).
port pattern to ISO 15407-1. • Valve terminals with port pattern to VDMA 24345.
• Valve sub-bases to ISO 15407-1. to DIN ISO 5599-2.
• Valve terminals with port pattern
to ISO 15407-2.

Chapter 12/13 – Compressed air preparation/pneumatic connection technology

• Pressure gauges to EN 837-1. • Reservoirs to directive 97/23/EC, • Safety couplings to ISO 4414.
87/404/EEC or EN 286-1.

2009/07 – Subject to change  Internet: www.festo.com/catalogue/... P-1437

Compressed air preparation
Why compressed air preparation?
Water content in air
The maximum water content in air (100% ture drops, for example from 20 °C to
relative air humidity) is dependent on 3 °C, the maximum water content of com-

Water content [g/m3]

temperature. Air can only absorb a cer- pressed air is reduced from 18 g/m3 to
tain quantity of water (in g) per volume- 6 g/m3. The compressed air can now no
tric unit (in m³), irrespective of pressure. longer absorb more than approx. 1/3 of
The warmer the air, the more water it can water. The rest (12 g/m3) is precipitated
absorb. Excessive humidity manifests it- as drops (dew) and must be drawn off so
self as condensation. If the air tempera- that it cannot cause any malfunctions.

Air temperature [°C]

Water condensation
Water is always present in the air in the prevent corrosion damage in compressed
form of natural air humidity. During the air systems and prevents malfunctions in
cooling of compressed air, water is relea- the connected consuming devices.
sed in large quantities. Drying helps to

Oil contamination
Similarly, in the case of oil-free operating is not suitable for the lubrication of
compressors, oil aerosols present in the drives and can even lead to the clogging
drawn-in air also lead to a corresponding of sensitive parts.
residue of oil pollutants. However, this oil

Dirt and rust particles

Solid particles occur in the form of dust ted seawater droplets.
(carbon black, abraded and corrosion Dust is classified into categories of parti-
particles) primarily in accumulation cle size, i.e.
points. coarse dust > 10 μm
Coastal regions generally have lower le- fine dust > 1 … < 10 μm and
vels of dust, but instead contain additio- atomised dust < 1 μm.
nal salt particles resulting from evapora-

P-1438  Internet: www.festo.com/catalogue/... Subject to change – 2009/07

Compressed air preparation
How clean should compressed air be?
The requirements specify the degree of cleaning
The answer is quite simple: compressed As each filter also creates a flow resi- The wide application range of compres-
air must be so clean that it cannot cause stance, compressed air should be as sed air places many different require-
any malfunctions or damage. clean as possible for economic reasons. ments on compressed air quality. If high
Contamination accelerates wear on sli- The quality of the compressed air is defi- quality is required, several filtration sta-
ding surfaces and sealing elements. This ned by the grade of filtration, the pres- ges are necessary. If just a single “fine”
can affect the function and service life of sure dew point and the residual oil con- filter were used, it would become ineffec-
pneumatic components. tent (droplets, aerosols and vapours). tive in a short time.

Sizing
Note The size of the service unit depends on compressed air should only be used
Equipment at an air branching/air distri- Further information system air consumption. Undersizing where it is absolutely necessary. Bran-
bution input should have a high flow  Chapter 12 leads to pressure fluctuations and to re- ching modules between the individual
rate as it must supply the total air requi- duced filter service life. filter stages enable the user to tap off
rement. For reasons of economy, high quality compressed air of various qualities.

Service unit functions

Compressed air filters remove particulate Various industries often require finely fil- oil droplets and contamination particles. sumption. Supply pressure must always
and droplets of moisture from the air. tered air: the chemical and pharmaceuti- The degree of compressed air filtration is be greater than working pressure.
Particles > 40 … 5 μm (depending on cal industries, process engineering, food 99.999% relative to a particle size of The compressed air lubricator provides
grade of filtration) are retained by a sin- processing, etc. Fine filters and micro fil- 0.01 μm. pneumatic components with adequate
tered filter. Liquids are separated with ters are used to this end. Fine filters are lubricant if required. Oil is drawn from
the aid of centrifugal force. The conden- used for prefiltering down to a particle The pressure regulator maintains a con- a reservoir and atomised when it comes
sate which accumulates in the filter bowl size of 1 μm. stant working pressure (secondary side), into contact with the air stream. The lu-
must be emptied from time to time, be- regardless of the pressure variations in bricator is only functional when the air
cause it would otherwise be drawn in by Micro filters further purify pilot air, remo- the system (primary side) and the air con- flow is sufficiently strong.
the air flow. ving practically all remaining water and

Lubricated compressed air

The following notes must be observed • The lifetime lubrication required port (without silencer) of a working • Service units must be inspected at
when lubricated compressed air is used: for unlubricated operation can be valve of the most distant cylinder. Al- least twice a week for condensate and
• Use the special oil OFSW-32 from “flushed out” when products are ope- low the system to work for some time, correct lubrication settings. These in-
Festo, or the alternative oils listed in rated using lubricated compressed air. the card should only show a pale yel- spections should be included in
the catalogue (in accordance with This can lead to malfunctions. low colouration. If oil droplets appear, the machine maintenance plan.
DIN 51524-HLP32, basic oil viscosity • The lubricators should, where possi- this is an indication that too much oil • To protect the environment, as little
32cSt at 40 °C). ble, always be installed directly up- has been used. lubrication as possible should be
• If lubricated compressed air is used, stream of the cylinders used in order to • The colour and condition of the ex- used. Festo pneumatic valves and cy-
additional lubrication must not ex- prevent operating the entire system haust silencer provide further evidence linders have been constructed in such
ceed 25 mg/m3. The quality of com- with lubricated air. of over-lubrication. Marked yellow co- a manner that, under permitted ope-
pressed air downstream of the com- • Never over-lubricate the system. To de- louration and dripping oil indicate that rating conditions, additional lubrica-
pressor must correspond to that of un- termine the correct lubricator settings, the lubrication setting is too high. tion is not required and yet a long ser-
lubricated compressed air. the following “oil form test” can be im- • Dirty or incorrectly lubricated compres- vice life is guaranteed.
plemented: hold a piece of white card sed air will reduce the service life of
approx. 10 cm away from the exhaust the pneumatic components.

