11/20/2019 tutorialETD - Jupyter Notebook

ETD Tutorial Sheet

In [1]:

1 import numpy as np
2 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
3 import math
4 import scipy
5 import scipy.optimize as opt
6 from scipy import interpolate

Introduction (Temperature/Zeroth Law)

Q1
Temperature of an object varies linearly as 𝑇 = 𝑎𝑋 + 𝑜𝑏 where 𝑋 is some property and 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants.
The thermometer measures 10𝑜
when is 𝑋 10 and 35 when 𝑋 is halved. Determine the temperature when
𝑋 = 20 .
Click here for Soln.

Ans= -40

Q2
Determine the value of temperature corresponding to absolute zero using a constant volume gas thermometer.
Use freezing point and boiling point of water as and 50𝑜 100𝑜
respectively.
Click here for Soln.

Ans= -86.575

First Law
Q1
A rigid evacuated bottle having volume V is suddenly opened and atmospheric air ( 𝑃𝑜,𝑇𝑜 ) gradually flows in
and eventually the trapped air in the bottle reach in thermodynamic equilibrium with atmosphere. Determine the
net heat interaction during the entire filling process considering system as closed one.

Q2
Solve the above question considering system as open system

Q3
Determine the coefficient of thermal expansion for air at 20𝑜 𝐶 and 1 bar. Make suitable assumptions.
Click here for Soln.

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Ans ≈ 0.003411𝐾 −1
Internal energy
Q4
Air at 300 K and 200 kPa is heated at constant pressure to 600 K. Determine the change in internal energy of
air.
Click here for Soln.

Assumption: Ideal gas Using tables for state 1 and 2

𝑢1 = 214.4 kJ/kg
𝑢2 = 435.1 kJ/kg
Ans = 220.7𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Using 𝐶𝑣 = f(T)
Δ𝑢 = ∫ 𝑐𝑣 𝑑𝑡 2 3
𝑐¯𝑝 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑇 + 𝑐𝑇 + 𝑑𝑇2 3
𝑐¯𝑣 = (𝑎 − 𝑅) + 𝑏𝑇 + 𝑐𝑇 +−2𝑑𝑇
𝑎 = 28.11;𝑏 = 0.1967 × 10 ;𝑐 = 0.4802 × 10−5;𝑑 = −1.966 × 10−9 Δ𝑢¯ = 6447 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
6447 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 222.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Convert to unit mass

Δ𝑢 = 28.97 𝑘𝑔/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
Using average value of specific heat at mean temperature (assuming linear variation with temperature)
𝑐𝑣,𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑐𝑣@(𝑇1+𝑇2)/2 = 0.741 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 Δ𝑢 = 𝑐𝑣,𝑎𝑣𝑔 Δ(𝑇) = 222.37 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
In [ ]:

1 cv = 28.11 + 0.1967*10**-2*450 + 0.4802*10**-5*450**2 - 1.966*10**-9*450**3 - 8.314

2 cv = cv/28.97
3 cv*300

Enthalpy of incompressible substance

Q5
Determine the enthalpy of liquid water at 100𝑜 𝐶 and 15 Mpa.
Click here for Soln.

Using tables:
ℎ = 430.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Using approximation @ saturation state (corresponding to temperature)
ℎ = 419 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Click here for Soln.

Using tables:
Assuming the change of state from saturation state to high pressure at same temperature and finding enthalpy
change during pressure increase (using (𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑝𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑝) )
ℎ = 419 + 𝑣Δ𝑝
From table v @ saturation state = 0.001044𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

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ℎ = 419 × 103 + 0.001044(15 × 106 − 0.1013 × 106) = 434.554 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Important here is to make appropriate unit conversions

In [ ]:

1 419*1000 + 0.001044*(15*10**6 - 0.1013*10**6)

Q6
A stationary fluid system goes through a cycle comprising of following processes:

1. 1-2 isochoric heat addition of 235 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

2. 2-3 adiabatic expansion to its original pressure with loss of 70 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
in internal energy
3. 3-1 isobaric compression to its original volume with heat rejection of 200 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Prepare a balance sheet of energy quantities and find the overall changes during the cycle

Q7
A working fluid of unit mass undergoes following cycle comprising of:

1. 1-2 isochoric compression

2. 2-3 reversible adiabatic expansion
3. 3-1 isobaric compression

Given that 𝑃1 = 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑃2 = 5 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑣1 = 0.827 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔 , 𝛾 = 1.4, calculate workdone in the cycle.
Click here for Soln.

