A

Mini Project report

On
1. Work related to preparation of bill of quantity & tender document.

2. Work related to design & drawing of flat slab using IS Code method.

3. Work related to cost estimation of (including market survey of rates) earthwork for a highway.

4. Design & analysis of a G+5 residential building using structural design and analysis software Staad
Pro.

Submitted by

Surabhi Yadav

Roll No. - 1601000092

B.Tech IV Year

Department of Civil Engineering

United College of Engineering & Research, Prayagraj

Affiliated to

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow

INDEX

1. Work related to preparation of bill of quantity & tender document

1.1 Introduction
1.2 General Information
1.3 Usage
1.4 Detailed description of work
1.5 Preparation of tender
1.6 Reference
2. Work related to design & drawing of flat slab using IS Code method
2.1 Introduction
2.2 General Information
2.3 Flat Slab
2.4 Component of Flat Slab
3. Work related to cost estimation of (including market survey of rates) earthwork for a highway.
3.1 Introduction
3.2 General Information
3.3 Application
3.4 Detailed Description of Work
3.5 Reference
4. Design & analysis of a G+5 residential building using structural design and analysis software
Staad Pro.
4.1 Introduction
4.2 General Information
4.3 Usage
4.4 Detailed Description of Work
4.5 Detailing of RCC Elements
4.6 Reference
 1. Work related to preparation of bill of quantity & tender document.

INTRODUCTION

The bill of quantities (sometimes referred to as 'BoQ' or 'BQ') is a document prepared by the cost
consultant (often a quantity surveyor) that provides project specific measured quantities of the items
of work identified by the drawings and specifications in the tender documentation.

The quantities may be measured in number, length, area, volume, weight or time. Preparing a bill of
quantities requires that the design is complete and a specification has been prepared.

GENERAL INFORMATION

The bill of quantities is issued to tenderers for them to prepare a price for carrying out the works. The bill
of quantities assists tenderers in the calculation of construction costs for their tender, and, as it means
all tendering contractors will be pricing the same quantities (rather than taking off quantities from
the drawings and specifications themselves), it also provides a fair and accurate system for tendering.

The contractor tenders against the bill of quantities, stating their price for each item. This priced bill of
quantities constitutes the tenderer's offer. As the offer is built up of prescribed items, it is possible to
compare both the overall price and individual items directly with other tenderers' offers, allowing a
detailed assessment of which aspects of a tender may offer good or poor value. This information can
assist with tender negotiations.

USAGE

Bills of quantities are most useful to the contractor when they are prepared in work sections that reflect
likely sub-contract packages. This makes it easier for the contractor to obtain prices from sub-
contractors and is more likely to result in an accurate and competitive price.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF WORK

The bill of quantities should identify the different kinds of work required, but should not specify them as
this can lead to confusion between information in the bill of quantities and information in
the specification itself.

Disputes can occur where there is discrepancy between the bill of quantities and the rest of the tender
documents (for example where an item is included in the drawings and specification but not in the bill of
quantities), or where there has been an arithmetical error.
A contingency sum is an item found within a bill of quantities (BoQ). The item refers to unforeseeable
cost likely to be incurred during the contract. There are two types of contingency sum. The first refers to a
specific item, e.g., "additional alterations to services when installing said shower unit", where an item for
alterations to existing services is not contained within the BoQ but some work is envisaged.

The second type of sum is where money can be allocated to any item, within the BoQ, in the same way as
the above example or used as "additional work to be undertaken by the contractor, at the request of the
contract administrator".

The first is usually approximated by the client’s PQS and the second by the contractors QS (or
commercial manager).

What’s in the BOQ format?

In India, BOQ documents commonly include these details:

• Your engineer/consultant/company name, address, contact number and/or invoice unique number
• Your customer/client’s name and address
• Proper descriptions of the materials, parts, and labour to be used
• Itemised quantities of the number, length, area, volume, weight or time used
• Your company’s GST and/or PAN number
• Net amount to be paid by customer or client

Do note that parts of a BOQ document can vary according to project size and agencies. For this article we
will only focus on the Measured Work aspect of BOQs – only actual or estimated work are measured and
tabulated.