2009/07 – Subject to change  Internet: www.festo.com/catalogue/... P-1439

Compressed air preparation
Oil content
A differentiation must be made between of oil have entirely different consequen- Larger oil quantities can cause damage In this case, residual oil content must
residual oil for operation with unlubrica- ces. For this reason, a distinction must to the O-rings, seals and other equip- not exceed 5 mg/m3. A higher residual
ted air and additional oil for operation be made between the following oil types ment parts (e.g. filter bowls) in pneu- oil content irrespective of the compres-
with lubricated air. when analysing the residual oil content: matic systems, that could shorten the sor oil cannot be permitted, as the ba-
• Bio-oils: oils based on synthetic or na- product service life. sic lubricant would be flushed out over
Unlubricated operation: tural ester (e.g. rapeseed oil methyl • Mineral oils (e.g. HLP oils to time. This can lead to malfunctions.
Examinations involving residual oil con- ester). In this case, residual oil content DIN 51524, Parts 1 to 3) or similar oils
tent have revealed that the various types must not exceed 0.1 mg/m3. based on polyalphaolefins (PAO).

Moisture Solids Note

For operation
p in heated internal rooms Note Max. particle size 40 μm. O ti
Optimum compressedd airi preparation
ti
< 15 °C,, compressed
p air must be dried The pressure
p dew point
p must be at means ffewer machine
hi failures
f il andd
to a ppressure dew point
p of 3 °C. least 10 K lower than the temperature
p Suitable oils greater
t process reliability.
li bilit See
S
off the
th medium,
di since
i icei wouldld other-
th C
Compressed d air
i quality
lit analysis
l i
Special oil in 1 litre containers:
wise form in the expanded compressed  P-15
Order code
air. 152811 OFSW-32

Compressed air quality in use

Applications
pp Recommended grades of filtration Recommended pressure dew point
[μm] [°C]
Mining 40 7
Glass and stone processing 40 3
Shoe production 40 3
Welding systems 5 3
Standard pneumatics 40 3
Standard pneumatics + bio-oil 5 + 1 + 0.01 3
Packing machine 5+1 3
Machine tool 40 3
Film development 5 + 1 + 0.01 + activated carbon –40
Sensors 5 + 1 + 0.01 –40
Instrument air 5+1 –20
Painting system 5+1 3
Food industry 5 + 1 + 0.01 + activated carbon 3
Air bearings 5+1 –20
Precision pressure regulators 5+1 –40
Process engineering 5+1 –40
Transportation of granulate 5+1 3
Transportation of powder 5 + 1 + 0.01 –20

P-1440  Internet: www.festo.com/catalogue/... Subject to change – 2009/07

Operating conditions for valves
Medium
Under normal operating conditions, Operation with unlubricated compressed • Once the valves have been operated • In all cases, a degree of filtration is
pneumatic valves from Festo can be ope- air is made possible by the selection with lubricated compressed air, it is required that removes contaminants
rated with lubricated or unlubricated of the material combinations, the shape essential that lubricated compressed up to 40 µm (standard filter cartridge
compressed air. of the dynamic seals and the basic lubri- air is always used subsequently since version).
If any particular product requires a diffe- cation applied ex works. the oil in the lubricated air will have Micro compressed air filtration may be
rent quality of compressed air, this is in- Operation with unlubricated compressed flushed away the basic lubrication. required for special applications.
dicated in the technical data for the rele- air is not possible under the following
vant product. operating conditions:

Nominal size
The nominal size provides information diameter of the orifice and is expressed provides a limited comparison between ducts, the standard nominal flow rate
about the smallest cross section in the in mm. This is a measurement that only different components. To compare pro- must also be considered.
main flow of the valve. It specifies the

Standard nominal flow rate

The standard nominal flow rate qnN is The nominal flow rate qn is the flow rate Exception 1: For pressure regulators:
the flow rate characteristic used by Festo measured under nominal conditions. Silencer Supply pressure p1 = 10 bar (constant)
for a unit or component expressed in l/ The following nominal conditions apply Supply pressure p1 = 6 bar and output pressure p2 = 6 bar
min. at Festo: Output pressure p2 = pamb at Q = 0 l/min are set for the test speci-
The standard nominal flow rate is the • Test medium air pamb = atmospheric pressure men. Subsequently, the flow rate is
nominal flow rate based on standard • Temperature 20 ±3 °C = temperature slowly and constantly increased using
temperature and pressure. Standard of medium Exception 2: the flow control valve until the output
conditions to DIN 1314: • Test specimen at ambient temperature Low-pressure components pressure reaches a value of p2 = 5 bar.
tn = 20 °C • The pressure to be set is: for compo- Supply pressure p1 = 0.1 bar The resulting flow rate is measured.
pn = 1.013 bar nents with constant cross section Output pressure p2 = pamb
pn = Absolute pressure (e.g. directional control valves):
(ambient pressure) Supply pressure p1 = 6 bar
Output pressure p2 = 5 bar

Pressure and pressure ranges

Pressure Operating pressure Operating pressure range
Force per area. There is a difference bet- Symbols Data quoted as “max.” or “max. permis- The range between the lowest required
ween differential pressure with respect Differential pressure with respect to at- sible” values refer to the maximum safe or highest permissible operating pres-
to atmosphere and absolute pressure. mosphere p pressure at which a component or sy- sure for safe operation of a component
Pressure specifications for pneumatic Absolute pressure pabs stem can be operated. or system. This pressure range is also
devices must normally be assumed to be Unit: bar, Pa (pascal) referred to in pneumatics as the working
the differential pressure with respect to 1 bar = 100,000 Pa pressure range.
atmosphere, unless expressly indicated
otherwise.

Pilot pressure range Drop-off pressure Absolute pressure Response pressure

The range between the lowest required Pressure which, if no longer maintained, Zero pressure occurs in a completely air- Pressure at which a directional control
or highest permissible pilot pressure for causes a single solenoid directional con- free space (100% vacuum). Pressure that valve is actuated. Catalogue specifica-
correct operation of a valve or system. trol valve to return to the normal posi- is calculated from this theoretical zero tions for response pressure signify that
The following pressures have been tion by means of its spring. point is absolute pressure. the indicated minimum pressure must
standardised to ISO 4399: 2.5, 6.3, 10, be present at the signal input to safely
16, 40 and 100 bar. switch the valve.