1-2 const. volume process

𝑣2 = 𝑣1
3-1 const. pressure process
𝑃3 = 𝑃1
𝑣3 = 𝑣2 ( 𝑃𝑃23 )(1/𝛾) = 2.6096 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
for reversible adiabatic process

∑𝑊 = 𝑊1−2 + 𝑊2−3 + 𝑊3−1 = 203.05 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Also from first law for cycle
∑𝑊 = ∑𝑄
Q8
Air goes through a polytropic process from 125 kPa and 325 K to 300 kPa and 500 K. Find the polytropic
exponent n and the specific work in the process.

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In [ ]:

1 p1 = 125
2 p2 = 300
3 T1 = 325
4 T2 = 500
5 # pv^n = const.
6 temp = math.log(p1/p2)/math.log(T1/T2)
7 n = temp/(temp-1)
8 print('polytropic index:',n)
9 # specific work done (p1v1 -p2v2)/(n-1)
10 w = 0.287*(325 - 500)/(n -1)
11 print('specific work:',w)

Q9
A piston cylinder contains air at 600 kPa, 290 K and a volume of 0.01 𝑚3 . A constant pressure process gives 54
kJ of work out. Find the final volume and temperature of the air.

In [13]:

1 # W = PdV
2 p1 = 600 #kPa
3 T1 = 290 #K
4 V1 = 0.01 #m^3
5 W = 54 #kJ
6 #Constant pressure expansion
7 dV = W/p1
8 V2 = V1 + dV
9 print("final volume",V2,"m^3")
10 #assumption Ideal gas
11 T2 = V2/(V1)*T1
12 print("final Temperature",T2, "K")

final volume 0.09999999999999999 m^3

final Temperature 2899.9999999999995 K

Q10
A bicycle pump has a total stroke of 25 cm and is used to pump air into a tyre against a pressure of 3.5 bar.
Calculate the length of stroke necessary before the air enters the tyre when the piston is pushed in.

slowly (isothermal process)

Assumptions:

during every stroke a fixed amount of air is compressed from atmospheric pressure (1 bar) to 3.5 bar (that
is when NRV opens and tyre gets filled with air)
air is ideal gas

What is known ?

at the begning of pumping process 𝑃1 = 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟

and volume is 𝑣1 = 𝐴 ∗ ¯𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
pressure when the valve opens and air starts entering the tyre (𝑃2 = 3.5)
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the volume is 𝑣2at that time

process 1-2 is isothermal and pressure ratio is known

what is required ?

𝑣2

soln 10
For the slow isothermal process 𝑝𝑣 = 𝑐
𝑃1 𝑣 1 = 𝑃2 𝑣 2
𝑣2 = 𝑣1 𝑃𝑃12
(25 − 𝑙𝑖 )𝐴 = 25𝐴 3.51
𝑙𝑖 = 17.85 𝑐𝑚
Q11
A helium gas is heated at constant volume from 100 kPa, 300 K to 500 K. A following process expands the gas
at constant pressure to three times the initial volume. What is the specific work in the combined process?

In [14]:

1 # 1-2 const volume process

2 #V1 = V2
3 T1 = 300 #K
4 P1 = 100 #kPa
5 T2 = 500 #K
6 P2 = P1*T2/T1
7 W12 = 0
8 # 2-3 const pressure process
9 #V3 = 3*V2
10 P3 = P2
11 T3 = T2*3 # T2*V3/V2
12 #W23 = P2*(V3-V2) = P3V3 - P2V2 = R(T3-T2)
13 W23 = 2.0771*(T3 - T2) # 8.314/4
14 Wtotal = W12 + W23
15 print("total work done",Wtotal, "kJ/kg")

total work done 2077.1000000000004 kJ/kg

Q12
A soap bubble has a surface tension of 𝑠 = 3 × 10−4𝑁/𝑐𝑚
as it sits flat on a rigid ring of diameter 5 cm. You
now blow on the film to create a halfsphere surface of diameter 5 cm. How much work was done?
Click here for Soln.