These details are laid out in a tabular form that includes the item serial number, description of spec-in
contents, unit, quantity, rates and rupee amounts in different columns.

Writing BOQ descriptions

This part of the BOQ is the key element of the document as it provides detailed information about
individual items. To omit any data in the descriptions can affect the entire BOQ document, that’s why it is
crucial to write watertight descriptions.

BOQ descriptions for each module can consist of the following:

• Short description of the billable action
• Names of products, materials and their chemical make-up, if any
• Exclusions (e.g. actions that are not in the scope of work)
• Dimensions of the materials/items required (e.g. length, width, weight, diameter, percentages, ratios,
etc.)
• Volume/area of size covered in the billable action
• Any additional tasks or tools required to complete billable action
• Regulations and/or standards required of your billable actions/materials
• Disposal, handling and/or maintenance information
• Limitations to scope of work
• Warranty periods, if any
Depending on your organisation’s tendering conventions, your BOQ document will end off with the total
sum of charges required in numbers and words. Terms and conditions, legal contracts, clauses, and
signature lines and stakeholder designations may also form the end of your BOQ.

 Include columns for the item numbers, description, unit of measurement, quantity, rate for the
item, labor, and total cost for the item. Your item numbers will be consecutive, starting from 1.
Restart the item numbers for each section or category of the build.
 The columns for the rate for each item and total costs will be filled in by contractors bidding on
the project. You typically won't have any values in those columns while you're drafting your
BoQ.
 Prepare a list of materials you'll need to complete the project. Look at the architect's plans and
write a basic list of all the building materials required and the amounts needed of each. This
includes wiring, hardware, and other fixtures.
 For example, if you're building a house, you might need framing materials, sheetrock, bricks,
concrete, flooring materials, wiring, lighting fixtures, and kitchen and bathroom fixtures.
 Identify the unit of measurement for each of your materials. This may be a standard unit. For
example, if you've included paint on your list of materials, the unit of measurement may be
gallons or litres.
 Once you've determined the materials you'll need, fill them in on your spreadsheet. For example,
if you need paint for your project, you might list "green paint" next to item #1. In the column for
unit of measurement, you would write "gallons." Then you would include the number of gallons
you needed in the quantity column.
 Tip: When determining how much you'll need of a material, add 15 to 20 percent for waste. This
accounts for materials that are damaged or defective.
 Break down the project into specific sections or categories. Since different parts of your project
will likely be handled by different contractors or subcontractors, split up your list of materials
into those sections. That way, each contractor or subcontractor will know exactly what their costs
will be for the project.
 If you're building a house, some different parts might include "framing," "plumbing," "electrical,"
"kitchen," "bath," and "flooring."
 Some materials may fall under more than one part. For example, if you have "framing" and
"flooring," they may both need to use the same nails. This means you need to divide the overall
number of nails you estimated between the two.
 Estimate the labor required to complete each part. Based on the amount of work to be done,
determine the number of man-hours it will take to finish. This should be a conservative estimate
since some workers are more efficient than others.
 You can talk to contractors to get an idea of how many hours it would take to finish a given part.
A quantity surveyor would usually be able to estimate this off the top of their head, based on their
experience with similar projects.
 Make an initial cost estimate based on the architect's design. Look at the average prices for the
materials and labor in your area. You can find out materials prices by checking hardware stores.
To learn labor prices, you can talk to contractors in your area who work on similar projects.
 When you total your material prices and your labor costs, you'll have a general idea of how much
money your project will cost to complete.
  Print off a separate copy of the BoQ for your initial cost estimate. This information isn't usually
included on the official BoQ you submit to contractors for bids. Use it to compare bids you get
from contractors to find the best bid for your project.
 Draft a schedule based on the estimates in the BoQ. Once you have labor estimates, it's possible
to determine how long it will take to complete your project. Keep this schedule loose to account
for things, such as weather, that could cause delays.
For example, if you've estimated it will take 1,000 man-hours to build your house, assuming the
contractors work 40 hours a week and there are no delays, it would take them 25 weeks to complete your
house. However, to allow for delays, you're better off planning for it to take 30 to 40 weeks.