2009/07 – Subject to change  Internet: www.festo.com/catalogue/... P-1441

Operating conditions for drives
Medium
Under normal operating conditions, technical data for the relevant product. ration with unlubricated compressed air • Once the drives have been operated
pneumatic drives from Festo can be ope- Operation with unlubricated compressed is not possible under the following opera- with lubricated compressed air, it is
rated with lubricated or unlubricated air is made possible by the choice of ma- ting conditions: essential that lubricated compressed
dried compressed air. If any particular terials used, the material combinations, air is always used subsequently since
product requires a different quality of the shape of the dynamic seals and the the oil in the lubricated air will have
compressed air, this is indicated in the basic lubrication applied ex-works. Ope- flushed away the basic lubrication.

Recommended operating conditions Frequency

Pneumatic drives are intended to convert rating conditions” do not include use as If pneumatic drives are operated at maxi- cated compressed air, the maximum fre-
pressure energy into motion energy; this a spring or cushioning device, since this mum possible speed, a pause time must quency should be based on an average
process involves the transmission and would involve additional loads. be taken into account between the stroke speed of 1 m/s.
conveying of forces. “Recommended ope- movements. For operation with unlubri-

Mounting position Operating pressure Operating pressure range

In general, drives from Festo can be in- Data quoted as “max.” or “max. permis- The range between the lowest required or system. This pressure range is also re-
stalled in any desired position. If any li- sible” values refer to the maximum safe or highest permissible operating pres- ferred to in pneumatics as the working
mitations or special measures apply, pressure at which a drive or system can sure for safe operation of a component pressure range.
these are indicated in the technical data be operated.
for the relevant product.

Effective force with single-acting cylinders

Permissible deviation of spring forces in fective force must also be reduced by the mounting position and the type of load return force. In as far as this is possible,
accordance with DIN 2095, quality value of prevailing frictional forces. involved. Lateral forces increase friction. single-acting cylinders should be opera-
class 2, must be taken into consideration The degree of friction depends upon the Frictional force must be lower than spring ted without lateral forces.
for the cylinders’ effective force. The ef-

Permissible stroke deviations for standard cylinders

ISO 15552 (corresponds to the with- NF E 49003.1, UNI 10290), ISO 6432 nal value due to manufacturing toleran- Refer to the table for details regarding
drawn standards ISO 6431, and ISO 21287 permit a certain amount ces. These tolerances are always positive. precise permissible deviations.
DIN ISO 6431, VDMA 24562, of stroke length deviation from the nomi-

Standard Piston ∅ Stroke length Permissible stroke deviation Note

[mm] [mm] [mm] In the case of stroke lengths larger
ISO 6432 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25 0 … 500 +1.5 than those shown in the table, tole-
ISO 15552
555 32 0 … 500 +2 rances must be agreed upon bet-
40, 50 500 … 12,500 +3.2 ween the manufacturer and the
63 0 … 500 +2 user.
80, 100 500 … 12,500 +4
125, 160 0 … 500 +4
200, 250, 320 500 … 2,000 +5
ISO 212877 20, 25 0 … 500 +1.5
32, 40, 50 0 … 500 +2
63, 80, 100 0 … 500 +2.5

Contactless position sensing Piston diameter

Pneumatic drives from Festo with con-
tactless position sensing are fitted with a
mity sensors can be used to detect end or
intermediate positions of cylinders. One
-N-
This pictogram is used to indicate piston
permanent magnet on the cylinder or more proximity sensors can be clam-
diameter. This is just represented by ∅
piston, the magnetic field of which is ped to a cylinder, either directly or using
in the dimensions table.
used to actuate proximity sensors. Proxi- mounting kits.

P-1442  Internet: www.festo.com/catalogue/... Subject to change – 2009/07

Pressure/force table
Piston force [N]
∅ Operating pressure [bar]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2.5 0.4 0.9 1.3 1.8 2.2 2.7 3.1 3.5
3.5 0.9 1.7 3.8 3.5 4.3 5.2 6.1 6.9
5.35 2 4 6.1 8.1 10.1 12.1 14.2 16.2
6 2.5 5.1 7.6 10.2 12.7 15.3 17.8 20.4
8 4.5 9 13.6 18.1 22.6 27.1 31.7 36.2
10 7.1 14.1 21.2 28.3 35.3 42.4 49.5 56.5
12 10.2 20.4 30.5 40.7 50.9 61.0 71.3 81.4
16 18.1 36.5 54.3 72.4 90.5 109 127 145
20 28.3 56.5 84.8 113 141 170 198 226
25 44.2 88.4 133 177 221 265 309 353
32 72.4 145 217 290 362 434 507 579
40 113 226 339 452 565 679 792 905
50 177 353 530 707 884 1 060 1 240 1 410
63 281 561 842 1,120 1,400 1,680 1,960 2,240
80 452 905 1,360 1,810 2,260 2,710 3,170 3,620
100 707 1,410 2,120 2,830 3,530 4,240 4,950 5,650
125 1,100 2,210 3,310 4,420 5,520 6,630 7,730 8,840
160 1,810 3,620 5,430 7,240 9,050 10,900 12,700 14,500
200 2,830 5,650 8,480 11,300 14,100 17,000 19,800 22,600
250 4,420 8,840 13,300 17,700 22,100 26,500 30,900 35,300
320 7,240 14,500 21,700 29,000 36,200 43,400 50,700 57,900

Piston force [N]