𝑊 = 1.18 × 10−4𝐽
Q13
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Assume that we fill a spherical balloon from a bottle of helium gas. The helium gas provides work to stretch the
balloon material and push back the atmosphere. Write the incremental balance for
𝑑𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑢𝑚 = 𝑑𝑊𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ + 𝑑𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑚 to establish the connection between the helium pressure, the surface tension
𝑠 𝑃𝑜
, and as a function of the radius.

𝑃𝐻𝑒 = 𝑃𝑜 + 4 𝑠𝑟
Click here for Soln.

important to note that we have 2 surfaces inside and out

Q14
An initially deflated and now flat balloon is connected by a valve to a 12 𝑚3
storage tank containing helium gas
at 2 MPa and ambient temperature, 20𝑜 𝐶
. The valve is opened and the balloon is inflated at constant pressure,
𝑃𝑜 = 100 kPa, equal to ambient pressure, until it becomes spherical at 𝐷1
= 1 m. If the balloon is larger than
this, the balloon material is stretched, giving an inside pressure of

𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜 + 𝐶( 𝐷𝐷1 − 𝐷𝐷12 )
2
The balloon is inflated to a final diameter of 4 m, at which point the pressure inside is 400 kPa. The temperature
remains constant at 20𝑜 𝐶
. What is the maximum pressure inside the balloon at any time during the inflation
process? What is the pressure inside the helium storage tank at this time?

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In [33]:

1 n = 30
2 x = np.linspace(1, 4, n)
3 C = 1600
4 P0 = 100
5 D1 = 1.6
6 P = P0 + C*(D1/x -D1**2/x**2)
7 #----------------------------
8 plt.plot(x, P, 'b--')
9 plt.grid(True)
10 #plt.show()
11 #-------------------
12 #x = np.linspace(-100,100,10000)
13 #y = np.sin(x)
14 tck = interpolate.splrep(x,P)
15 #tck
16 x0 = 2.0
17 y0 = interpolate.splev(x0,tck)
18 dydx = interpolate.splev(x0,tck,der=1)
19 tngnt = lambda x: dydx*x + (y0-dydx*x0)
20
21 plt.plot(x0,y0, "or")
22 plt.plot(x,tngnt(x), label="tangent")
23
24 #plt.show()

Out[33]:

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0xe90dfd0>]

In [31]:

1 def f(x):
2 return P0 + C*(D1/x -D1**2/x**2)
3 #return -2 * x**2 + 4 * x
4 max_x = opt.minimize_scalar(lambda x: -f(x), bounds=[1,4], method='bounded')
5 print(max_x)

fun: -499.9999999999804
message: 'Solution found.'
nfev: 10
status: 0
success: True
x: 3.2000007081104274

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Can a steady state device have boundary work?

Click here for Soln.

Any change in size of the control volume would require either a change in mass inside or a change in state
inside, neither of which is possible in a steady-state process.

What is the difference between a nozzle flow and a throttle process?

Click here for Soln.

In both processes a flow moves from a higher to a lower pressure. In the nozzle the pressure drop generates
kinetic energy, whereas that does not take place in the throttle process. The pressure drop in the throttle is due
to a flow restriction and represents a loss.

If you throttle a saturated liquid what happens to the fluid state? What if this is done to an ideal gas?
Click here for Soln.

The throttle process is approximated as a constant enthalpy process. Changing the state from saturated liquid
to a lower pressure with the same h gives a two-phase state so some of the liquid will vaporize and it becomes
colder.
If the same process happens in an ideal gas then same h gives the same temperature (h a function of T only) at
the lower pressure.

If you compress air the temperature goes up, why? When the hot air, high P flows in long pipes it eventually
cools to ambient T. How does that change the flow?
Click here for Soln.

What kind of effect can be felt upstream in a flow?

Click here for Soln.