PREPARATION OF TENDER

A tender is a submission made by a prospective supplier in response to an invitation to tender. It makes an

offer for the supply of goods or services, including a price and proposals for how the requirements will be
satisfied if these have been requested.

An invitation to tender provides prospective suppliers with tender documentation setting out the
information they need to prepare their offer. It is vital that tender documents are comprehensive and clear
 if realistic prices are to be obtained, making it more likely that the project will adhere to the budget once
the works begin, and reducing the likelihood of misunderstandings, mistakes and claims.

Tender documents might include:

 A letter of invitation to tender;

 The form of tender (formal acknowledgement that the supplier understands and accepts the terms
of conditions of the tender documents);
 Preliminaries (providing a description of the project, allowing the supplier to assess costs which, while
they do not form a part of any of the package of works required by the contract, are required by the
method and circumstances of the works, such as general plant, site staff and welfare facilities);
 The form of contract that will be used, contract conditions and any amendments. This might include
a model enabling amendment if building information modelling (BIM) is being used, to make a BIM
protocol part of the contract documentation;
 Employer's information requirements if BIM is being used (defining the information that will be
required for the development of the project and for the operation of the completed built asset);
 A tender pricing document (or contract sum analysis on design and build projects). This sets out the
way prospective suppliers should breakdown their overall tender price and is effectively an
unpriced bill of quantities;
 A drawing schedule;
 Design drawings, and perhaps an existing building information model;
 Specifications, and
 On construction management contracts, tender documentation for trade contracts might include
the construction manager's master programme.

It is important, when this is done, to ensure that the interfaces between packages are properly identified
and clearly allocated to one package or another. Having too many packages increases the number
of interfaces and so the potential problems.

The suppliers will need to appraise the tender documents themselves before sending them on to
any subcontractors for them to price and return. This can take time, so it is recommended that when
setting a timescale, to consider how complex the supply chain is likely to be and how important it is that
responses are received quickly.

Mid-tender interviews may be arranged to allow clarification of matters that might otherwise lead to an
inaccurate tender being submitted; they can also give the client insights into potential problems or
opportunities in the project as it is described by the tender documentation. Responses to queries raised
during the tender process can lead to clarification or amendment of the tender documentation which may
also result in an extension of the tender period. It is better to allow sufficient time during the tender
process to investigate opportunities and clarify problems, as the resulting tenders will then be better
prepared and will be likely to save time and money later.

There may be further interviews once the tenders have been received and assessed.
Once the preferred supplier has been identified there may be a tender settlement meeting to enter
into negotiations. This may result in further adjustment of the tender documents and the submission of a
revised tender.

REFERENCES

 https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/How_to_prepare_tender_documents
 https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bill_of_quantities_
 https://m.wikihow.com/Prepare-a-Bill-of-Quantities?amp=1
2. Work related to design & drawing of flat slab using IS Code method.

INTRODUCTION

Flat slabs system of construction is one in which the beams used in the conventional methods of
constructions are done away with. The slab directly rests on the column and load from the slab is directly
transferred to the columns and then to the foundation. To support heavy loads the thickness of slab near
the support with the column is increased and these are called drops, or columns are generally provided
with enlarged heads called column heads or capitals.
Absence of beam gives a plain ceiling, thus giving better architectural appearance and also less
vulnerability in case of fire than in usual cases where beams are used.

GENERAL INFORMATION

In general normal frame construction utilizes columns, slabs & Beams. However it may be
possible to undertake construction without providing beams, in such a case the frame system would
consist of slab and column without beams. These types of Slabs are called flat slab, since their behavior
resembles the bending of flat plates. A reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete columns
without the use of beams

Flat Slab

Flat slab representation

 Flat slab sizes

Given data:

Interior panel = 12.11 x 10.21 m

Live load = 4 KN/ m2

Floor finished load = 1 KN/ mm2

fck = 25 N/mm2

fy = 415 N/mm2

Column size = 750 x 750 mm

Thickness of slab:

Thickness of slab = 40, if mild steel

= 32, if fy415 or fy500

Thickness of slab, d = span/32

= 12116/32

d = 378.62 mm ~ 380 mm
Take cover as 40mm

D = 380 + 40 = 420 mm

D = d + 40

D= 380 + 40= 420 mm

Drop = 1/3 x span

= 1/3 x 12.116

=4m

 Provide drop of 4 m x 4 m

Provide a drop of 150 mm thick

Total thickness = slab + drop

D = 420 + 150

= 570 mm

Self weight of slab = 0.57 x 25

= 14.25 KN/m2

Floor finished load = 1 KN/m2

Live load = 4 KN/m2

Total load = 14.25 + 1 + 4 = 19.25 KN/m2

Design factored load, Wu = 1.5 x 19.25 = 28.87 KN/m2

Clear span = 12.116 - 0.75 = 11.366 m

Design load,

Wo = W u x l e x l x

= 28.87 x 12.11 x 11.36

Wo = 3975.7 KN

Design total moment,

Mo = Wlx / 8

= (3975.7 x 11.36) / 8
 = 5648.47 KNm

Negative design moment = 0.65 x Mo

Positive design moment = 0.35 x Mo

Total negative moment = 0.65 x 5648.47

= 3671.51 KNm

Total positive moment = 0.35 x 5648.47

= 1976.96 KNm

Width of column strip = width of middle strip = 4000 mm = 4 m

Column strip Middle strip

Negative moment 0.75 x 3671.51 = 2753 KNm 0.25 x 3671.51 = 917.87 KNm

Positive moment 0.60 x 1976.96 = 1186.18 KNm 0.4x1976.96 = 790.784 KNm

Mulimit = 0.138fckbd2

= 0.138 x 25 x 10211 x 5302

= 9895.5 x 106 Nmm

= 9895.5 KNm

 Mulimit = 9895.5 KNm

Mu = 5648.47 KNm

Mulimit > Mu

Hence thickness is safe and sufficient.

Check for shear:

Critical section is at distance d/2 = 530/2

= 265 mm

It is square in size = column size + 265 + 265

= 750 + 265 + 265

= 1280 mm

V = Total load – Wo x 0.810 x 0.810

 = (28.87x12.11x10.21) – (28.87 x 1.28 x 1.28)

= 3524.4 KN

Nominal shear, v = 3524.4 x (1000/1280 x 4 x 530)

= 1.298 N/mm2

Shear strength = Ksc

Ks = 0.5 + c

c = L1/L2

= 12.11/10.21

= 1.19

Ks = 0.5 + 1.19

=1.7

c = 0.25fck = 0.2525

=1.25 N/mm2

v>c

Hence slab is not safe in shear.

Reinforcement:

For negative moment in column strip:

Mu=2753.6KNm
d = 530mm

Mu = 0.87fyAstd [1-Astfy/bdfck]

2753.6 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 530 [1 – (Ast x 415) / (10211 x 530 x 25)]

= 191356.5 Ast [1 - Ast / 135.3x106]

Ast = 14389.9 mm2

Width = 10.211 mm

Using 16mm bar spacing requirement is

S = (/4 x 162 / 14390) x 10211

 = 142.7 mm

Provide 16mm bars at 200 mm C/C.

For positive moment column strip:

Mu=1186.18KNmm
d = 380 mm

Mu = 0.87fyAstd [1-Astfy/bdfck]

1186.18x106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 380 [1-Astx415 / 10211x380x25]

= 137199 Ast [1 – 415Ast/97x106]

Ast = 8991.6 mm2

Using 16mm bar spacing requirement is

S = (/4x162 / 8991.6) x 10211 =288.3 mm

Provide 16mm bars at 250 mm C/C.

For negative moment in middle strip:

Mu=917.87KNm
d = 380 mm

Mu = 0.87fyAstd [1-Astfy/bdfck]

917.87x106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 380 [1 - Astx415 / 10211x380x25]

= 137199 Ast [1 - 415Ast / 97x106]

Ast = 6893.37 mm2

Width = 10211 mm

Using 16mm bar spacing requirement is

S = (/4 x 162 / 6893.37) x 10211

= 297.8 mm

Provide 16mm bars at 300 mm C/C.