∅ Operating pressure [bar]
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
2.5 4 4.4 4.9 5.3 5.7 6.2 6.6
3.5 7.8 8.7 9.5 10.4 11.3 12.1 13
5.35 18.2 20.2 22.2 24.3 26.3 28.3 30.3
6 22.9 25.4 28 30.5 33.1 35.6 38.2
8 40.7 45.2 49.8 54.3 58.8 63.3 67.9
10 63.6 70.7 77.8 84.8 91.9 99 106
12 91.6 101 112 122 132 143 153
16 163 181 199 217 235 253 271
20 254 283 311 339 368 396 424
25 398 442 486 530 574 619 663
32 651 724 796 869 941 1,010 1,090
40 1,020 1,130 1,240 1,360 1,470 1,580 1,700
50 1,590 1,770 1,940 2,120 2,300 2,470 2,650
63 2,520 2,810 3,090 3,370 3,650 3,930 4,210
80 4,070 4,520 4,980 5,430 5,880 6,330 6,790
100 6,360 7,070 7,780 8,480 9,190 9,900 10,600
125 9,940 11,000 12,100 13,300 14,400 15,500 16,600
160 16,300 18,100 19,900 21,700 23,500 25,300 27,100
200 25,400 28,300 31,100 33,900 36,800 39,600 42,400
250 39,800 44,200 48,600 53,000 57,400 61,900 66,300
320 65,100 72,400 79,600 86,900 94,100 101,000 109,000

The piston force F can be calculated from Piston force (final pressure) p = Operating pressure [bar]
the piston area A,
A the operating pressure d = Piston diameter [cm] ProPneu software tool for sizing is availa
F=p⋅A−R
p and the friction R using the following R = Friction ~10% [N] ble on DVD and at www.festo.com
formulae: d2 ⋅ π A = Piston area [cm²]
F = p ⋅ 10 ⋅ −R
4 F = Effective piston force [N]

2009/07 – Subject to change  Internet: www.festo.com/catalogue/... P-1443

Pressure/force graph
Operating pressure p as a function of piston diameter and force F
An allowance of 10% has been included for frictional force

p [bar]
∅ [mm]

F [N]

Given: Procedure: The selection of pneumatic drives is go- rous factors (lubrication, operating pres-
Load 800 N From F = 800 N go vertically upwards to verned primarily by the forces to be over- sure, back pressure, seal design, etc.).
Available system pressure 6 bar the point of intersection with the 6 bar come and the distances to be travelled. Back pressure generates a force which
line. The next largest piston diameter, A small percentage of the piston force is acts in the opposite direction and par-
To be calculated: 50 mm, lies between the lines for 4 and used to overcome friction, the remainder tially cancels out the effective force. Back
Required piston diameter 5 bar, which means that the operating is used to drive the load. pressure occurs in particular when ex-
Operating pressure to be set pressure should be set to approx. Only approximate values can be given, haust air flow controls are used or the
4.5 bar. since frictional force depends on nume- exhaust port is constricted.

P-1444  Internet: www.festo.com/catalogue/... Subject to change – 2009/07

Buckling load graph
Piston rod diameter as a function of stroke length l and force F
∅ [mm]
l [mm]

F [N]

Given: Procedure: Due to buckling stress, the maximum The graph shows this relationship ba-
Load 800 N From F = 800 N go vertically upwards to permissible load for a piston rod with a sed on the following formula:
Stroke length 500 mm the point of intersection with the horizon- long stroke length is lower than the value
Piston diameter 50 mm tal line through l = 500 mm. The next lar- suggested by the maximum permissible π2 ⋅ E ⋅ J
FK =
gest piston rod diameter in the graph is operating pressure and piston area. This l2 ⋅ S
To be calculated: 16 mm. The standard cylinder load must not exceed certain maximum
Piston rod diameter DNC-50-500 with a piston rod diameter values. These depend upon stroke length FK = Permissible buckling force [N]
Cylinder type: Standard cylinder of 20 mm is suitable for this stroke and piston rod diameter. E = Modulus of elasticity [N/mm²]
length. J = Moment of inertia [cm$]
l = Buckling length
= 2x stroke length [cm]
S = Safety factor (selected value: 5)

l ~ 2 x stroke

Note
The least satisfactory type of mounting
for this kind of stress is a swivel moun-
ting. The permissible load is higher for
other types of mounting.

2009/07 – Subject to change  Internet: www.festo.com/catalogue/... P-1445

Air consumption graph
Air consumption Q as a function of piston diameter and operating pressure p
p [bar]
∅ [mm]

Q [l/cm]

Given: Procedure: The result in the example according The graph shows consumption based
Cylinder DNC-50-500 Starting from the selected piston diame- to the specifications is approx. on the formula:
Piston ∅ 50 mm ter, follow the horizontal line to the point 0.09 l/cm. This value is multiplied
Piston rod diameter 20 mm of intersection with the operating pres- by 50 cm stroke length, corresponding Q = π ⋅ (d1 2 − d2 2) ⋅ h ⋅ p ⋅ 10 −6
4
Stroke length 500 mm sure; then go to the lower scale and read to an air consumption for a single stroke
Operating pressure 4.5 bar the corresponding air consumption. The length of approx. 4.5 l. For the return
value thus obtained must now be multi- stroke, the piston rod volume must be Q = Air consumption per cm stroke
To be calculated: plied by the stroke length (in cm). deducted from the stroke volume [l]
Air consumption (a piston rod diameter of 20 mm means d1 = Piston diameter [mm]
0.014 l/cm stroke length. At 50 cm d2 = Piston rod diameter [mm]
stroke length, the corresponding air con- h = Stroke (a constant 10 mm
sumption is 0.7 l), which means the re- in this case)
turn stroke air consumption is 3.8 l. The p = Operating pressure, relative
air consumption for a double stroke is [bar]
8.3 l.
The air consumption values determined
in this way are only guide values – one
of the reasons for this is that, particularly
with high cycle speeds, pressurised
chambers are not fully exhausted, which
means that actual air consumption may
be significantly lower.
Air consumption represents a part of ope-
rating costs.

P-1446  Internet: www.festo.com/catalogue/... Subject to change – 2009/07

Pneumatics and explosion protection – Directive 94/9/EC (ATEX)
What does ATEX mean?
Explosive atmospheres are a constant vapours and mist, for example. Explosive mixtures that occur there. For this rea- ed to non-electrical equipment on
hazard in the chemical and petrochemi- atmospheres can also be expected in son, electrical equipment in hazardous 01.07.2003.
cal industries because of the processing mills, silos and sugar and feed process- areas is subject to a special directive,
techniques used. These explosive at- ing plants because of the dust/oxygen 94/9/EC. This directive was also extend-
mospheres are caused by escaping gas,

ATEX - Directive 94/9/EC

ATEX is an acronym of the French expres- • Directive 94/9/EC stipulates the mini- • It applies to the marketing of all • It relates to both electrical and non-
sion “Atmosphère explosible”. mum safety requirements for equip- equipment and protective systems electrical equipment, if they have their
ment and protective systems that are within the European Economic Area own potential ignition source.
to be operated in explosive atmo- (regardless of the country of origin
spheres and that have their own igni- of the manufacturer).
tion sources.