Only the pressure can be felt upstream in a subsonic flow. In a supersonic flow no information can travel
upstream. The temperature information travels by conduction and even small velocities overpowers the
conduction with the convection of energy so the temperature at a given location is mainly given by the upstream
conditions and influenced very little by the downstream conditions.

A gas expands from 𝑉1 𝑉2

to . For which of the following processes will the final temperature be the highest and
for which will the final temperature be the lowest:

The process is reversible and adiabatic

The process is an adiabatic irreversible expansion against the final pressure
The process is a Joule expansion
Click here for Soln.

Soln.
Use first law:
accordingly:
- temperature will be highest in Joule expansion (total loss, completely irreversible process)
- tempearture will be lowest in reversible expansion process
Important point to note here is that area under the curve is not work done for irreversible process

A constant mass goes through a process in which 100 J of heat transfer comes in and 100 J of work leaves.
Does the mass change state?
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Click here for Soln.

Soln. Yes, (imagin isothermal process between two states)

An ideal gas in a piston-cylinder is heated with 2 kJ during an isothermal process. How much work is involved?

Two rigid tanks are filled with water. Tank A is 0.2𝑚3

at 100 kPa, 150𝑜 𝐶
and tank B is 0.3𝑚3
at saturated
vapor of 300 kPa. The tanks are connected by a pipe with a closed valve. We open the valve and let all the
water come to a single uniform state while we transfer enough heat to have a final pressure of 300 kPa. Give
the two property values that determine the final state and find the heat transfer.
Click here for Soln.

Soln. 𝑚𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.5985𝑘𝑔 ; 𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.5  𝑚 3 ; 𝑣 = 0.8354𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

Using property tables: 𝑇2 = 274.76𝑜 𝐶; 𝑢2 = 2767.32 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑄1−2 − 𝑊1−2 = Δ𝑈 = 129.9 kJ
using first law:

A 25 kg steel tank initially at – 10𝑜 𝐶 is filled up with 100 kg of milk (assume properties as water) at 30𝑜 𝐶 . The
milk and the steel come to a uniform temperature of +5𝑜 𝐶 in a storage room. How much heat transfer is
needed for this process? Given: 𝐶𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 0.466 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔.𝐾, 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑘 = 4.18𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔.𝐾
Click here for Soln.

Soln. 𝑄1−2 = −10277 𝑘𝐽

A gas flows into a convergent nozzle at 200 kPa, 400 K and very low velocity. It flows out of the nozzle at 100
kPa, 330 K. If the nozzle is insulated find the exit velocity. assume 𝐶𝑝 = 1.042𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Click here for Soln.

Soln.𝑉2 = 389𝑚/𝑠
Water at 180𝑜 𝐶 , 2000 kPa is throttled into a flash evaporator chamber having a pressure of 500 kPa. Neglect
any change in the kinetic energy. What is the fraction of liquid and vapor in the chamber?
Click here for Soln.

Soln. Vapour (x) = 0.0586 Liquid (1-x) = 0.941

A steam turbine has an inlet of 2 kg/s water at 1000 kPa, 350𝑜 𝐶

and velocity of 15 m/s. The exit is at 100 kPa,
150𝑜 𝐶 and very low velocity. Find the specific work and the power produced.
Click here for Soln.

Soln. specific work = 381.4 kJ/kg Power = 2X381.4 = 762.8 kW

An air compressor takes in air at 100 kPa, 17𝑜 𝐶

and delivers it at 1 MPa, 600 K to a constant-pressure cooler,
which it exits at 300 K. Find the specific compressor work and the specific heat transfer in the cooler.
Click here for Soln.

Soln. specific work compressor = 316.85 kJ/kg; specific HT = 306.83 kJ/kg

Second Law

variation of carnot efficiency with

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𝐿
In [2]:

1 T_h = np.linspace(40,80,100)
2 T_l = np.linspace(40,40,100)
3 dT = np.linspace(0,80,100)
4 # Initialize a Figure
5 fig = plt.figure()
6 # Add Axes to the Figure
7 ax = fig.add_axes([0,0,1,1])
8 plt.plot(T_h, 1-T_l/T_h)
9 T_h = np.linspace(40,40,100)
10 T_l = np.linspace(40,0,100)
11 plt.plot(T_l, 1-T_l/T_h)
12 T_h = np.linspace(80,80,100)
13 plt.plot(dT, dT/T_h)
14 ax.set(title = "$\eta$ V/S $T_{reservoir}$ for Heat Engine", xlabel = "$T_{L}$ or $T_{H
15 ax.legend(["$T_{L}$ = Const. (40)", '$T_{H}$ = Const.(40)','$\Delta T$', '$f_{xx}$', '$
16 #plt.show()

