Indian Institute of Space Science &Technology – Thiruvananthapuram

B.Tech.-VI Sem- AE 321 – Air Breathing Propulsion

Tutorial I – Recap of Engineering Thermodynamics
Yah!!
But you know, good training in tough
lands and consistent practice could put
Mougly at his best for survival
anywhere!!!

Look ballu!,,.lets make things

simple...Basic Laws of survival demand
that Mougly be sent to man-village

Section I – Working with Idea Gas laws

Let’s not take things lightly, so state assumptions clearly and do systematic
simplifications while solving!

1. A gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of three processes.

Process 1-2 :Compression with pV=const from p1= 1 bar, V1=1.6 m3 to V2=0.2 m3,U2-U1=0
Process 2-3 :Constant pressure to V3=V1
Process 3-1 :Constant volume , U1-U3=-3549kJ.
There are no significant changes in kinetic and potential energy. Determine the heat transfer
and work for the process 2-3 in kJ.

2. A “bomb Calorimeter”, a closed rigid vessel, is to be used to measure the energy released by a
certain chemical reaction. This calorimeter initially contains the appropriate chemicals and is
located in a large tank of water. When the chemicals react, heat is transferred from the bomb
to the water, causing its temperature to rise. The electric power input to a stirrer used to
circulate the water is 0.05 kW. In a 25-minute period the heat transfer from the bomb to the
water is 1400kJ and the heat transfer form the water tank to the surrounding air is 70 kJ.
Assuming that no water evaporates, what is the increase in the internal energy of water during
this period of time?

3. The cylinder-piston arrangement shown in the figure contains

carbon dioxide at 300kPa, 200oC at which point the volume is 0.2
m3. Weights are then removed at such a rate that the gas
expands according to the relation pV 1.2  const until the final
temperature is 100oC. Determine the work done during this
process.

4. A cylinder with a piston restrained by a linear spring contains 2kg of carbon dioxide at
500kPa and 400oC. This system is now cooled to 40oC at which point the pressure is 300kPa.
Calculate the heat transfer for the process.

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 5. A certain balloon will support an internal pressure equal to Po=100kPa until the volume
reaches Vo=20m3 above which p  po  C (V  Vo )2 . This balloon contains helium gas at 20oC,
100kPa with a 15 m3 volume. The balloon is then heated until the helium reaches 400oC at
which point the pressure is 150kPa. Calculate the work done by the helium and the heat
transfer. (RHe= 2.0769 kJ/kg K, and CvHe= 3.1156 kJ/kg K).

 U 
6. Having known from Joule’s law that    0 for ideal gases (note that for most
 V T
substances other than ideal gases, when no phase change is involved, internal energy depend
strongly on temperature and rather weakly on pressure or volume), show that for ideal gases
enthalpy (H) is a function of temperature only. Hence or otherwise obtain a relation between
Cp and Cv for an ideal gas.

7. A closed system containing an ideal gas with constant Cp and Cv executes a quasi-static
Cp
adiabatic process, show that pV   const , where   is the ratio of specific heats.
Cv

8. Show that for an ideal gas with constant specific heat capacities undergoing a reversible
adiabatic compression or expansion
 1
T2  V1 
  ,
T1  V2 
Now proceed on similar lines and show that we could get an analogous expression relating T
and P of the form,
 1
T2  p2  
 
T1  P1 

Section II -Open system ( control volume) steady flow analysis

Analysing open systems gives a better feel of engineering applications!

9. Hot combustion gases (assumed to have the properties of air at room temperature) enter a gas
turbine at 1 MPa and 1500 K at a rate of 0.1 kg/s, and exit at 0.2 MPa and 900 K. If heat is lost
from the turbine to the surroundings at a rate of 15 kJ/s, find the power output of the gas
turbine.
10. Air enters a compressor operating at steady state. The inlet conditions are P1 = 100 kPa, v1 =
0.85 m3/kg, V1 = 15 m/s, and u1 = 120 kJ/kg. During the compression, an amount of heat of 140
kJ/kg of air is transferred from air to a cooler, and the air was delivered at P 2 = 500 kPa, v2 =
0.17 m3 /kg, V2 = 15 m/s and u2 = 210 kJ/kg. Determine the work required for the compression.
What is the ratio of the inlet to the delivery areas?

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11. One kg mass of air in a piston-cylinder assembly is compressed adiabatically form 4oCand
1bar to5bar pressure. Proceed systematically as directed below
(i) Consider an ideal case of compression without internal irreversibilities. Determine the
temperature at the final state in oC and the work required in kJ .
(j) Now assume that the actual compression requires 20 % more work than the ideal case,
determine the temperature in the final state in oC and the amount of entropy produced in
kJ/K
(k) Show the processes of parts (i) and (ii) in T-s co-ordinates. (use ideal gas property table of
air to solve the problem)

Section III – Open system -handling flow transients

12. A 0.5 m3 tank contains ammonia, initially at 40oC and 8 bar. A leak develops and refrigerant
flows out of the tank at a constant mass flow rate of 0.04 kg/s. The process occurs slowly
enough that heat transfer from the surroundings maintains a constant temperature in the tank.
Determine the time in s at which half of the mass has leaked out, and the pressure in the tank at
that time in bar.
13. Vegetable oil for cooking is dispensed from a cylindrical can fitted with a spray nozzle.
According to the label, the dispenser can be able to deliver 560 sprays each of duration 0.25 s
and each having a mass of 0.25 g. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of each spray g/s (b) the
mass remaining in the can after 560 sprays, in g if the initial mass in the can is 170g.

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 Section IV – Are we comfortable with entropy?
“Once or twice I have asked the company how many of them could describe the
Second Law of Thermodynamics. The response was cold: it was also negative. Yet
I was asking something which is about the scientific equivalent of: Have you read
a work of Shakespeare?” - C.P.SNOW from The Two Cultures

14. Air initially occupying a volume of 1 m3 at 1 bar, 20oC undergoes two internally reversible
processes in series Process 1–2: compression to 5 bar, 110oC during which pV n = constant.
Process 2–3: adiabatic expansion to 1 bar.
(a) Sketch the two processes on p–v and T–s coordinates.
(b) Determine n.
(c) Determine the temperature at state 3, in oC.
(d) Determine the net work, in kJ. (Use ideal gas property table of air to solve the problem)

15. When an ideal gas (Cv=0.748kJ/kgK) at 0.06 m3/kg and 540K was expanded reversibly and
adiabatically to 0.19 m3/kg, its temperature was found to fall by 170K. However, when it was
expanded adiabatically but irreversibly, its temperature was found to fall only by 30K.
Determine the change in entropy for both the cases.

16. It is desired to compress air from ambient conditions, 100kPa and 25oC to a pressure of 800kPa
in a reversible steady-state, steady flow process. Calculate the work of compression, the
associated heat transfer, and the entropy change of the air, all per kilogram, for each of the
following processes. (a) Isothermal (b) Polytropic with n=1.25 (c) Adiabatic (d) Show all the
three processes on p-v and T-s diagrams.

17. Air enters a multistage compressor of jet engine at 0.65 atm and 275 K with a flow rate of
63.5 kg/s. The compressor has an overall pressure ratio of 24:1 and an isentropic efficiency of
94%. Determine the power required to drive the compressor and the temperature of air at the
compressor outlet.

“Heat can’t flow from a colder to a hotter, You can try it if you like but you’d far
better notter.”- M.Flanders from At the Drop of Another Hat