Dual responsibility Explosion protection docu- Festo/equipment supplier

When equipment for explosion protec- mentation from system ma-
tion areas is beingg produced,
p system
y nufacturer
manufacturers and component suppliers System rating Equipment rating
must work closely together to ensure Directive 99/92/EC Directive 94/9/EC
that the correct category and explosion
protection
i zone are chosen.
h

Result: Result:
• Zone classification • Equipment categories
• Temperature classes • Temperature classes
• Explosion groups • Explosion groups
• AAmbient
bi temperature • AAmbient
bi temperature

Zone Category

Explosion protection classes

Gas Dust Frequency Equipment group Equipment category Area of application
zone zone
I M Miningg
M1
M2
II All non-mining areas of application
0 Constant,, frequent,
q , long-term
g II 1G Gas, mist, vapour
20 II 1D Dust
1 Occasional II 2G Gas, mist, vapour
21 II 2D Dust
2 Seldom,, short-term in the event of a fault II 3G Gas, mist, vapour
22 II 3D Dust

2009/07 – Subject to change  Internet: www.festo.com/catalogue/... P-1447

Pneumatics and explosion protection – Directive 94/9/EC (ATEX)
ATEX at Festo  www.festo.com/en/ex
Products requiring approval Products not requiring approval
Products requiring approval are those Products not requiring approval are
that have their own potential ignition those that do not have their own poten-
risk. They are labelled with the CE mar- tial ignition source. These products can
king and the explosion protection hexa- be used in specific explosion zones in
gon; operating instructions and the EC compliance with our manufacturer’s in-
declaration of conformity are provided. structions:
• Pneumatic accessories
• Tubing
• Fittings
• Pneumatic sub-bases
• Flow control and non-return valves
• Non-electrical service units
• Mechanical accessories

Festo’s product range for explosion protection includes products for equipment category II
Plug = Note
not requiring approval, The permissible technical catalogue
must satisfy defined data for the equipment in question as
requirements well as the warning notices and safety
information in the special documenta-
tion provided (including operating in-
structions, if applicable device docu-
ment) must be observed.

SSolenoid
l id coilil = elec-
l
trical equipment

According to the directive 94/9/EC, both

the solenoid coil and the power valve re-
quire approval in the case of valves. At
Festo, each have a separate rating plate
so that it is possible to tell at a glance
Non-electrical part
where the valve may be used.
of the solenoid valve
(power valve) must
Important: the equipment with the lowest
be approved
equipment category defines the category
for the module. For the module in this example:
II 3G T4

P-1448  Internet: www.festo.com/catalogue/... Subject to change – 2009/07

EC directives/approvals
EC directives (CE marking)

Festo AG & Co. KG adheres in principle to Most pneumatic products are not sub- 1. EC Machinery Directive 98/37/EC They must therefore also not be labelled
the applicable regulations. All informa- ject to any EC directive and consequently (as of 29.12.2009: 2006/42/EC) with the CE marking in accordance with
tion is based on the state of knowledge must not be labelled with the CE mar- Pneumatic products from Machinery Directive. Exceptions to this
today and is subject to change. We care- king. As things currently stand, products Festo AG & Co. KG are designed in com- are safety components. As of
fully follow any amendments/additions from the sales range of Festo AG & Co. KG pliance with the standards for pneumatic 29.12.2009, incomplete machines also
to these regulations and will produce our that are labelled with the CE marking are systems to ISO 4414 as well as EN 983 fall under the scope of application of the
products accordingly. subject to one or more of the following “Safety requirements for fluid systems Machinery Directive. These include
This guarantees that products from six EC directives in Europe. and their pneumatic components”. Our handling systems intended for installa-
Festo AG & Co. KG always comply with pneumatic products do not fall within tion in machines, for example. Incom-
the currently valid requirements. the scope of application specified in the plete machines are not labelled with the
EC Machinery Directive. CE marking. An installation declaration
is enclosed with these machines.

2. EC Directive on Electromagnetic Com- 3. EC Low Voltage Directive These products are labelled with the CE 6. EC Directive on Equipment and Pro-
patibility (2004/108/EC), including (2006/95/EC), including amendments. marking. The declaration of conformity is tective Systems intended for use in Po-
amendments. Since 01.01.1997, electrical and elec- included with the products. tentially Explosive Atmospheres - ATEX
The directive must be applied to our tronic products from Festo designated (94/9/EC). In force since 01.07.2003.
electronic and electronic/pneumatic pro- for use within specific voltage limits 5. EC Directive on Pressure Equipment The products offered by
ducts. This means that corresponding (50 … 1,000 V AC and 75 … 1,500 V DC) (97/23/EEC), including amendments. Festo AG & Co. KG which are intended for
products have had the CE marking since must be labelled with the CE marking. In force since 29.05.2002. use in potentially explosive atmospheres
01.01.1996 and the corresponding de- The corresponding declarations of con- The pressure vessels offered by and which have their own potential igni-
claration of conformity is available. For formity are available. Festo AG & Co. KG comply with the requi- tion risk comply with the requirements of
you, this means a guarantee that this rements of this directive. These pressure this directive. Products that are subject
equipment complies with the fundamen- 4. EC Directive on Simple Pressure Ves- vessels require CE marking above a cer- to this directive are correspondingly la-
tal requirements in industrial areas. The sels (87/404/EEC), including amend- tain pressure/volume product or pres- belled with the CE marking and identi-
use of this equipment in residential ments. sure/diameter product. fied in compliance with the directive. The
areas is restricted if no additional mea- In force since 30.06.1991. corresponding declaration of conformity
sures are taken to guarantee compliance The simple pressure vessels made from These products are labelled with the CE and the operating instructions are avai-
with the fundamental requirements of non-alloyed steel offered by marking. The declaration of conformity is lable.
the directive for residential areas. Festo AG & Co. KG comply with the requi- included with the products.
Solenoid coils are not affected by the rements of this directive. These air reser-
EMC Directive. voirs require CE marking above a certain Reservoirs made from stainless steel are
volume. subject to the Directive on Pressure
Equipment rather than the Directive on
Simple Pressure Vessels.