Out[2]:

<matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0x10a35350>

𝑇𝐿
variation of reverse carnot efficiency(COP) with 𝑇𝐻 and

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In [3]:

1 T_h = np.linspace(45,85,100)
2 T_l = np.linspace(40,40,100)
3 dT = np.linspace(5,80,100)
4 fig = plt.figure()
5 ax = fig.add_axes([0,0,1,1])
6 plt.plot(T_h, T_h/(T_h-T_l))
7 T_h = np.linspace(45,45,100)
8 T_l = np.linspace(40,0,100)
9 plt.plot(T_l, T_h/(T_h-T_l))
10 plt.plot(dT, T_h/dT)
11 ax.set(title = "COP V/S $T_{reservoir}$ for Refrigerator", xlabel = "$T_{L}$ or $T_{H}$
12 ax.legend(["$T_{L}$ = Const. (40)", '$T_{H}$ = Const.(45)','$\Delta T$', '$f_{xx}$', '$
13

Out[3]:

<matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0x10b140b0>

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In [10]:

1 #Two heat engines in series with varying intermediate temperature

2 T_1 = 100
3 T_2 = 20
4 T_h = np.linspace(T_1,T_1,100)
5 T_l = np.linspace(T_2,T_2,100)
6 T_I = np.linspace(T_2+2,T_1-2,100)
7 eff1= (T_h - T_I)/T_h
8 eff2= (T_I - T_l)/T_I
9 fig = plt.figure()
10 ax = fig.add_axes([0,0,1,1])
11 plt.plot(T_I, eff1)
12 plt.plot(T_I, eff2)
13 plt.plot(T_I, eff1 + eff2 -eff1*eff2)
14 ax.set(title = "$\eta$ V/S $T_{intermediate}$ for two engines in series", xlabel = "$T_
15 ax.legend(["$\eta_1$ ", '$\eta_2$','$\eta_{combined}$', '$f_{xx}$', '$f_{xxx}$', '$f_{x

Out[10]:

<matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0x11e649d0>

A refrigerator removes 1.5 kJ from the cold space using 1 kJ work input. How much energy goes into the
kitchen and what is its coefficient of performance?
Click here for Soln.

Soln. 𝑄𝐻 = 2.5 kJ
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = 1.5
A room is heated with a 1000 W electric heater. How much power can be saved if a heat pump with a COP of
2.0 is used instead?
Click here for Soln.

Soln. Power saved = 500 W

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1 A farmer runs a heat pump with a 2 kW motor. It should keep a chicken hatchery at
$30^oC$, which loses energy at a rate of 10 kW to the colder ambient. What is the
minimum coefficient of performance that will be acceptable for the heat pump?
2 <div align="right">
3 <a href="#afr" class="btn btn-default" data-toggle="collapse">Click here for Soln.
</a>
4 </div>
5 <div id="afr" class="collapse">
6 <b> Soln.</b>
7 W = 2 kW
8 <br>
9 $Q_H = Q_{loss} = 10$ kW
10 <br>
11 COP = 10/2 = 5
12 </div>

For each of the cases below determine if the heat engine satisfies the first law (energy equation) and if it
violates the second law.

𝑄𝐻 = 6𝑘𝑊 , 𝑄𝐿 = 4𝑘𝑊 , 𝑊 = 2𝑘𝑊

𝑄𝐻 = 6𝑘𝑊 , 𝑄𝐿 = 0𝑘𝑊 , 𝑊 = 6𝑘𝑊
𝑄𝐻 = 6𝑘𝑊 , 𝑄𝐿 = 2𝑘𝑊 , 𝑊 = 5𝑘𝑊
𝑄𝐻 = 6𝑘𝑊 , 𝑄𝐿 = 6𝑘𝑊 , 𝑊 = 0𝑘𝑊
In a steam power plant 1 MW is added in the boiler, 0.58 MW is taken out in the condenser and the pump work
is 0.02 MW. Find the plant thermal efficiency. If everything could be reversed find the coefficient of performance
as a refrigerator.
Click here for Soln.