For positive moment middle strip:

Mu=790.784x106KNmm
d = 380 mm

Mu = 0.87fyAstd [1-Astfy/bdfck]
 790.78x106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 380 [1 - Astx415 / 10211x380x25]

= 137199Ast [1 – 20.75Ast / 97x106]

Ast = 5913.4 mm2

Using 16mm bar spacing requirement is

S = (/4 x 162 / 5913.4) x 10211 = 347.2 mm

Provide 16mm bars at 400 mm C/C.

Components of Flat Slabs

a. Drops: To resist the punching shear which is predominant at the contact of slab and column
Support, the drop dimension should not be less than one -third of panel length in t hat direction.
b. Column Heads: Certain amount of negative moment is transferred from the slab to the column at
the support. To resist this negative moment the area at the support needs to be increased .this is
facilitated by providing column capital/heads.

Flat slabs are appropriate for most floor situations and also for irregular column layouts, curved
floor shapes, ramps etc. The benefits of choosing flat slabs include a minimum depth solution, speed of
construction, flexibility in the plan layout (both in terms of the shape and column layout), a flat soffit
(clean finishes and freedom of layout of services) and scope and space for the use of flying forms.

The flexibility of flat slab construction can lead to high economy and yet allow the architect great
freedom of form.

Examples are; solid flat slab, solid flat slab with drop panel, solid flat slab with column head,
coffered flat slab, coffered flat slab with solid panels, banded coffered flat slab.

Fig: 2.1 Solid Flat Slab Fig: 2.2 Coffered Flat Slab
 5. Work related to cost estimation of (including market survey of rates) earthwork for a
highway.

INTRODUCTION

Earthworks are engineering works created through the moving and/or processing of massive quantities
of soil or unformed rock. Earthwork is done to reconfigure the topography of a site to achieve the design
levels. Earthwork involves cutting and filling to achieve the required topography.

Cutting: Cutting is the process of excavating earth material from a work location or borrow pits to
achieve the desired topography.

Filling: The filling is the process of moving the excavated material or additional earth material to a
work location to achieve the desired topography.

GENERAL INFORMATION

Road estimating can be calculated through three methods:

Method 1. Mid- Sectional Area Method

Area of mid section= Area of rectangular portion + Area of two triangular

portion

Method 2. Mean Sectional Area Method

Quantity = Mean sectional x Length

Method 3. Area of Sloping Surface

The area of sides which may require turfing or pitching, may be found by multiplying the mean sloping
breadth by the length.

The mean sloping breadth = √(sd2+d2)

Area of both side slopes= 2L x d√s2+1

APPLICATION

Typically, earthwork is classified in the following projects:

 Road works
 Railways
 Irrigation projects such as canals and dams
  Other common earthwork applications are land grading to reconfigure the topography of a site, or
to stabilize slopes

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF WORK

Estimate the cost of earthwork (Mid Sectional method) for a portion of highway from the following
data:

Chainage 1 2 3 4 5 6

RL of ground 10.750 11.250 12.355 11.130 12.575 13.755

RL of formulation level = 15

Chainage distance = 30 m

Width of formation = 10

Side Slope = 2:1

1
For 30m chainage, decrease in RL (Fall) = 1200 x 30 = 0.025m

RL of formation level = 15.000, 14.975, 14.950, 14.925, 14.900 and 14.875

Whereas RL of ground = 10.750, 11.250, 12.355, 11. 130, 12.575 and 13.775

So, filling depth [ RL (Formation level) > RL (Ground)]

= 4.25m, 3.725m, 2.595m, 3.795m, 2.325m, 1.120m

RL of Formation Level (1) RL of Ground (2) Filling Depth (1)-(2)

15.000 10.750 4.25 m

14.975 11.250 3.725 m

14.950 12.355 2.595 m

14.925 11.130 3.795 m

14.900 12.575 2.325 m

14.875 13.755 1.120 m

Calculation of qualities of earthwork (B=10m, S=2)