Product markings

See above

In accordance with EU directive 94/9/EC (ATEX)

Equipment and protective systems for use in accordance with regulations in a hazardous atmosphere.

UL certification for use in Canada and USA.

Recognized Product intended for installation, for example MPA valve terminal.

UL certification for use in Canada and USA.

Listed Product, a ready-to-use device, for example limit switch with cable and plug.

CSA certification for Canada and USA.

2009/07 – Subject to change  Internet: www.festo.com/catalogue/... P-1449

HACCP – Design – Clean room suitability
Food compatibility to HACCP Design awards
Type 15 CDVI Festo products appear regularly on the
The HACCP standard (HACCP = Hazard winners’ rostrum in major design com-
Analysis Critical Control Points) descri- petitions. There is much more to good
bes a procedure for the identification, design than being “pleasing to the eye”.
assessment and prevention of risks and The design emphasises and symbolises
hazards. The main focus is on biological, the technological edge and long-stan-
chemical and physical risks in the pro- ding value of Festo products.
duction process. The HACCP standard is
also part of the EC Directive on Food Hy-
giene (93/43/EEC).

Clean room suitability  www.festo.com/en/cleanroom

Cost-effective series for clean room Individuality made to measure The reliability to meet the highest re-
class 7 If you need to go as far as class 1, the quirements
At Festo, cost-effective standard pneu- products will be manufactured according Festo works with the Fraunhofer Institute
matic components take the place of com- to your specific requirements. Festo inte- for Production Technology and Automa-
plex special designs. This is possible be- grates these application-oriented solu- tion (IPA) and the renowned Nanyang
cause the quality concept is compatible tions in close-to-standard production, Technological University in Singapore
with almost all standard production pro- which means they will be available the to ensure that its products meet the high
ducts. These standard pneumatic com- next time you need them. requirements for clean room products.
ponents are suitable for use in a class 7 A dedicated Competence Center
clean room according to ISO 14644-1. for Cleanroom Technology at Festo Singa-
pore offers the necessary infrastructure
Close-to-standard products for clean for the production of pneumatic clean
rooms to class 4 room products.
Stringent requirements – but still an op-
timum cost/benefit ratio. At Festo, class
4 also means standard products – with
just one restriction: they are not availa-
ble ex-stock. Nonetheless, they can be
delivered to you within the shortest pos-
sible time.

P-1450  Internet: www.festo.com/catalogue/... Subject to change – 2009/07

Paint-wetting impairment substances and resistance to media
PWIS-free products
PW I S

Paint-wetting

Impairment

Substances

PWIS are substances that cause small Components used in the automobile in- substances contained in substances Products from Festo are free of paint-wet-
concave indentations at various points dustry, and especially in painting equip- and components with the naked eye, ting impairment substances as standard.
in the paint layer when surfaces are pain- ment, must be free of paint-wetting im- Volkswagen developed the testing stan- However, it is necessary to use grease
ted. pairment substances. dard PV 3.10.7. containing paint-wetting impairment
Silicone, fluoric materials, certain oils Because it is impossible to determine All products from Festo and the lubri- substances for some products for functio-
and greases may contain substances the level of paint-wetting impairment cants used in them undergo this test. nal and other reasons.
of this kind.

The following are PWIS-free

• For the manufacture of individual parts as well as random sample testing of • Liquid or paste-like sundry materials • Products that consist of PWIS-free
and modules neither the materials nor incoming goods by means of extraction (e.g. lubricating greases) that do not parts and contain PWIS-free lubri-
the sundries should contain paint-wet- must not cause any paint-wetting im- cause any paint-wetting impairment cants.
ting impairment substances. Tests car- pairment effects. effects through application as a result
ried out during the sampling procedure of the test.

Media resistance database  www.festo.com/media_resistance

It is well known that the resistance of ma- semi-finished product and seal suppliers
terials depends on many parameters and practical experience.
such as concentration of contact medium, The information is evaluated and the ta-
temperature, pressure, length of contact, bles are created based on the knowledge
stroke speed and switching frequency, available. Although every effort has been
surface finish in the case of mating fric- made to ensure the accuracy of this data-
tional parts, current speed and stress as
base, its contents should only be used for
well as ageing.
reference purposes.
This applies in particular to the compati-
Please note that the recommendations
bility of elastomers with special chemical
in this resistance database can neither
compounds.
The Festo resistance database shows you be guaranteed nor serve as the basis
the suitable material and its resistance for a warranty claim.
to chemical substances. Wherever possible and always in cases of
The information contained in this data- doubt, it is advisable to perform a practi-
base is based on lab tests from raw mate- cal test with the desired product under
rial manufacturers, material tables from actual operating conditions.

2009/07 – Subject to change  Internet: www.festo.com/catalogue/... P-1451

Protection classes according to IEC/EN 60529
Protection of electrical equipment
The terminology for designating the ex- • Protection of individuals against con- • Protection of equipment inside the • Protection of electrical equipment
tent of electrical protection provided tact with live or moving components housing against ingress of solid fo- against damage that would result
by an enclosure is “IP” (International within enclosures (protection against reign matter, including dust (protec- if water were to enter the enclosure
Protection) and is defined by accidental contact). tion against foreign matter). (protection against water).
IEC/EN 60529 “Degree of Protection Pro-
vided by Enclosures (IP Code)” and
DIN 40050 “IP Protection Classes” (stan-
dard for electrical equipment in road ve-
hicles). These standards describe the
classification of degrees of protection
provided by enclosures for electrical
equipment with rated voltages of up to
and including 72.5 kV. They set forth re-
quirements for the following:

The IP code to IEC/EN 60529

The protection class provided by an enc- Meaning of digit 1: Meaning of digit 2: Note
losure is demonstrated using standardi- Digit 1 denotes firstly the protection of Digit 2 refers to the protection of equip- The food industry generally uses com-
sed testing methods. The IP code is used individuals. It specifies the extent to ment. It rates the protection class of the ponents with IP protection class 65
for classifying this protection class. which the enclosure prevents individuals enclosure with respect to the harmful (dustproof and hose-water proof) or
The IP code is made up of the letters IP from coming into contact with dangerous effects on the equipment due to water IP67 (dustproof and capable of brief
and a two-digit code number. The defini- parts. The enclosure prevents or restricts entering the enclosure. submersion). The use of IP65 or IP67
tion of both digits is explained in the ta- the entry of body parts or of objects held depends on the specific application,
ble on the next page  P-1453. by an individual. Secondly, digit 1 speci- as each is governed by completely dif-
fies the extent to which the equipment is ferent test criteria. IP67 is not neces-
protected against the ingress of solid fo- sarily better than IP65. A component
reign matter. that fulfils the IP67 criteria does there-
fore not automatically satisfy the crite-
ria for IP65.

P-1452  Internet: www.festo.com/catalogue/... Subject to change – 2009/07

Protection classes according to IEC/EN 60529
IP codes
IP 6 5

Code letters
IP International Protection

Digit 1 Brief description Definition

0 Not protected –

1 Protected against solid foreign mat- A probing object, a ball of 50 mm in diameter, must not enter or penetrate the enc-
ter, 50 mm and larger losure.
2 Protected against solid foreign mat- A probing object, a ball of 12.5 mm in diameter, must not enter or penetrate
ter, 12.5 mm and larger the enclosure.
3 Protected against solid foreign mat- A probing object, a ball of 2.5 mm in diameter, must not penetrate at all.
ter, 2.5 mm and larger
4 Protected against solid foreign mat- A probing object, a ball of 1 mm in diameter, must not penetrate at all.
ter, 1.0 mm and larger
5 Protected against dust The ingress of dust is not completely prevented. The quantity of dust that enters
must not impair the safety or satisfactory operation of the equipment.
6 Dustproof No ingress of dust.

Digit 2 Brief description Definition

0 Not protected –

1 Protected against water droplets Vertically falling droplets must not have any harmful effect.

2 Protected against water droplets Vertically falling droplets must not have any harmful effect when the enclosure is
at an angle of 15° either side of the vertical.
3 Protected against spray water Water sprayed at any angle of up to 60° either side of the vertical must not have
any harmful effect.
4 Protected against water splashes Water splashing against the enclosure from any angle must not have any harmful
effect.
5 Protected against water jets Water directed at the enclosure from any angle in jet form must not have any
harmful effect.
6 Protected against powerful water Water directed against the enclosure from any angle in powerful jet form must not
jets have any harmful effect.
7 Protected against the effect of brief Water must not enter the equipment in amounts that can have a harmful effect if
submersion in water the enclosure is briefly submerged in water under standardised pressure and time
conditions.
8 Protected against the effect of conti- Water must not enter the equipment in amounts that can have a harmful effect if
nuous submersion in water the enclosure is continuously submerged in water.
The conditions must be agreed between the manufacturer and the user.
The conditions must, however, be more severe than code 7.
9K Protected against water from high- Water directed at the enclosure from any angle under high pressure must not have
pressure and steam jet cleaning any harmful effect.

2009/07 – Subject to change  Internet: www.festo.com/catalogue/... P-1453

Protection classes to NEMA
NEMA protection codes
The evaluation of electrical components With NEMA 250, enclosures for electrical Unlike IEC/EN 60529 and DIN 40050, Note
according to the American NEMA (Natio- components with a rated voltage not ex- NEMA 250 specifies additional tests The NEMA standards publication spe-
nal Electrical Manufacturers Association) ceeding 1000 volts are classified by such as corrosion tests, tensile tests cifies tests for environmental condi-
system is performed in accordance with type. They can also be classified by ope- for seals and freezing tests in addition tions such as corrosion, rust, ice, oil
NEMA Standards Publications 250-1997 rating environment (dangerous or not to test methods for protection against and coolants. IEC/EN 60529 does not
“Enclosures for Electrical Equipment dangerous). accidental contact with dangerous parts, do this and neither does it specify the
(1000 Volts Maximum)” dust and water. degree of protection against mechani-
 P-1453. cal equipment damage. For this reason
and also because the tests and evalua-
tions are based on different characteri-
stic data, the IP protection designa-
tions cannot be exactly equated with
the NEMA enclosure types.

NEMA system type

Non-hazardous operating environment: Type 1 Type 3 Type 4
All enclosure types provide protection Designed for internal use; protection For external use; protection against For internal and external use; protection
against accidental contact with the against contact with the enclosed device. wind-borne dust, rain, sleet and external against wind-borne dust, rain, splash
equipment (protection of people). ice formation. water and water jets.

Type 4X Type 6 Type 6P

For internal and external use; protection For internal and external use; protection For internal and external use; protec-
against corrosion, wind-borne dust, rain, against the ingress of water during occa- tion against the ingress of water du-
splash water and water jets. sional temporary submersion at a limi- ring prolonged submersion at a limited
ted depth. depth.

Type 12 Type 13
For internal use; protection against dust, For internal use; protection against dust,
falling dirt and dropping non-corrosive splash water, oil and non-corrosive coo-
liquids. lants.

P-1454  Internet: www.festo.com/catalogue/... Subject to change – 2009/07

Functional earthing – Protective earth – PELV
Concepts for ensuring protection against electric shock to IEC 60364-4-41/VDE 0100 Part 410
Definitions
Protection against electric shock means Protection against direct contact implies Protection against indirect contact im- The three best-known and most widely
protection against indirect and direct that live parts (active parts), which are plies that in the event of an insulation used concepts for ensuring protection
contact. not insulated under normal operating fault between active parts and bodies against electric shock are also referred
conditions, are protected against acci- or enclosures, contact voltages outside to as protection class I to III in specialist
dental contact. of the permissible range cannot occur literature and standardisation work.
or are disconnected promptly.