𝜂𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 0.42
Soln.
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = 1.38
Prove that a cyclic device that violates the Kelvin–Planck statement of the second law also violates the Clausius
statement of the second law or vice-versa.

A Carnot cycle heat engine has an efficiency of 40%. If the high temperature is raised 10% what is the new
efficiency keeping the same low temperature?
Click here for Soln.

Soln. 𝜂𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 0.45

Two heat engines are connected in series. Let 𝑇𝐻
= 900 K, 𝑇𝑀
= 600 K and 𝑇𝐿
= 300 K. Find the two heat
engine efficiencies and the combined overall efficiency assuming Carnot cycles.
Click here for Soln.

Soln. 𝜂1 = 0.33 , 𝜂2 = 0.5

𝜂𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = 𝜂1 + 𝜂2 − 𝜂1 𝜂2 = 0.667
An inventor has developed a refrigeration unit that maintains the cold space at −10°C, while operating in a 25°C
room. A coefficient of performance of 8.5 is claimed. How do you evaluate this?
Click here for Soln.

Soln. Impossible Claim

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In a cryogenic experiment you need to keep a container at −125°C although it gains 100 W due to heat transfer.
What is the smallest motor you would need for a refrigerator absorbing heat from the container and rejecting
heat to the room at 20°C?
Click here for Soln.

Soln. COP = 1.022, W = 97.8 Watt

Two different fuels can be used in a heat engine operating between the fuel burning temperature and a low
temperature of 350 K. Fuel A burns at 2200 K delivering 30 000 kJ/kg and costs 105 Rs./kg. Fuel B burns at
1200 K, delivering 40 000 kJ/kg and costs 91 Rs./kg Which fuel will you buy and why?
Click here for Soln.

Soln. Select fuel B for more work per rupee though it has a lower thermal efficiency.

An ideal gas Carnot cycle with air in a piston cylinder has a high temperature of 1200 K and a heat rejection at
400 K. During the heat addition the volume triples. Find the two specific heat transfers (q) in the cycle and the
overall cycle efficiency.
Click here for Soln.

Soln. 𝑞𝐻 = 378.4 kJ/kg, 𝜂 = 0.667 , 𝑞𝐿 = 126.1𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

A heat pump heats a house in the winter and then reverses to cool it in the summer. The interior temperature
should be 20°C in the winter and 25°C in the summer. Heat transfer through the walls and ceilings is estimated
to be 2400 kJ per hour per degree temperature difference between the inside and outside.

a) If the winter outside temperature is 0°C, what is the minimum power required to drive the heat pump?
b) For the same power as in part (a), what is the maximum outside summer temperature for which the
house can be maintained at 25°C?
Click here for Soln.

Soln. a) 𝑊 = 0.91 kW, b) 𝑇𝐻 = 45.2𝑜 𝐶

Entropy
Water at 100 kPa, 150𝑜 𝐶
receives 75 kJ/kg in a reversible process by heat transfer. Which process changes
entropy (s) the most: constant T, constant v or constant P?
Click here for Soln.

Soln. We know that "ds = dq/T" for reversible process, now from constant property lines on the T-s diagram.
The constant v line has a higher slope than the constant P line also at positive slope. Thus both the constant P
and v processes have an increase in T. As T goes up the change in s is smaller. Therefore the change in
entropy will be maximum in case of constant T (isothermal) process.

A substance has heat transfer out. Can you say anything about changes in s if the process is reversible? If it is
irreversible?
Click here for Soln.

Soln. If reversible: ds is less than zero, according to entropy balance eqn. If irreversible: can not say, it depends
upon the relative magnitude of dq/T and s_gen.

A substance is compressed adiabatically so P and T go up. Does that change entropy (s)?
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Click here for Soln.