Chainage Depth Mean B x dm dm2 S dm2 B dm+ L Quantity

(m) depth S dm2 Filling Cutting
(m)
1. 4.250 - - - - - - - -

2. 3.725 3.9875 39.875 15.898 31.796 71.671 30 2150.13 -

3. 2.595 3.160 31.600 9.985 19.970 51.570 30 1547.10 -

4. 3.795 3.195 31.950 10.21 20.420 52.370 30 1479.60 -

5. 2.325 3.060 30.600 9.36 18.720 49.320 30 1571.10 -

6. -
1.120 1.7225 17.225 2.967 5.934 23.159 30 694.77
Total = 7442 m3

Cost estimation of earthwork for highway

Excavation in filling- Rate: 200 per m3

Abstract of estimated Cost

Item No. Particulars Quantity Unit Rate Per Cost

of item
1. Earthwork in 7442.7 Cum 200 %cum 1,488,540
filling
Total=
1,488,540
Reference : Civil Estimating, Costing & Valuation by M.K. Add 5%(3% for 74,427
Varshney contingencies and 2%
for workcharge
establishment)
Total=
Rs. 1,562,967
4. Design & analysis of a G+5 residential building using structural design and analysis software Staad
Pro.

INTRODUCTION

A building frame consists of number of bays and storey. A multistorey, multi-paneled frame is a
complicated statically intermediate structure. A design of R.C building of G+5storey frame work is taken
up. The building in plan (17.52*26.364) consists of columns built monolithically forming a network. The
size of building is 17.52*26.364m. The number of columns are 15. It is residential complex.

GENERAL INFORMATION

The design is made using software on structural analysis design (staad-pro). The building subjected to
both the vertical loads as well as horizontal loads. The vertical load consists of dead load of structural
components such as beams, columns, slabs etc and live loads. The horizontal load consists of the wind
forces thus building is designed for dead load, live load and wind load as per IS 875. The building is
designed as two dimensional vertical frame and analyzed for the maximum and minimum bending
moments and shear forces by trial and error methods as per IS456-2000. The help is taken by software
available in institute and the computations of loads, moments and shear forces and obtained from this
software.

USAGE

From the work carried out in STAAD.Pro we can conclude that

1. Using STAAD.Pro the analysis of multi storey building has completed much quicker when compare
with manual analysis (Kani's method).
2. It is observed that the reinforcement percentage in the sections is more in the case of software design
when compared to manual calculations.
3. Designing using Software's like Staad reduces lot of time in design work.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF WORK

ANALYSIS
Analysis of RCC structure. Shear force and Bending moment calculations.
 Compare result with manual result
 Adopting safe and economical design.

MODEL WITH DETAILING

1. Open STAAD.PRO, click on add beam and then click on OK.
2. Then select units by clicking on meters and kilonewtons and then click OK.
3. Click on geometry and add nodes by using node cursor.
4. Add nodes by giving the assumed distances and the click on OK.
5. By using beam cursor join the nodes for forming beams.

DESIGN OF RCC ELEMENTS:

Geometry data
Give the length along shorter direction and length along longer direction. Then click on next. It displays
the slab structure on the right side of the geometry data

Material data
Enter the material data that is grade of concrete and grade of steel.

Loads
Enter the values of superimposed dead load and live load

Load combinations
Give factor for superimposed dead load and self weight.
Enter the factor for live load and click on next.

Reinforcement data
1. Give bar size along shorter dimension and bar size along longer dimension.
2. Provide clear cover according to codes.

REFERENCES:
1 􀀀􀀀􀀀IS 456:2000 Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete
2. 􀀀􀀀􀀀SP 16(S&T): 1980 Design aids for reinforced concrete to IS 456:1978
3. 􀀀􀀀􀀀SP 23(S&T): 1982 Handbook on concrete mixes
4. 􀀀􀀀􀀀SP 34(S&T): 1987 Handbook on concrete reinforcement and detailing
5. 􀀀􀀀􀀀IS 875 (part 2)–1987 code of practice for live load
6. 􀀀􀀀􀀀IS 875 (part 3)–1987 code of practice for wind load
7. 􀀀􀀀􀀀IS 800-2007 code for steel
8. 􀀀􀀀􀀀IS code 2502 - Code of Practice