Protection class I – Protective earth conductor

In the case of electrical equipment in of the fault voltage. This disconnection is ment, the fault current flows via the pro- Equipment in protection class I includes
protection class I, protection against ensured by the contacting of the protec- tective circuit against the earth potential, lights, white goods (washing machines,
direct contact is ensured by means of ba- tive earth conductor on the equipment thereby triggering the upstream fuse ele- dryers, etc.) and industrial machinery.
sic insulation. enclosure via pprotective earth. ment ((e.g.
g residual current device pprotec- Symbol:
Protection against indirect contact is pro- If an insulation fault occurs in the equip- tion or circuit-breaker).
vided by means of prompt disconnection

Protective class II – Protective insulation

In the cases of equipment in protection it is not possible to come into contact Equipment in protection class II must not Equipment in protection class II includes
class II, the protection refers to direct with contact voltages outside of the per- be connected to the protective circuit. hi-fi components, electric power tools
and indirect contact with the improved missible range either in the event This equipment does not therefore have and household appliances and is identi-
enclosure insulation. The enclosure in- of a fault or duringg operation.
p the pprotective contact on the pplug.
g fied with the following symbol:
sulation is reinforced or doubled so that

Protective class III – Safety extra-low voltage (SELV)

In the case of equipment in protection means of a sufficiently high IP protection the component with protective extra-low Equipment in protection class III is fre-
class III, protection against direct and class (protection against direct contact voltage (protection against indirect con- quently identified (no mandatory identi-
indirect contact is ensured both byy with active pparts)) and electrical supply
pp y of tact in the event of a fault).) fication) with the following symbol:

2009/07 – Subject to change  Internet: www.festo.com/catalogue/... P-1455

Functional earth – Protective earth – PELV
Special protection class for components from Festo
Protection class III
On the basis of the information currently This means that, in the case of the The use of a PELV supply ensures that no The earth terminal therefore is a functio-
available, all 24 V DC valve terminals 24 V DC components from Festo, protec- contact voltages outside of the permissi- nal earthing (discharge of electromagne-
(type 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, CPV, CPA, etc.), tion against direct and indirect contact ble range can occur in the event of a tic disturbances) rather than a protective
position controllers (PLC…, etc.), sensors is ensured by means of a sufficiently fault due to the high dielectric strength earth function and must always make
(proximity sensors, pressure switches, high IP protection class as well as a pro- (4 kV) from the primary to the secondary contact.
pressure sensors)) andd proportional
i l tective
i extra-low
l voltage
l supply
l to the
h side.
id
valves from Festo belong to protection component: PELV “Protective Extra-Low
class III. Voltage”.

Why does Festo use protection class III?

Due to the increasingly compact designs This is because the standards specify mi- no longer possible. tection against electric shock is provided
of modern automation components, pro- nimum distances for the air and leakage It is for this reason that protection class by protective extra-low voltage) is used in
tection class I is no longer the optimum paths, which means that a further mini- III (no protective earth conductor, as pro- modern automation components.
solution with respect to construction size. mising of the size of the components is

What do customers need to know about installing equipment in protection class III?
The electrical supply to the equipment count. Power sources are permitted if re- electromagnetic disturbances, equipo-
must only be provided by PELV circuits liable electrical isolation of the operating tential bonding and thus ensuring proper
to IEC/EN 60204-1. The general require- voltage to IEC/EN 60204-1 is guaranteed. functioning. They must be connected
ments for PELV circuits as per The earth terminals on the components, to the earth potential with low resistance
IEC/EN 60204-1 must be taken into ac- where available, are used for discharging (short lines with large cross section).

P-1456  Internet: www.festo.com/catalogue/... Subject to change – 2009/07

Spark arresting
Spark arresting of switch contacts in circuits incorporating solenoid coils
The inductance of solenoid coils stores switch used, this energy is either conver- the insulation, or an arc which can burn avoid these effects by slowly and con-
electromagnetic energy when the circuit ted to a voltage peak (switch-off overvol- away the contacts (material creep). Va- stantly discharging the electromagnetic
is switched on and this is discharged tage), which can cause a breakdown in rious types of components can be used to energy.
when switched off. Depending on the

Electronic arc arrestors

If the polarity in DC circuits is clearly de- A more suitable arrangement consists Varistors are ideal elements for reducing
fined, a simple diode can be used, wired of two zener diodes, wired with opposing switch-off overvoltage; their leakage cur-
parallel to the coil. It must be noted that polarity parallel to the coil, which can rent only rises if the rated voltage is ex-
this considerably increases the solenoid be used for DC and AC. This prevents ceeded. They are suitable for DC and AC.
switch-off time. switch-off delay. However, several zener
diodes must be wired in series for volta-
ges over 150 V.

D.C. or A.C. D.C. or A.C.

100% duty cycle

Within DIN VDE 0580, the 100% duty cy- the pneumatic part in this test. testing of the solenoid. If the solenoid is dual device and on equipment in a mani-
cle test covers only the electrical part The worst-case scenario is reviewed in also used on valve terminals, the 100% fold assembly.
of the solenoid coil. Festo also includes the test. The test represents a function duty cycle test is performed on the indivi-

Conditions Procedure Termination criterion

• The solenoids are operated with The solenoids are operated for at least • Leakage measurements. The drop-off behaviour, starting beha-
the maximum permissible voltage 72 hours under the above conditions. At • Once the results have been recorded, viour or leakage exceeds or falls below
(continuous operation S1 the end of this period, the following tests this process is repeated again until the following limit values:
to DIN VDE 0580). are carried out: the units being tested have reached • Drop-off current: > 1.0 mA
• The solenoids are subjected to • Drop-off current measurement: drop- a total duty cycle of at least • Starting voltage: > UN+10%
the maximum permissible ambient off behaviour when switched to de- 1,000 hours or a termination criterion • Leakage: > 10 l/h
temperature in a temperature cabinet energised state. has been fulfilled.
(non-convecting). • Starting behaviour when immediately • Following completion of the 100%
• The solenoids are supplied with energised with the minimum opera- duty cycle test, the sealing nipples are
the maximum permissible operating ting voltage and with the least favou- inspected visually for damage.
pressure with sealed working lines. rable pressure ratios for excitation.

2009/07 – Subject to change  Internet: www.festo.com/catalogue/... P-1457