Soln. If reversible: ds is zero, according to entropy balance eqn. If irreversible: If the process is irreversible then
s goes up as s_gen is always positive.

Find the missing properties of T, P, s and x for water at:

P = 25 kPa, s = 7.7 kJ/kgK

P = 10 MPa, u = 3400 kJ/kg
T= 150𝑜 𝐶
, s = 7.4 kJ/kgK
Click here for Soln.

Soln. Use tables to calculate the missing properties: a) T = 64.9 C; x = 0.98; h = 2573.8 kJ/Kg b) x
undefined (superheated vapour); T = 682 𝑜𝐶
; s = 7.12 kJ/kgK c) x undefined (superheated vapour); P =
163.9 kPa

Two kg water at 120𝑜 𝐶

with a quality of 25% has its temperature raised 20𝑜 𝐶 in a constant volume process.
What are the new quality and specific entropy?
Click here for Soln.

Soln. Use tables: state 1 is known given the temperature and wet state, 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑥𝑣𝑓𝑔 𝑜= 0.223𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔 . Now
the state 2 has same specific volume (constant volume process) and Temperature = 140 𝐶 . Now using tables
find the other properties. x = 0.438; s = 4.015 kJ/kgK

Water in a piston/cylinder at 400𝑜 𝐶

, 2000 kPa is expanded in a reversible adiabatic process. The specific work
is measured to be 415.72 kJ/kg out. Find the final P and T and show the P-v and the T-s diagram for the
process.
Click here for Soln.

Soln. Use tables: state 1 is known given the temperature and wet state, 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑥𝑣𝑓𝑔 𝑜= 0.223𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔 Now
the state 2 has same specific volume (constant volume process) and Temperature = 140 𝐶 . Now using tables
find the other properties. x = 0.438; s = 4.015 kJ/kgK

Two 5 kg blocks of steel, one at 250𝑜 𝐶

the other at 25𝑜 𝐶 , come in thermal contact. Find the final temperature
and the change in entropy of the steel?
Click here for Soln.

Soln. Assume some specific heat capacity of steel say c = 0.46 kJ/kgK Both the blocks are finite bodies. so as
per the energy balance: 𝑇𝑓 = 137.5𝑜 𝐶 𝑠 = 0.1794𝑘𝐽/𝐾
and

Calculate the specific entropy for 𝐻2 0 at 140 bar, 0.46 dry.

Click here for Soln.

Hint: Use tables

𝑠 = 𝑠𝑓 + 𝑥𝑠𝑓𝑔
1 kg of steam is throttled from 5 bar, 300°C, to 2 bar. Calculate the temperature after throttling and the change
in specific entropy.
Click here for Soln.

Hint: Use tables and state 1 is known (given 2 properties) we know that throttling is constant enthalpy process.
So fix state 2 and determine the change in entropy using tables and interpolation. Δ𝑠 ≈ 0.419𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾
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One kg of air at 1 bar, 20𝑜 𝐶

, is compressed according to the law 𝑝𝑉 1.3
= constant until the pressure is 5 bar.
Calculate the change in entropy and sketch the process on a T -s diagram indicating the area representing heat
flow.
Click here for Soln.

Hint: The problem can be solved using multiple ways. 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = −0.089𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾

Air flows through a perfectly insulated duct. At one section A the pressure and temperature are respectively 2
bar and 200°C and at another section B further along the duct the corresponding values are 1.5 bar and 150°C.
Which way is the air flowing?
Click here for Soln.

Hint: already discussed in the last class Entropy can be used to find the sense of flow in a well-insulated
duct given two distinct states.

𝐶1 and 𝐶2 at temperature 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 respectively are brought

𝐶1 ln 𝑇1 + 𝐶2 ln 𝑇2
Show that if two bodies of finite heat capacities

to equilibrium temperature T by means of a reversible heat engine, then 𝑇 = 𝑒

( 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 )

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Availibility
With keeping a source and sink temperature constant at 527𝑜 𝐶 27𝑜 𝐶
and respectively, 5000 kJ heat is
transfered from source to sink. Find out availability and unavailability for the reversible process.
Click here for Soln.

soln: A.E = 3125 kJ

U.E = 1875 kJ

In [ ]:

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